PMI培訓(xùn)資料：離心式壓縮機(jī)組基礎(chǔ)知識及操作

離心式壓縮機(jī)組基礎(chǔ)知識及操作Basicknowledgeandoperationofcentrifugalcompressor主要內(nèi)容(primarycoverage)1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)3.離心式壓縮機(jī)組的開機(jī)步驟(Startingstepsofcentrifugalcompressor)4.離心式壓縮機(jī)組的停機(jī)步驟(Stopingstepsofcentrifugalcompressor)5.離心式壓縮機(jī)組的正常維護(hù)(Normalmaintenanceofcentrifugalcompressor)6.離心式壓縮機(jī)組常見故障及處理(Commontroublesandtreatmentofcentrifugalcompressor)1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)

離心式壓縮機(jī)是一種高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的透平式（turbine）機(jī)械，其作用是一種能量轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)械。在驅(qū)動機(jī)的拖動下，以消耗機(jī)械能達(dá)到排送和壓縮各種氣體，使氣體壓力提高，滿足各種不同工藝流程的需要。早期，由于這種壓縮機(jī)只適于低，中壓力、大流量的場合，而不為人們所注意。但近來，由于化學(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展，各種大型化工廠，煉油廠的建立，離心式壓縮機(jī)就成為壓縮和輸送化工生產(chǎn)中各種氣體的關(guān)鍵機(jī)器，而占有極其重要的地位。

Centrifugalcompressorisakindofhighspeedrotatingturbomachinery(turbine),itsroleisakindofenergyconversionmachinery.Indrivingmachinedrag,withmechanicalenergyconsumptiontodischargeandcompressedgases,thegaspressure,meetdifferentprocessneeds.Early,becausethisisonlysuitableforcompressorlowpressure,largeflowsituations,andnotpayattentionforthepeople.Butrecently,duetothedevelopmentofchemicalindustry,avarietyoflarge-scalechemicalplant,refinerybuilding,centrifugalcompressormachinehasbecomethekeytothecompressionandtransmissionofvariousgasesinchemicalproduction,andoccupiesanextremelyimportantposition.1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.1離心式壓縮機(jī)特點(Centrifugalcompressorfeatures)如果將往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)與離心式壓縮機(jī)相比較，則顯示出離心式壓縮機(jī)有以下特點。優(yōu)點：（1）流量大——離心式壓縮機(jī)是連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的，汽缸流通截面的面積較大，葉輪轉(zhuǎn)速很高，故氣體流量很大。（2）轉(zhuǎn)速高——由于離心式壓縮機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子只做旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動，轉(zhuǎn)動慣量較小，運(yùn)動件與靜止件保持一定的間隙，因而轉(zhuǎn)速較高。（3）結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊——機(jī)組重量和占地面積比同一流量的往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)小得多。（4）運(yùn)行可靠——離心式壓縮機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn)一般可連續(xù)一至三年不需停機(jī)檢修，亦可不用備機(jī)。排氣均勻穩(wěn)定，故運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)可靠，維修簡單，操作費用低。1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)Ifthereciprocatingcompressoriscomparedwiththecentrifugalcompressor,itshowsthatthecentrifugalcompressorhasthefollowingcharacteristicsAdvantages:(1)flow,centrifugalcompressorisacontinuousoperationofthecylinderflowsectionareaislarger,theimpellerspeedisveryhigh,sothegasflowisverylarge.(2)becauseofthehighspeedcentrifugalcompressorrotoronlyrotationalmotion,smallinertia,movingpartsandstationarypartstomaintainacertaingap,sohighspeed.(3)-compactunitweightandcoversanareaofmorethanthesamereciprocatingcompressorflowismuchsmaller.(4)reliableoperation-stableoperationofcentrifugalcompressorgenerallydoesnotneedcontinuousonetothreeyearsofdowntime,ornotbymachine.Sotheexhaustishomogeneousandstable,reliableoperation,easymaintenance.Theoperatingcostislow.缺點：（1）單級壓力比不高。（2）由于轉(zhuǎn)速高和要求一定的通道截面，故不能適應(yīng)太小的流量。（3）效率較低，由于離心式壓縮機(jī)中的氣流速度較大等原因，造成能量損失較大，故效率比往復(fù)式壓縮機(jī)稍低一些。（4）由于轉(zhuǎn)速高、功率大，一旦發(fā)生故障其破壞性較大。Disadvantages:(1)singlestagepressureratioisnothigh.(2)duetohighspeedandachannelsection,itcannotadapttothetrafficistoosmall.(3)theefficiencyislow,becauseofthelargeflowvelocityincentrifugalcompressorandotherreasons,thecauseofenergylossisbigger,sotheefficiencyisslightlylowerthanthereciprocatingcompressorsome.(4)becauseofhighrotatingspeedandlargepower,itismoredestructiveifitbreaksdown.1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)

