高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解題特征分析之范圍過大以偏概全講義

閱讀理解題特征分析之范圍過大以偏概全結(jié)合高三原創(chuàng)月考試題中一道典型的主旨大意題錯(cuò)題，分析了其干擾方式，即以偏概全、范圍過大和錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想。最近，高二年級(jí)半期考試英語(yǔ)試題的典型錯(cuò)題中，又再次體現(xiàn)了其中兩大干擾方式的“威力”?，F(xiàn)摘錄試題原文和題目，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析，旨在加深對(duì)該干擾方式的理解，以便更好地指導(dǎo)日常的教學(xué)和測(cè)試工作。一.以偏概全OnelatesummerafternoonoffthecoastofBaja,Mexico,

Ramseyenteredherownuniquekindofunderwaterpettingzoo.Withnothingbutadivesuitandasnorkelmaskasprotection,the5foot9diveinstructorgracefullyswamthroughthewatertowardagreatwhiteshark.“Itwasthemostthrillingexperience,touchingtheskinofagreatwhitewithmybarehands,”shesays.“Thereisafear,butthebeautyoftheexperienceoutweighs

that

forme.”Thevideos

havebeenseenonlinearoundtheworld,earningherthenickname“thesharkwhisperer”.The28yearoldsaysit’s

yearsofpractice

likeholdingherbreathformorethan6minutesatatimethathasallowedhertosuccessfullyfreedivewithsharks.“I

don’tdivewithanyequipment

thatcreatesnoiseorbubblesthatmightscarethem,”shesays.“AndI’velearnedtoreadashark’sbehavior.Itryto

staycalm,becauseasharkcansensefearandaggression.”Ramseyaimstouseherfametogetmorepeopletocareaboutdecreasingsharkpopulations

aroundtheworld.“Sharksareavitalpartoftheecosystem,butthey’requicklybeingkilledduetooverfishingandthepracticeofgettingfins,whensharksarecapturedjustfortheirfinsandthenthrownbackintheoceantodie,”shesaystothejournalist.Ramseyhase

fearlesslyclosetocountlessdifferentanimalspecies

intheocean.“Oneof

myfavoritenightdives

wasofftheCoastofCocosIslandinthePacific,”

sherecalls.“Therewerehundredsofsharks,andtheywereusingmylighttofindtheirfood.ItwasalmostlikeIwasoneoftheback,justhelpingthemout.”24.

Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassageis_____.A.

tointroduceasharkwhisperertous

（0.15）B.tocallonhumanstoprotectsharks

（0.7）C.totellusthatsharksarehuman’sfriends

D.totellusthatsharksareimportanttotheecosystem

在上題中，70%的學(xué)生選擇了B選項(xiàng)。以往我們?cè)谧鲱愃莆恼聲r(shí)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章通過介紹一個(gè)人的經(jīng)歷，最終上升到保護(hù)動(dòng)物或保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要性上。根據(jù)慣性思維，加上文章倒數(shù)第二段有類似信息，學(xué)生很容易就誤選了B選項(xiàng)。實(shí)際上，學(xué)生在做主旨大意題的時(shí)候，未能夠按照“正確”的做題方法去解題。通常情況下，我們需要認(rèn)真閱讀首尾段和中間段開頭部分，概括出每段大意，將一篇文章濃縮為幾句話，然后再對(duì)比題目的選項(xiàng)，找到意思相近的表述。本文一共四段，文章每段大意出處用藍(lán)色標(biāo)注。第一段介紹了Ramsey潛水觸摸大白鯊的視頻實(shí)況；第二段介紹他潛水的特點(diǎn)：需要多年練習(xí)，不帶氧氣罐，在水下試圖保持鎮(zhèn)定等；第三段介紹他潛水目的：讓人們關(guān)心鯊魚數(shù)量的減少；第四段以他最喜歡的夜?jié)摓槔榻B他無畏地潛水接觸不同海洋生物。通過對(duì)這四段主旨大意的梳理可知，文章介紹了Ramsey這個(gè)sharkwhisperer的潛水實(shí)況、特點(diǎn)、目的和愛好，因此選A。而B選項(xiàng)的潛水目的只是文章第三段的中心思想，屬于以偏概全。二、范圍過大Imagineaworldwheremanyofyourfavoritefoodsdidnotexist,aworldwheretherewerenotomatoes,noFrenchfries,nocornchips,andnopotatoesatall.

Believeitornot,manyofourmostfamiliarfoodsare

nativetoAmerica,eventhoughwenowthinkofthemasessentialaroundtheworld.Therearethreepopularfoods

nativetoAmerica,oneofthemostimportantfoodcropsintheworldis

potato.

Whilethepotatoisastapleinmanycountriestoday,itwashometoSouthAmericafromaplantthatgrowswildintheAndesMountains.Bythefifteenthcentury,thepotatowasimportedtoEuropeviaSpain,theninIreland.Today,thepotatoisgrownallovertheworld.Thetomatoisanother

American

vegetable.Theoriginaltomatowasverysmall,aboutthesizeofcherrytomatoes,andnotparticularlysweet.Generationsofselective

breeding

(繁殖)

developedthelarge,juicy,andflavorfultomatoesthatweenjoytoday.WhentomatoeswerefirsttakentoEurope,theywerethoughttobepoisonous!ThetomatoachievedpopularitymuchsoonerinAsia,especiallyinIndia,whereitgrewwell.Cornisanotherfoodthatthe

Americas

havegiventheworld.ItmighthavebeeninCentralAmerica,ormighthavebeen

inwhatisnowtheSouthwestoftheUnitedStates.ItbecameamajorfoodcropfromSouthAmericatowhatisnowthenortheasternUnitedStates.

Thegrainthatcaneitherbeeatenfreshordried

isthemajoringredientinMexico.InpartsofAfrica,cornalsoprovideshighqualityfeedforcattle.Whetheryouenjoypotatoes,tomatoes,andcornastheywereoriginallypreparedintheAmerica,oraspartofthevariousworldcuisines,

theyhavebeeanimportantpartofthedietofmillionsofpeople.Theworldisenrichedbythesewonderfulfoodsfrom

America.

31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.CropsfromAmericaarethebest.B.Manyfoodsarespreadallovertheworld.

(0.40)C.CropsfromAmericaareeatenaroundtheworld.

(0.56)D.Potato,tomato,andcorn

arethemostimportantfood.按照主旨大意題解題方法，需要去找每段的中心思想（文章藍(lán)色標(biāo)注的句子），即：第一段的最后一句及后面段落的第一句。我們可以了解到文章的中心是，“我們熟悉的食物很多來自美洲，比如土豆、番茄和玉米，他們已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在了全世界人民的餐桌”。因此，選擇C選項(xiàng)，“全世界都在享用美洲的農(nóng)作物”。在上題中，大約40%的同學(xué)選擇B選項(xiàng)。粗略一看，文章就是在介紹各種各樣的食物，所以選擇manyfoods。實(shí)際上他們忽略了文章的“關(guān)鍵詞”American（黃色字體標(biāo)注處）。C選項(xiàng)的干擾方式就是“范圍過大