藍(lán)瑞清英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大表1名詞授課

LanRuiqingEnglishGrammarTable1NounsTeaching目錄OverviewandclassificationofnounsCountableanduncountablenounsThepositivecaseofnounsanditsusage目錄CompositionandUsageofCompoundNounsConcreteandexpressionofabstractnounsSummary,Review,andExtension01OverviewandclassificationofnounsAnounisawordthatnamesaperson,place,thing,orideaDefinitionNounsserveasthemainbuildingblocksofsenses,actingassubjects,objects,andcompletionTheyprovidethe"who"or"what"informationinasenseFunctionDefinitionandFunctionofNounsPropNounsSpecificnamesforindividuals,places,ororganizations(e.g.,"John,""London,""Microsoft")CommonNounsGenericnamesforpeople,places,orthings(e.g.,"cat,""dog,""city")AbstractNounsNamesforideas,concepts,orqualities(e.g.,"love,""happiness,""honey")MaterialNounsNamesforsubstancesormaterials(e.g.,"gold,""wood,""water")CollectiveNounsNamesforgroupsofpeopleorthingsconsideredasasingleunit(e.g.,"crown,""flow,""team")ClassificationandCharacteristicsofNounsAnalysisofCommonNounsSingularandPluralForms:Commonnounscanbeeithersingular(referringtooneitem)orplural(referringtomorethanoneitem)Forexample,"cat"issingular,while"cats"ispluralGender:Somecommonnounsaregenderspecific,referringtoothermalesorfemales(e.g.,"actor"vs."address,""waiter"vs."waitress")Othersaregenderneutral(e.g.,"teacher,""student")CountableandUncountableNouns:Countablenounscanbecountedandhavebothsingularandpluralforms(e.g.,"apple,""apples")Uncountablenouns,ontheotherhand,cannotbecountedandaretypicallyusedintheirsingularformwith"much"or"little"ratherthan"many"or"few"(e.g.,"milk,""sugar")02CountableanduncountablenounsDefinitionCountablenouns,alsoknownascountnouns,refertoindividualitemsthatcanbecountedTheyhavebothsingularandpluralformsExamples"Apple,""book,""cat,""dog,""person"areallexamplesofcountablenouns."UsageWhenusingcountablenouns,itisimportanttospecifythequantityorusepluralformswhennecessaryForinstance,"Ihavetwoapps"or"Theyarebuyingthreecars."TheConceptandUsageofCountableNounsDefinitionUncountablenouns,alsoknownasmassnounsornoncountnouns,refertoabstracts,concepts,orabstractideasthatcannotbecountedasindividualitemsTheyonlyhaveasingularformExamples"water,""milk,""music,""advice,""happiness"areallexamplesofuncountablenouns."UsageCountablenounsaretypicallyusedwithoutanumberspecificationorpluralform.Forexample,"Idrinkmilkeverymorningmorning"or"Sheenjoyslisteningtomusic."TheconceptandusageofuncountablenounsConvertingcountablenounstouncountable:SomecountablenounscanbeconvertedintouncountablenounsbychangingtheirformoraddingasuffixForexample,"apple"benefits"applejuice"or"applepie."Convertinguncountablenounstocountable:Conversely,someuncountablenounscanbemadecountablebyaddingaqualifierorspecificationForinstance,"advice"canbeconvertedto"apieceofadvice"or"someadvice."Specialcases:TherearenonethatcanbebothcountableanduncountabledependingonthecontextForexample,"chicken"canrefertobothanindividualbird(countable)andthemeatofachicken(uncountable)Simply,"fish"canrefertoanindividualfish(countable)orthemeatofafish(uncountable)Countableanduncountablenounconversion03ThepositivecaseofnounsanditsusageItisformedbyaddinganapostropheandtheletter"s"totheendofthenounForexample,"John'sbook"means"thebookthatbelongstoJohn"ThepassivecaseofnounsisusedtoshowownershiporsessionThepositiveformandmeaningofnounsSingularnouns:Addanapostropheand"s"totheendofthenounForexample,"thecat'stail"Pluralnounsnotendingin"s":Addanapostropheand"s"totheendofthenounForexample,"Thechildren'splayground."Jointownership:UsethepassivecaseforbothnounswhenshowingjointownershipForexample,"JohnandMary'shouse"means"thehousethatbelongstobothJohnandMary"Pluralnounsendingin"s":AddonlyanapostrophetotheendofthenounForexample,"thedogs'toys"Rulesforusingthepositivecaseofnouns要點(diǎn)三PositivepronounsPositivepronounssuchas"my","your","his","her","its","our",and"they"areusedinsteadofthepositivecaseofnounsForexample,"Thisismybook"insteadof"Thisisthebookofme"要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二PositiveobjectionsPositiveobjectionssuchas"John's"or"thecompany's"canbeusedbeforeanountoshowsessionForexample,"John'scarisred"means"ThecarthatbelongstoJohnisred"DoublesessionsInsomecases,asessionnotcanbefollowedbyanothersessionnottoshowamorecomplexrelationshipForexample,"afriendofmyfather's"means"afriendwhobelongstomyfather"要點(diǎn)三Thepositivecaseofnounsinspecialcircles04CompositionandUsageofCompoundNounsCompositionofcompoundnounsCombinationofnounse.g.,"bookstore,""mailbox"Combinationofobjectivesandnounse.g.,"blackboard,""highway"Combinationofverbsandnounse.g.,"pickup,""breakdown"Combinationofpositionsandnounse.g.,"aftermath,""underground""Thebookstoreisclosedtoday."Somecompoundnounsareplural:e.g.,"scissors,""trousers"HyphensareoftenusedtoclarifythemeaningorpronunciationofcompoundnounsRulesforusingcompoundnouns

TheproblemofhypensincompoundnounsHyphenscanbefusingbecausetheiruseisnotalwaysconsistentSometimeshyphensareusedtoseparatetwowordsthatareproposedseparately,butothertimestheyarecommittedTheuseofhypensincompoundnounscanvarydependingonthestyleguideordictionarybeingused05ConcreteandexpressionofabstractnounsAbstractnounsrefertonounsthatrepresentsideas,qualities,states,orconceptsthatarenotphysicalortangibleThefunctionofenrichmentistohelpreadersorlistenersvisualizeandgraspthemeaningofabstractnounsmoreeasilyConcreteofabstractnounsistheprocessofmakingtheseideasorconceptsmorespecific,vivid,andunderstandablethroughtheuseoflanguageandcontextTheenrichmentconceptandfunctionofabstractnouns03UseofstoriesandincidentsNarratescanhelpbringabstractnounstolifebyplacingtheminarealworldcontext01UseofexamplesProvidingspecificexamplescanhelpillustratethemeaningofabstractnounsandmakethemmoreconcrete02UseofmethodsandfamiliesTheseillustrativedevicescanhelpcompareabstractconceptstomorefamilies,tangibleobjectsorideasConcreteexpressionmethodsforabstractnounsThepositionofabstractnounsinasensecanvarydependingonthegraphicalstructureandthewriter'sorspeaker'sintentionAbstractnounscanserveassubjects,objects,orcompletenessinsenses,justlikeanyothernounsTheyoftenfunctiontoexpressideas,beliefs,values,orstatesofbeingthatarecentraltothemeaningofthesenseThepositionandfunctionofabstractnounsinsenses06Summary,Review,andExtensionSummaryandReviewofKeyKnowledgePointsDefinitionandclassificationofnouns:Studentshavelearnedthatnounsarewordsthatrefertopeople,places,things,orideas,andcanbeclassifiedintocommonnounsandpropernounsSingularandpluralformsofnouns:Studentshavemasteredtherulesforformingthepluralofmostnouns,aswellastheirregularpluralformsofsomecommonnounsPositivecasesofnouns:Studentshavelearnedtouseastrographstoshowpositionswithnouns,andunderstandthedifferencebetweensingularandmultiplepositionsNounmodifiers:Studentshavepracticedusingobjectives,advertisements,andpreliminaryphrasestomodifynounsandcreatemorecomplexsentencesStudentself-evaluationreportIstillneedtoworkonmymasterofirregularregularformsandtheuseofapostrophesinpositivenounsIplantopracticetheseareasmoreinthefutureAreasforimpr