離心式壓縮機(jī)按結(jié)構(gòu)特點可分為水平剖分式、垂直剖分式以及等溫壓縮式等3種類型。其結(jié)構(gòu)特點如下：

水平剖分離心式壓縮機(jī)

：

水平剖分離心式壓縮機(jī)由定子和轉(zhuǎn)子兩部分組成。定子被通過軸心線的水平面剖分為上下兩部分，通常稱它為上下機(jī)殼，上下機(jī)殼用聯(lián)接螺栓聯(lián)成一個整體，便于拆裝檢修。上下機(jī)殼均為組合件，由缸體和隔板組成隔板組裝于缸體內(nèi)，并構(gòu)成氣體流動需要的環(huán)形空間缸體和隔板可用鑄鐵，鑄鋼和合金鋼鑄成，隔板還可由鍛鋼制成。轉(zhuǎn)子由主軸、葉輪、軸套以及平衡組件組成，主軸和軸套等組件多用合金鋼鍛制而成。葉輪多為焊接結(jié)構(gòu)，該類型壓縮機(jī)適于低中壓工藝，最高工作壓力一般不大于5MPa。1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(ClassificationofcentrifugalcompressorCentrifugalcompressorcanbedividedinto3typesaccordingtoitsstructuralcharacteristics:horizontalsplit,verticalsplitandisothermalcompression:Horizontalsplitcentrifugalcompressor:Horizontalsplitcentrifugalcompressorrotorandastatoriscomposedoftwoparts.Thehorizontalsectionthroughtheaxislineofthestatorisdividedintotwoparts,itiscommonlycalledupperandlowercasing,upperandlowercasingwiththeboltasawhole,convenientdisassemblyandmaintenance.Onthechassisisanassembly,apartitionboardbythecylinderanddiaphragmassembledonthecylinderbody,andtheannularspacepartitionandcylindergasflowtobecastiron,caststeelandalloysteelplatecanalsobemadeofforgedsteel.Therotorcomprisesamainshaft,impeller,shaftsleeveandbalancecomponents,mainshaftandsleeveandothercomponentsmadeofalloysteelforgedintotheimpeller.Forweldingstructure,thiskindofcompressorissuitableforlowandmediumpressureprocess,themaximumworkingpressureislessthan5MPa.水平剖分離心式壓縮機(jī)(Horizontalsplitcentrifugalcompressor)

