西安電子科技大學(xué)研究生期末考試英語試題

PAGEPAGE18西安電子科技大學(xué)研究生課程考試試題（答案必須寫在答題紙上或在答題卡上填涂）考試科目：英語基礎(chǔ)課程編號(hào)：0821001考試日期：12年6月25日考試時(shí)間：150分考試方式：(閉卷)任課教師：班號(hào)學(xué)生姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：考生注意事項(xiàng)一、本試卷由兩份試卷組成：試卷一(PaperOne)包括詞匯，完形填空,與閱讀理解三部分，共60題，按順序統(tǒng)一編號(hào)；試卷二(PaperTwo)包括翻譯與寫作兩部份，共3題。二、試卷一（題號(hào)1－60）為客觀評(píng)分題，答案一律用中性(HB)鉛筆做在機(jī)讀答題紙上，在對(duì)應(yīng)題號(hào)下所選的字母中間劃黑道，如[A][B][C][D]。三、試卷二為主觀評(píng)分題，答案分別做在ANSWERSHEETⅡ上。試卷一(PaperOne)PartⅠVOCABULARY(20points)SectionA:(1pointeach)Directions:Therearetensentencesinthissection.Eachsentencehasonewordorasetofwordsunderlined.BelowthesentencearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethewordorphrasethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedone.Markthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.1.ButwhileitmaybeinterestingforforeignerssuchastheUSbankertolookattheNordicmodel,itappearsdifficulttoemulateit.A.intimate B.intimidate C.imitate D.intimacy2.Intheinceptionphase,theproductideaorrequestforproposalisdevelopedtothepointthatthefundingdecisioncanbemade.A.perceptionB.beginningC.inclinationD.deception3.Theofficialsaidthecompanywaslookingforaccesstocapitaltomakeitlessvulnerabletocompetitorsandtakeoverbids.A.defenselessB.vagueC.tempt D.vulgar4.Nowheownedthestate’slargestadvertisingagencyandwasaveterandirectorofthebankwithstronginfluenceontheboard.A.prestigiousB.necessaryC.irreplaceableD.experienced5.Sothecourtsaysitisimportantthatthetrademarkproprietorsshouldnotbeallowedtoholdaperpetualmonopolyontechnicalsolutions.A.everlastingB.temporaryC.prolong D.prevailing6.Thepaperisentitled:ResearchontheFormationofInformationTechnologyUsageHabituationfromtheAutomaticGoal-DirectedBehaviorPerspective.A.justificationB.habit C.derivation D.adaptation7.Economists,however,aredoingtheirbesttogaugejusthowmuchthedestructionwillcostbothJapanandtheworldineconomicgrowth.A.evacuateB.evaluateC.evaporateD.consume8.Meanwhile,despiteallthecrackdownsandcriminalpenalties,melamine(三聚氰胺)continuestopopupinthecountry’sdairysupply.A.pumpup B.goquicklyC.appearsuddenly D.arefranticwith9.Thestudywasnotdesignedtoanswerwhysleepinglongermaybedeleteriousorwhetherpeoplecouldextendtheirlifespanbysleepingless.A.neutralB.harmfulC.positiveD.negative10.AgroupofladiessaunterdownaroadinSkegnesswearingfloral,collaredshirtsandclosedtoeshoes.A.scamperB.scraperC.strollD.scootSectionB(1pointeach)Directions:Therearetensentencesinthissection.Eachsentencehassomethingomitted.Choosethewordorwordsfromthefourchoicesgiventobestcompleteeachsentence.Markthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.11.Shesuggeststakingamethodicalapproachtoindividualsyouarecomingintowith,dividingthemupunderseveralheadings,ormarkets.A.being B.use C.contactD.action12. ButIamguiltyofanentirelydifferentformofmultitasking:inanygivenmonth,Ihavelotsofprojectsonthe.A.move B.course C.path D.go13. Ireallydon’tseewhyourEnglishteacherourmonitorforpraisesincewehavealldonequitewellthisterm.A.leavesout B.singlesoutC.tripsup D.provokedup14.Theremaybemanyprovidersfortheservice,andeachofthemmayhaveadifferentnamefortheserviceorsomeothernon-standardrequirementsthattheservicerequestermust.A.abideby B.abusebyC.betby D.abandonedby15. VerifythattheversionofMicrosoftExchangeyouareusingiswiththedatabaseversionthatyouaretryingtomount.A.competitiveB.contradict C.compatibleD.indifferent16.Ithink,learningEnglishcanthreesimpleingredients:persistence,properwaysandgoodteachers.A.boildownto