1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor

垂直剖分離心式壓縮機(jī)：

垂直剖分（也叫筒形）離心式壓縮機(jī)，其缸體為筒形，兩端蓋用聯(lián)接螺栓與筒形缸體聯(lián)成一個整體。隔板與轉(zhuǎn)子組裝后，用專用工具送入筒形缸體，隔板為垂直剖分，隔板與隔板由聯(lián)接螺栓聯(lián)成一個整體，檢修時需打開端蓋，將轉(zhuǎn)子和隔板同時由筒形缸體拉出，以便進(jìn)一步分解檢修。該機(jī)筒形缸體、端蓋、隔板和主軸多用碳鋼或合金鋼鍛制而成葉輪為碳鋼或合金鋼組焊件。這種結(jié)構(gòu)最適用于壓縮高壓力和低分子量、易泄漏的氣體，由于氣缸是圓柱形的整體，能承受較高的壓力，該類壓縮機(jī)最高工作壓力可達(dá)70MPa。1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)Verticalsplitcompressor:Verticalsplit(alsocalledcylinder)ofcentrifugalcompressor,thecylinderisacylinder,bothendsoftheboltcoverandbarrelcylinderasawhole.Thepartitionandtherotorassembly,withspecialtoolsintothecylinderblock,thepartitionfortheverticalpartition,thepartitionandpartitionbyconnectingboltsintoaoverall,themaintenanceneedtoopenthecover,therotorandthebaffleandiscomposedofacylindricalcylinderispulledout,inordertofurtherdecomposemaintenance.Thismachinebarrelshapedbody,endcover,baffleandspindlewithcarbonsteeloralloysteelforgedintotheimpellerforcarbonsteeloralloysteelweldedstructure.Themostsuitableforhighcompressionpressureandlowmolecularweight,gasleakage,thecylinderiscylindrical,canwithstandhighpressures,themaximumworkingpressureofthecompressorcanreach70MPa.垂直剖分離心式壓縮機(jī)(Verticalsplitcompressor)1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)垂直剖分離心式壓縮機(jī)(Verticalsplitcompressor)等溫壓縮離心式壓縮機(jī)：為了能在較小的動力下對氣體進(jìn)行高效的壓縮，把各級葉輪壓縮的氣體，通過級間冷卻器冷卻后再導(dǎo)入下一級的一種壓縮機(jī)。Isothermalcompressioncentrifugalcompressor:Inordertoefficientlycompressthegasunderlesspower,thecompressedgasofallimpellersiscooledbyainterstagecoolerandthenimportedintoacompressoratthenextlevel1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)等溫壓縮離心式壓縮機(jī)(Isothermalcompressioncentrifugalcompressor)1.離心式壓縮機(jī)的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的分類(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.1離心式壓縮機(jī)的工作原理(Theworkingprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

汽輪機(jī)或電動機(jī)帶動壓縮機(jī)主軸葉輪轉(zhuǎn)動，在離心力作用下，氣體被甩到工作輪后面的擴(kuò)壓器中去。而在工作輪中間形成稀薄地帶，前面的氣體從工作輪中間的進(jìn)氣部份進(jìn)入葉輪，由于工作輪不斷旋轉(zhuǎn)，氣體能連續(xù)不斷地被甩出去，從而保持了壓縮機(jī)中氣體的連續(xù)流動。氣體因離心作用增加了壓力，還可以很大的速度離開工作輪，氣體經(jīng)擴(kuò)壓器逐漸降低了速度，動能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殪o壓能，進(jìn)一步增加了壓力。如果一個工作葉輪得到的壓力還不夠，可通過使多級葉輪串聯(lián)起來工作的辦法來達(dá)到對出口壓力的要求。級間的串聯(lián)通過彎通，回流器來實現(xiàn)。這就是離心式壓縮機(jī)的工作原理。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.1離心式壓縮機(jī)的工作原理(Theworkingprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)Themotordrivesthemainshaftofthecompressororturbineimpellertorotateundertheactionofcentrifugalforce,thegaswasthrownintothewheelbehindthediffuser.Thethinzoneisformedinthemiddleandthefrontwheel,thegasfromtheinletpartintotheintermediatewheelimpeller,duetoroundoffrotation,gascancontinuouslybeleftout,soastomaintainacontinuousflowofgasinthegascompressor.Duetothecentrifugaleffecttoincreasethepressure,butalsogreatspeedfromthewheel,thegasdiffusergraduallyreducedvelocity,kineticenergyintostaticpressureenergy,increasesthepressurefurther.Ifaworkimpellerobtainedpressureisnotenough.Bythemultistageimpellerseriesworkofoutletpressurerequirements.Throughtheseriesbentthroughtheinterstage,backflowdevicetoachieve.Thisistheworkingprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor.2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.1離心式壓縮機(jī)的工作原理(Theworkingprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)吸氣口回流器擴(kuò)壓器主軸葉輪機(jī)殼排氣口內(nèi)殼平衡盤推力軸承端蓋軸端密封徑向軸承2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)離心式壓縮機(jī)由轉(zhuǎn)子及定子兩大部分組成，結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1所示。轉(zhuǎn)子包括轉(zhuǎn)軸，固定在軸上的葉輪、軸套、平衡盤、推力盤及聯(lián)軸節(jié)等零部件。定子則有氣缸，定位于缸體上的各種隔板以及軸承等零部件。在轉(zhuǎn)子與定子之間需要密封氣體之處還設(shè)有密封元件。各個部件的作用介紹如下：2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.2.1離心式壓縮機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子（Centrifugalcompressorrotor）離心式壓縮機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子包括轉(zhuǎn)軸，固定在軸上的葉輪、軸套、平衡盤、推力盤及聯(lián)軸節(jié)等零部件。Therotorofacentrifugalcompressorincludesarotatingshaft,animpellerfixedontheshaft,ashaftsleeve,abalancedisc,athrustdiscandacoupling.轉(zhuǎn)子外形圖(Rotorprofile)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.2.1離心式壓縮機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子（Centrifugalcompressorrotor）主軸：

起支持旋轉(zhuǎn)零件及傳遞扭矩作用的。根據(jù)其結(jié)構(gòu)形式。有階梯軸及光軸兩種，光軸有形狀簡單，加工方便的特點。Spindle:Theutilitymodelcansupportrotatingpartsandtransmittorque.Accordingtothestructure,therearetwokindsofladdershaftandopticalaxis,andtheopticalaxishastheadvantagesofsimpleshapeandconvenientprocessing2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)葉輪：

離心式壓縮機(jī)中最重要的一個部件，驅(qū)動機(jī)的機(jī)械功即通過此高速回轉(zhuǎn)的葉輪對氣體作功而使氣體獲得能量，它是壓縮機(jī)中唯一的作功部件，亦稱工作輪。葉輪一般是由輪蓋、輪盤和葉片組成的閉式葉輪，也有沒有輪蓋的半開式葉輪。Impeller：Oneofthemostimportantcomponentsincentrifugalcompressor,mechanicalpowerdrivenmachinethroughthehigh-speedrotationoftheimpellerofgaspowerandgasenergy,itistheonlyworkcomponentofthecompressor,alsoknownasthewheel.Impellerisgenerallycomposedofwheelcover,closedimpellerdiskandblade,alsothereisnosemiopenimpellerwheelcover.2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)平衡盤：

在多級離心式壓縮機(jī)中因每級葉輪兩側(cè)的氣體作用力大小不等，使轉(zhuǎn)子受到一個指向低壓端的合力，這個合力即稱為軸向力。軸向力對于壓縮機(jī)的正常運(yùn)行是有害的，容易引起止推軸承損壞，使轉(zhuǎn)子向一端竄動，導(dǎo)致動件偏移與固定元件之間失去正確的相對位置，情況嚴(yán)重時，轉(zhuǎn)子可能與固定部件碰撞造成事故。

平衡盤是利用它兩邊氣體壓力差來平衡軸向力的零件。它的一側(cè)壓力是末級葉輪盤側(cè)間隙中的壓力，另一側(cè)通向大氣或進(jìn)氣管，通常平衡盤只平衡一部分軸向力，剩余軸向力由止推軸承承受，在平衡盤的外緣需安裝氣封，用來防止氣體漏出，保持兩側(cè)的差壓。軸向力的平衡也可以通過葉輪的兩面進(jìn)氣和葉輪反向安裝來平衡。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Balancedisc:Inamultistagecentrifugalcompressorwithgasforceonbothsidesofeachimpellerfromtherotorbyapointertothelowendofforce,thisforceiscalledaxialforce.Theaxialforceisharmfultothenormaloperationofthecompressor,easytocausethedamageoftherotorthrustbearing,totheendofthetraverse,tomovebetweenafixedelementoffsetandlosetherelativepositionoftheright,inseriouscases,maytherotorandfixedpartscausedbycollisionaccidents.Thebalancediscistouseitonbothsidesofthegaspressuredifferencepartstobalancetheaxialforce.Itisthefinalsidepressuresideoftheimpellerdiskgappressure,theothersidetotheatmosphereortheintakepipe,usuallyonlyaportionofthebalancediscbalanceaxialforce,residualaxialforcebythethrustbearing,theouteredgeofthebalancedisctoinstallgassealtopreventgasleakage,keepthepressureonbothsides.Thebalanceofaxialforcecanalsobeinstalledonbothsidesoftheairinletthroughtheimpellerandimpellerbacktobalance.2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)推力盤：