B.intermsofC.accordto D.beregardedto17.Heeventuallybuiltanew,highlyautomatedbigfactorythatdoesnothingbuttheplasticstoppers,157millionamonth.A.chuckout B.checkoutC.putout D.churnout18.Letothersmaketheiremployees’cutsfirstinthehopethattheywillattentionyou.A.deflect…from B.depart….fromC.convert….from D.derive…from19. Technologiescanapowerfulinfluencethelifelonglearningprocess,aswellastohelpovercomevariousinequalitiesinsociety.A.execute….on B.excurse…onC.exert…on D.exculpate…on20.Thetwoanimalseachotherintheireagernesstogetinside,andheardthedoorshutbehindthemwithgreatjoyandrelief.A.mussedover B.tumbledoverC.cameover D.slashedoverPartⅡCLOZETEST(10points)Directions:Readthepassagethrough.Thengobackandchooseoneitemofsuitableword(s)markedA,B,CandDforeachblankinthepassage.Markthecorrespondingletteroftheword(s)youhavechosenwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.Forthepasttwoyears,Ihavebeenworkingonstudents’evaluationofclassroomteaching.Ihavekeptarecordofinformalconversations21some300studentsfromat22twenty-onecollegesanduniversities.Thestudentsweregenerallyfrankanddirectintheircomments23howcourseworkcouldbebetterpresented.Mostoftheirremarkswerekindlymadewithtoleranceratherthanbitternessandfrequentlyweresoftenedbythefactthatthestudentswerespeakingaboutsome,notall,instructors.Nevertheless,24thefollowingsuggestionsandcommentsindicate,studentsfeel25withthingsastheyareintheclassroom.Professorsshouldbe26fromreadinglecturenotes.“Itmakestheirvoicesmonotonous.” Iftheyaregoingtoread,whynot27outcopiesofthelecture?Thenwewouldn’tneedtogotoclass.Professorsshould28repeatinginlecturesmaterialthatisinthetextbook.“29we’vereadthematerial,wewanttodiscussitorhearitelaboratedon,30repeated.”“Alotofstudentshatetobuyarequiredtextthattheprofessorhaswrittenonlytohavehislecturesrepeatit.”21.A.counting B.covering C.figuring D.involving22.A.bestB.lengthC.least D.large23.A.at B.on C.of D.over24.A.if B.though C.as D.whether25.A.satisfactory B.unsatisfactory C.satisfied D.dissatisfied26.A.interfered B.discouraged C.disturbed D.interrupted27.A.holdB.give C.drop D.leave28.A.avoid B.prevent C.refuse D.prohibit29.A.UntilB.Unless C.Once D.However30.A.not B.or C.and D.yetPartⅢREADINGCOMPREHENSION(30points)Directions:Inthispartofthetests,therearesixshortpassagesforyoutoread.Readthepassagecarefully,andthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.ThenchoosethebestanswerfromthechiocesmarkedA,B,CandD,andmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringAnswerSheet.PassageOneThee-book,youcouldargue,isenvironmentallyfriendly,whichistrue,butitisalsoincrediblycounter-intuitive.Computerengineersspendalotoftheirtimecomingupwithwaystomakecomputersubiquitous(無所不在的)inconsumerlives,andthey’velargelysucceededinthat,whichispartofthepoint.Manyconsumershavealsobeenbusyrejectingelectronicbanking,partlybecausewewantafewtangibleexperiencesleftinourlives,andhandlingmoneyisoneofthoseexperiences.Readingabook,inaway,isanactofrebelliontoday.It’sastatementthatdespitethe35channelscominginonthecablebox,thebillionsofWebsitesandotherdiversions,you’regoingtoreadabook.Thisissomethingsomeonecouldhavedoneinthe16thcentury,whenthefirstbookswereprintedinEnglish.Iusedtoattendaregular“salon”inManhattan,whereInternetpeoplewouldmeet,havedinneranddiscussthelatesttrends.Oneofthesponsorsofthesesocialgatherings,whoworkedforapublisher,broughtane-booktothegroup,andpasseditaround.Everythingaboutitbuggedme;itwascharacterless,flatandsoulless.OnemightimaginereadingtheworksofBillGatesonit,butthethoughtofreadingThackerayorDickensorWilkieCollinsorevenJohnSteinbeckonitisalaughingmatter.Inotherwords,booksaremorethanjustwords,theyhave—orusedtohave—decorativecovers,becausetheyareexpressionsoftheauthor’screativity.That’swhysomepeoplecollectfirsteditions.Theywanttoownthebookthatwasauthorizedbythewriter,aneditionheorshemighthaveowned.Asbooksage,theyattainacertainpatina(古色古香),remindingofthehistorytheobjecthasseen.31. Accordingtotheauthor,onedrawbackofcomputersisthat.A.theyrequiresophisticatedcomputerliteracyB.theyarcinterferingwithourprivatelivesC.theycanbeusedonlyinalimitednumbersofareasD.theydepriveusofexperiencesofhandlingthings32. Today,readingbooksisregardedas.A.creative B.harmful C.intellectual D.old-fashioned33. Itistheauthor’sopinionthat.A.itisridiculoustoreadliteraryworksonane-bookB.readersfinditoddtoreadBillGates’worksonane-bookC.readinge-booksisnotverydifferentfromreadingpaperbooksD.e-bookswillreplacetraditionalbooksintheforeseeablefuture34. Thelastparagraphismainlyconcernedwiththe________aspectofpaperbooks.A.physical B.intellectual C.esthetic D.historical35. Whatistheauthor’smainpurpose?A.Toforecastthee-books’future.B.Tomakeacaseagainste-books.C.Tosuggestalternativestoprintedbooks.D.Toweightheproandconofe-books.Passage2Ofalltheareasoflearning,themostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes.Emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.“Theburntchildfearsthefire”isoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespots(暴君)likeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudesstemfromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereindoctrinatedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordtheyrespect.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendelve(挖掘)somewhatdeeplyintoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexico,histeacher’smethodofhandlingsuchasuitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudies(withspecialreferencetoraces,creedsandnationalities),sciencemattersofhealthandsafety,theatmosphereoftheclassroom…theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.However,whenchildrencometoschoolwithundesirableattitudes,itisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbyscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustrate,first-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesameway,aclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussion,research,outsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finally,ateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudes,becauseherinfluencecanbedeleteriousifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionsasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.36. Thecentralideaconveyedintheabovepassageisthat_______. A.attitudesaffectouractionsB.teachersplayasignificantroleindevelopingorchangingpupils’attitudes C.attitudescanbechangedbysomeclassroomexperiences D.bytheirattitudes,teachersinadvertentlyaffectpupils’attitudes.37. Astatementnotmadeofimpliedinthepassageisthat_______.attitudescanbebasedonthelearningoffalsehoodsachildcandevelopintheclassroomanattitudeabouttheimportanceofbrushinghisteethattitudescannoteasilybechangedbyrewardsandlecturestheattitudesofelementaryschool-agedchildrenareinfluencedprimarilybythewaytheyweretreatedasinfants38. Thepassagespecificallystatesthat_______.directexperiencesaremorevaluablethanindirectoneswhateverattitudesachildlearnsinschoolhavealreadybeenintroducedathometeachersshouldalwaysconcealtheirownattitudes.Teacherscansometimeshaveanunwholesomeinfluenceonchildren39. Thefirstandfourthparagraphshaveallthefollowingpointsincommonexcept_______.theimportanceofexperienceinbuildingattitudeshowfearsometimesgovernsattitudeshowattitudescanbechangedintheclassroomhowreadingaffectsattitudes40. Inthesecondparagraph,asubstitutequotationtoservethewriter’spurposewouldbe:_______.“povertyistheparentofrevolutionandcrime.”“Hethathathwifeandchildrenhathgivenhostagestofortune.“Thereisagreatdifferencebetweenacunningmanandawiseman.”“Nothingonearthconsumesamanmorequicklythanthepassionofresentment.”Passage3Theworldisundergoingtremendouschanges.Theriseofglobalization,botheconomicandculturalthathassweptthroughouttheworld,hasforgednewgroundasweenterthe21stcentury.Butaretheeffectsofglobalizationalwayspositive?Somesayno.MichaelTenet,headoftheInternationalInstituteforForeignRelationsinAtlanta,isworriedaboutcurrentresentmentthroughouttheworldtowardtheriseofglobalization.“Eversincethe1980sandtheeconomicbreakdownoftheAsianTigersinthelate1990s,therehasbeenare-evaluationoftheroleofglobalizationasaforceforgood,”hesaid,“Incomeinmanycountrieshasdeclinedandthegapbetweenthemostrichandthemostpoorhasbeenworsened.Withoutfurtherinterferencebygovernments,wecouldseeatragedyexpressedinanincreasedlevelofpovertythroughouttheLatinAmericaandAsia.”YetGeorgeFrank,aninfluentialeconomistwhoworksonWallStreet,seesnosuchdanger.“Economicliberation,increasedtransparencyandmarket-basedreformshavepositiveeffectinthelongrun,evenifmarketmechanismcanproduceshorttermdestabilizationproblems,”hesaid.“Whatismostimportantisthatbarrierstotradecontinuetofallsothatactivecompetitionforconsumergoodsreducespricesandinturnraisestheaveragelevelofincome.”O(jiān)thersfeelthatglobalization’sculturalimpactmaybemoreimportantthanitseconomicimplications.JaniceYawee,anativeofAfrica,feelsstronglythatglobalizationisweakeningherlocalcultureandlanguage.“Mostoftheworld’sdialectswillbecomeextinctunderglobalization.WearepavingtheworldwithMcDonald’sandEnglishslang.Ittearsmeupinside,”shesaid.However,ignoringthepoliticaldimensionsofglobalizationhasalreadyhaditscost.NowherewasthismadeclearerthanintheEastAsianeconomiccrisisofthelate1990s—particularlyinIndonesia.Inthewakeofthatcrisis,thePresidentSuharto’sregimewasoverthrown,andtheentirecountryhasbeenthrownintoamess.TheIndonesianeconomyhascontractedalmost50percent,throwingtensofmillionsofpeoplebelowthepovertyline.Governmentsofdifferentcountrieshavehadmixedresponsestothewaveofglobalization.TheUnitedStatesisgenerallyseenasanactiveproponentofgreaterfreetrade,anditcertainlyhasenormousculturalinfluencebyvirtueofitsnearmonopolyonworldwideentertainment.Butothercountries,mostnotablyinEuropeanddevelopingnations,havesoughttoreducetheimpactthatglobalizationhasontheirdomesticaffairs.41. ItcanbeinferredthatMichaelTenor’sattitudetowardglobalizationisprobably. A.stronglyopposedB.cautiouslyagreedC.somewhatanxiousD.absolutelysupportive42. Accordingtothepassage,GeorgeFrank.A.agreeswiththecommentsmadebyMichaelTenetB.consentstheglobalizationisfavorabletoeconomyC.believesthatthereductionofpricesisduetothecompetitionD.thinkstheinstabilityiscausedbytheeconomicliberalization43. ThewordsbyJaniceYaweemeanthat.A.dialectsneedmoreprotectionbypeopleintheworldB.informalEnglishwordsareaspopularastheMcDonald'sintheworldC.JaniceYawee’slocalculturehasvanishedintheworldD.theimpactsofglobalizationaregreatonculturesoftheworld44. TheauthorcitestheexampleofIndonesiainorderto.A.provetheimpactofglobalizationonthefieldofpoliticsB.showtheeconomiccrisisofthelate1990sinEastAsiaC.supportthesuccessfuleconomicandpoliticalreforminIndonesiaD.illustratewhytheSuhatro’sregimecollapsed45. Thispassageimpliesthat.A.globalizationisgoodforacountry’seconomicdevelopmentB.globalizationiswidelyacceptedandadvocatedbypeopleC.globalizationistooinfluentialonacountry’seconomytobeacceptedD.globalizationisnotalwaysofgreatbenefittoacountry’sdevelopmentPassage4Somefuturologistshaveassumedthatthevastupsurgeofwomenintheworkforcemayportendarejectionofmarriage.Manywomen,accordingtothishypothesis,wouldratherworkthanmarry.Theconverseofthisconcernisthattheprospectsofbecomingamulti-paycheckhouseholdcouldencouragemarriage.Inthepast,onlytheearningsandfinancialprospectsofthemancountedinthemarriagedecision.Now,however,theearningabilityofawomancanmakehermoreattractiveasamarriagepartner.Datashowsthateconomicdownturnstendtopostponemarriagebecausethepartiescannotaffordtoestablishafamilyorareconcernedaboutrainydaysahead.Astheeconomyrebound,thenumberofmarriagesalsorises.Coincidentwiththeincreasingwomenworkingoutsidethehomeistheincreaseindivorcerates.Yet,itmaybewrongtojumptoreplysimplecause-and-effectconclusions.Theimpactofawife’sworkondivorceisnolesscloudythanitsimpactonmarriagedecisions.Therealizationthatshecanbeagoodprovidermayincreasethechancesthataworkingwifewillchoosedivorceoveranunsatisfactorymarriage.Butthereverseisequallyplausible.Tensionsgroundedinfinancialproblemsoftenplayakeyroleinendingamarriage.Givenhighunemployment,inflationaryproblems,andslowgrowthinrealearnings,aworkingwifecanincreasehouseholdincomeandrelievesomeofthesepressingfinancialburdens.Byraisingfamily’sstandardofliving,aworkingwifemaystrengthenherfamily’sfinancialandemotionalstability.Psychologicalfactorsalsoshouldbeconsidered.Forexample,awifeblockedfromacareeroutsidethehomemayfeelcagedinthehouse.Shemayviewheronlychoiceasseekingadivorce.Ontheotherhand,ifshecanfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,workandmarriagecangotogethertocreateastrongerandmorestableunion.Alsoamajorpartofwomen’sinequalityinmarriagehasbeenduetothefactthatinmostcases,menhaveremainedthemainbreadwinner.Withhigherearningcapacityandstatusoccupationsoutsidethehomecomesthecapacitytoexercisepower,withinthefamily.Aworkingwifemayrobahusbandofbeingthemasterofthehouse.Dependinguponhowthecouplereactstothesenewconditions,itcouldcreateastrongerequalpartnershiporitcouldcreatenewinsecurities.46.Theword“portend”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningto“________”.A.defy B.signal C.sufferfrom D.resultfrom47. Itissaidinthepassagethatwhentheeconomyslides,.A.menwouldchooseworkingwomenastheirmarriagepartnersB.morewomenwouldgetmarriedtoseekfinancialsecurityC.evenworkingwomenwouldworryabouttheirmarriagesD.morepeoplewouldprefertoremainsingleforthetimebeing48.Onereasonwhywomenwithnocareermayseekadivorceisthat_.A.theyfeelthattheyhavebeenrobbedoftheirfreedomB.theyareafraidofbeingbossedaroundbytheirhusbandsC.theyfeelthattheirpartnersfalltoliveuptotheirexpectationsD.theytendtosuspecttheirhusbands'loyaltytotheirmarriage49. Ifwomenfindfulfillmentthroughworkoutsidethehome,. A.theyaremorelikelytodominatetheirmarriagepartnersB.theirhusbandsareexpectedtodomorehouseworkC.theirmarriagetiescanbestrengthenedD.theytendtoputtheircareerbeforemarriage50.