由于平衡盤只平衡部分軸向力，其余軸向力通過推力盤傳給止推軸承上的止推，構(gòu)成力的平衡，推力盤與推力塊的接觸表面，應(yīng)做得很光滑，在兩者的間隙內(nèi)要充滿合適的潤滑油，在正常操作下推力塊不致磨損，在離心壓縮機(jī)起動時，轉(zhuǎn)子會向另一端竄動，為保證轉(zhuǎn)子應(yīng)有的正常位置，轉(zhuǎn)子需要兩面止推定位，其原因是壓縮機(jī)起動時，各級的氣體還未建立，平衡盤二側(cè)的壓差還不存在，只要氣體流動，轉(zhuǎn)子便會沿著與正常軸向力相反的方向竄動，因此要求轉(zhuǎn)子雙面止推，以防止造成事故。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Thrustdisc:Theonlypartofthebalancediscbalancetheaxialforce,theaxialforceofthethrustplatetothethrustbearingthrust,aforcebalance,thecontactsurfaceofthethrustplateandthethrustblock,shouldbeverysmooth,inboththegapbefilledwithsuitablelubricatingoil,inthenormaloperationofthrustblocktowearinthecentrifugalcompressorstartingwhentherotorwillmovetotheotherend,inordertoensurethenormalpositionoftherotor,therotorthrustrequiredtwopositioning,thereasoniswhenthecompressorstartsatalllevelsofthegashasnotbeenestablished,thereisnobalancedisctwosidepressure,aslongasthegasflow,therotorwillbealongwiththenormalaxialforceintheoppositedirectiontomove,sodoublerotorthrust,topreventaccidents.聯(lián)軸器：

由于離心壓縮機(jī)具有高速回轉(zhuǎn)、大功率以及運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時難免有一定振動的特點，所用的聯(lián)軸器既要能夠傳遞大扭矩，又要允許徑向及軸向有少許位移，聯(lián)軸器分齒型聯(lián)軸器和膜片聯(lián)軸器，目前常用的都是膜片式聯(lián)軸器，該聯(lián)軸器不需要潤滑劑，制造容易。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Couplings:Duetothecentrifugalcompressorwithhighrotatingspeed,highpowercharacteristicsandoperationinevitablyhaveacertainvibration,couplingwithbothtobeabletotransferlargetorque,butalsoallowsaradialandaxialdisplacementcoupling,gearcouplinganddiaphragmcoupling,commonlyusedarediaphragmtypecoupling,thecouplingdoesnotneedlubricant,manufacturingeasy.定子包括有氣缸，定位于缸體上的各種隔板以及軸承等零部件。在轉(zhuǎn)子與定子之間需要密封氣體之處還設(shè)有密封元件。各個部件的作用介紹如下：Theutilitymodelcomprisesacylinder,apluralityofseparators,bearings,etc.,whicharepositionedonthecylinderbody,andasealingelementisarrangedbetweentherotorandthestator,andthefunctionofeachcomponentisdescribedasfollows:2.2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)定子(Centrifugalcompressorstator)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)機(jī)殼：機(jī)殼也稱氣缸，對中低壓離心式壓縮機(jī)，一般采用水平中分面機(jī)殼，利于裝配，上下機(jī)殼由定位銷定位，即用螺栓連接。對于高壓離心式壓縮機(jī)，則采用圓筒形鍛鋼機(jī)殼，以承受高壓。這種結(jié)構(gòu)的端蓋是用螺栓和筒型機(jī)殼連接的。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Casing:Thecasingisalsocalledthecylinder.Themiddleandlowpressurecentrifugalcompressorusuallyadoptsthehorizontal,middleandseparateshell,whichisconvenientforassembly.Theupperandlowershellsarepositionedbythepositioningpin,whichisboltedtogetherForhighpressurecentrifugalcompressors,acylindricalforgedsteelhousingisusedtowithstandhighpressure.Theendcapsofthisstructureareboltedandcylindrical2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)擴(kuò)壓器：

氣體從葉輪流出時，它仍具有較高的流動速度。為了充分利用這部分速度能，以提高氣體的壓力，在葉輪后面設(shè)置了流通面積逐漸擴(kuò)大的擴(kuò)壓器。擴(kuò)壓器一般有無葉、葉片、直壁形擴(kuò)壓器等多種形式。Diffuser:Thegasoutflowfromtheimpeller,itstillhasahigherflowrate.Inordertomakefulluseofthispartofthespeed,toimprovethegaspressure,thecirculationareagraduallyexpandedtothediffuserisarrangedintheback.Theimpellerdiffusergenerallyleaves,leafshape,straightwalldiffuserandotherforms.2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)蝸殼：蝸殼的主要目的，是把擴(kuò)壓器后，或葉輪后流出的氣體匯集起來引出機(jī)器，蝸殼的截面形狀有圓形、犁形、梯形和矩形。Spiralcase:Themainpurposeofthevoluteistoassemblethegasafterthediffuserortheimpellertodrawoutthemachine.Thecrosssectionofthespiralcasehasaroundshape,aploughshape,atrapezoidandarectangle.彎道：

在多級離心式壓縮機(jī)中級與級之間，氣體必須拐彎，就采用彎道，彎道是由機(jī)殼和隔板構(gòu)成的彎環(huán)形空間。Curve：Inthemultistagecentrifugalcompressorbetweentheintermediateandthegrade,thegasmustturn,andthenusethecurve,thecurveistheshellandthepartitioncomposedofcurvedannularspace回流器：

在彎道后面連接的通道就是回流器，回流器的作用是使氣流按所需的方向均勻地進(jìn)入下一級，它由隔板和導(dǎo)流葉片組成。導(dǎo)流葉片通常是圓弧的，可以和氣缸鑄成一體也可以分開制造，然后用螺栓連接在一起。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)回流器：在彎道后面連接的通道就是回流器，回流器的作用是使氣流按所需的方向均勻地進(jìn)入下一級，它由隔板和導(dǎo)流葉片組成。導(dǎo)流葉片通常是圓弧的，可以和氣缸鑄成一體也可以分開制造，然后用螺栓連接在一起。Refluxapparatus:Inthecornerbehindtheconnectionchannelisreflux,refluxdeviceistheroleoftheairflowinadesireddirectionuniformlytothenextlevel,itconsistsofplatesandguidevanes.Theguidevaneisusuallycircularcylinder,andcanbecastintoawholecanalsobemadeseparately,andthenusethebolttogether.密封：密封是壓縮機(jī)的重要部件之一，離心式壓縮機(jī)若要獲得良好的運(yùn)行效果，必須在轉(zhuǎn)子與定子間保留一定的間隙，以避免運(yùn)行期間的摩擦、磨損以及碰撞等故障發(fā)生。泄漏不僅降低了壓縮機(jī)的工作效果，而且還將導(dǎo)致污染，甚至著火爆炸等事故。壓縮機(jī)常用密封油：迷宮密封，浮環(huán)密封，機(jī)械密封，干氣密封。220萬噸/年加氫裂化裝置循環(huán)氫壓縮機(jī)干氣密封形式：集裝式28XP型帶中間迷宮的串聯(lián)干氣密封。Sealup：Thesealisoneoftheimportantcomponentsofthecompressor,centrifugalcompressortoobtaingoodresults,mustretainacertaingapbetweentherotorandthestator,toavoidfrictionduringoperation,wearandimpactnotonlyreducestheleakagefault.Thecompressorworks,butalsowillcausepollution,evenfireandexplosionaccident.Compressorsealoil:labyrinthseal,floatingringseal,mechanicalseal,drygasseal.2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)迷宮密封：

迷宮密封目前是離心壓縮機(jī)用得較為普遍的密封裝置，用于壓縮機(jī)的外密封和內(nèi)密封。迷宮密封的氣體流動，當(dāng)氣體流過梳齒形迷宮密封片的間隙時，氣體經(jīng)歷了一個膨脹過程，壓力從P1降至右端的P2，這種膨脹過程是逐步完成的，當(dāng)氣體從密封片的間隙進(jìn)入密封腔時，由于截面積的突然擴(kuò)大，氣流形成很強(qiáng)的旋渦，使得速度幾乎完全消失，密封面兩側(cè)的氣體存在著壓差，密封腔內(nèi)的壓力和間隙處的壓力一樣，按照氣體膨脹的規(guī)律來看，隨著氣體壓力的下降，速度應(yīng)該增加，溫度應(yīng)該下降，但是由于氣體在狹小縫隙內(nèi)的流動是屬于節(jié)流性質(zhì)的，此時氣體由于壓降而獲得的動能在密封腔中完全損失掉，而轉(zhuǎn)化為無用的熱能，這部分熱能轉(zhuǎn)過來又加熱氣體，從而使得瞬間剛剛隨著壓力降落下去的溫度又上升起來，恢復(fù)到壓力沒有降低時的溫度，氣流經(jīng)過隨后的每一個密封片和空腔就重復(fù)一次上面的過程，一直到壓力P2為止。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Labyrinthseal:Thelabyrinthsealofcentrifugalcompressorisnowquitecommonforcompressorsealingdevice,theoutersealandtheinnerseal.Gaslabyrinthsealflow,whenthegapgasflowsthroughthecomblabyrinthsealplate,gasthroughanexpansionprocess,thepressuredroppedfromP1totherightendoftheP2,theexpansionprocessisgraduallycompletedandwhenthegasfromthesealingpieceintothesealedcavity,duetothesuddenexpansionofcross-sectionalareaoftheairtoformastrongvortex,whichalmostcompletelydisappeared,thegassealingsurfaceonbothsidesoftheexistenceofdifferentialpressure,pressureandclearancesealchamberpressure,thegasexpansioninaccordancewiththelaw,withthethegaspressuredrop,thespeedshouldbeincreased,thetemperatureshouldbedecreased,butthegasinthenarrowgapflowbelongstothenatureofthegasthrottle,andthepressuredropduetothekineticenergyinthesealcavity.Lostall,andtransformedintouselessheat,thisheathasturnedtoheatthegas,sothatthemomentjustasthepressuredownthetemperaturerisingup,returntothepressuredidnotdecreasewhenthetemperatureoftheairaftereachsubsequentsealcavityandrepeattheaboveprocessuntilthepressure.P2sofar.迷宮密封：

迷宮密封是利用節(jié)流原理，當(dāng)氣體每經(jīng)過一個齒片，壓力就有一次下降，經(jīng)過一定數(shù)量的齒片后就有較大的壓降，實質(zhì)上迷宮密封就是給氣體的流動以壓差阻力，從而減小氣體的通過量。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Labyrinthseal:Istheuseoflabyrinthsealgasthrottleprinciple,wheneverytooth,thereisapressuredrop,afteracertainnumberofteethhavelargerpressuredrop,theessenceistogivethelabyrinthsealgasflowwithpressureresistance,therebyreducingthegasthroughput.臺階型迷宮密封（Steplabyrinthseal）平滑型迷宮密封（Smoothlabyrinthseal）2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)干氣密封是一種新型的非接觸軸封,與其它密封相比,干氣密封具有泄漏量少、磨損小、壽命長、能耗低、操作簡單可靠、維修量低、被密封的流體不受油污染等特點。由于干氣密封利用流體動壓效應(yīng),使旋轉(zhuǎn)的兩個密封端面之間不接觸,而被密封介質(zhì)泄漏量很少,從而實現(xiàn)了既可以密封氣體又能進(jìn)行干運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)操作。在壓縮機(jī)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域,無論離心壓縮機(jī)、軸流式壓縮機(jī)、齒輪傳動壓縮機(jī)還是透平膨脹機(jī),干氣密封正逐漸替代浮環(huán)密封、迷宮密封和油潤滑機(jī)械密封。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Drygassealisakindofnon-contactsealmodel,comparedwiththeotherseal,drygassealhaslittleleakage,lowwear,longlife,lowenergyconsumption,simpleandreliableoperation,lowmaintenance,sealingfluidfromoilpollution.Becauseofthedrygassealthehydrodynamiceffect,makethenocontactbetweenthetworotatingsealface,andthesealedmediumleakageisveryfew,soastosealgasanddryoperation.Inthefieldofapplicationofbothcompressor,centrifugalcompressor,axialcompressor,gearcompressororturbineexpander,drygassealisgraduallyreplacingthefloatingringseal.Labyrinthsealandoilseal.干氣密封（Drygasseal）2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)干氣密封與傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械密封相類似，密封面由動環(huán)和靜環(huán)組成。其中動環(huán)端面上刻有許多溝槽，他們互不相通。各個溝槽從旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)的外徑向中心延伸，但不貫通，接口槽外深內(nèi)淺，在溝槽的末端形成了密封堰。當(dāng)處于非運(yùn)行狀態(tài)時，動環(huán)與靜環(huán)的密封面接觸，在運(yùn)行狀態(tài)時，氣體被吸入溝槽中壓縮的同時，遇到密封堰的阻攔，氣體壓力升高，克服靜環(huán)座彈簧力和作用在靜環(huán)上的流體靜壓力，使動、靜環(huán)密封面脫離接觸，產(chǎn)生很小的間隙3-7微米。通過這種方法使間隙持久的存在，機(jī)械密封面并不接觸，流經(jīng)密封面的密封氣同時也起到了冷卻機(jī)封的作用。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Drygassealandtraditionalmechanicalsealissimilartothatofthesealingsurfaceiscomposedofthedynamicringandthestaticring.Theringfacewithmanygrooves,theyarenotcommunicatingwitheachother.Eachgrooveextendstothecenterfromtheouterdiameteroftherotatingring,butnotthroughtheinterfaceslotoutsidethedeepshallow,attheendofagroovesealingweir.Wheninanonoperatingstate,themovingringandthestaticringsealingsurfacecontact,intherunningstate,thegasisinhaledandcompressioninthegroove,whensealingweiroftheblock,thegaspressureincreased,overcomehydrostaticforce,springforceandstaticringseatinstaticringonthemove.Thestaticringsealingsurfacecontact,asmallclearanceof3-7microns.Bythismeansthegapofthemechanicalsealingsurfacedoesnotcontact,throughthesealgasatthesametimealsoplayedtheroleofsealingthesealingsurfaceofthecoolingmachine.2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)干氣密封的基本工作原理（Thebasicworkingprincipleofdrygasseal）

當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)起來后，流體被吸入密封溝槽底部，由于離心力的作用，氣體進(jìn)入密封中心處壓力升高，螺旋槽底部最高，它沿徑向形成環(huán)形密封墻，該密封墻對氣流產(chǎn)生阻力，氣體被壓縮，壓力增高，產(chǎn)生的壓力使靜環(huán)從動環(huán)表面被推開，這樣，密封面間始終保持一層極薄的氣膜，使動環(huán)和靜環(huán)之間存在間隙，密封始終工作在非接觸狀態(tài)，起密封作用。2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Whentherotorspins,thesuckedfluidissealedatthebottomofthetrench,duetothecentrifugalforce,thegasintothecenterofincreasedpressureseal,thespiralgrooveatthebottomofthehighest,itisformedalongtheradialdirectionoftheannularsealwall,thesealingwallhastheresistancetoairflow,thegasiscompressed,thepressureincrease,thepressuregeneratedbythestaticringdrivenringthesurfaceisopen,sothatthesealingsurfaceremainsalayerofthinfilm,thedynamicringandthestaticringsealinggapexistsbetween,alwaysworkinastateofnon-contactsealingfunction.2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)離心式壓縮機(jī)上的軸承分徑向軸承和止推軸承兩種。

離心式壓縮機(jī)上徑向軸承和止推軸承安裝圖1.支持軸承瓦塊；2.定距套；3.推力瓦塊；4.推力盤；5.推力瓦塊2.離心式壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)、原理(S