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarizetheauthor’sviewinthepassage?A.Thestabilityofmarriageandthedivorceratemayreflecttheeconomicsituationofthecountry.B.Evenwheneconomicallyindependent,mostwomenhavetostruggleforrealequalityinmarriage.C.Inordertosecuretheirmarriage,womenshouldworkoutsidethehomeandremainindependent.D.Theimpactofthegrowingfemaleworkforceonmarriagevariesfromcasetocase.Passage5Inevolutionaryterms,humansarerelativenewcomerstoearth,butinashorttimetheyhaveestablishedthemselvesasthemostsuccessfulanddominantspecies.AsCarlSaganhascommented,humansarrivedlateinDecemberifweconsiderevolutionarytimeintermsofacalendaryear.Asourearliestancestorslefttheforesttofeedinthesavannasandfinallytoformhuntingsocietiesontheopenplains,theirmindsandbehaviorchanged.Thetheoryofnaturalselectionprovidesanexplanationoftheevolutionaryprocess.ThistheoryisbasedonCharlesDarwin’sobservationsofmanyanimalspeciesaroundtheworld.Darwinpointedoutthatorganismsreproduceatratesthatcouldleadtoenormousincreasesinpopulationsizesofmostspecies.However,despitethesemassivereproductivecapacities,populationsizetendstoremainfairlyconstant.Darwinstressedthatthereisextensivevariability-sometimesreferredtoasgeneticdiversity-amongindividualsinaspecies.Someofthesevariationsappearadvantageousforsurvival.Darwinarguedthatindividualscharacterizedbythesebeneficialcharacteristicswouldbemorelikelytosurviveandsucceedinreproducingthemselves.Gradually,theorganismswiththefavorablecharacteristicswouldcompriseagreaterproportionofthepopulation,andoveralongperiodoftime,thereproductiveadvantagecouldproduceagradualmodificationofthewholepopulation.However,ifenvironmentalconditionschange,newsetsofcharacteristicsmightbefavoredandthewholeprocesscouldmoveoffinadifferentdirection.Evolutionproceedsataveryslowpaceindeed.Forexample,thelinesleadingtotheemergenceofhumanbeingsandthegreatapesbegantodivergeabout14millionyearsago.Modernmancameintoexistenceabout50,000yearsago.Thebeginningofcivilizationasweknowitbeganabout10,000yearsago.Intheensuringyearstherehavebeennosweepingevolutionarychangesinhumans.Thisisnotsurprisingbecausewehaveexistedforonlyabout50,000yearsandittakesmuchlongerforamammalianspeciestodevelop.51. Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscertain?A.Humansemergedlaterthanmostanimalsonearth.B.Humanscameintoexistencewhentheearthwascold.C.Humansbecamehunters10,000yearsago.D.Noevolutionhastakenplaceinhumansinthelast10,000years.52. Whydoespopulationsizeremainrelativelyconstant?A.Organismsdonotreproduceathighenoughrates.B.Feworganismsarecharacterizedwithfavorablecharacteristics.C.Somevariationsinaspeciesfailtosurvive.D.Evolutiontakesalongertimethancouldbeimaged.53. AccordingtoDarwin,evolutionischieflydeterminedby_______.A.biologicalfactors B.environmentalfactorsC.interspeciesfactors D.reproductiontime54. Theword“diverge”inparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto“__”A.render B.corruptC.deviate D.derive55. Evolutioninaspeciesoftenstarts_______.A.collectively B.insomeindividualsC.suddenly D.inasweepingmannerPassage6Massproduction,thedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomy,becomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformationintensive,oftenrobotizedmanufacturingsystemscapableofendlessdeepvariation,evencustomization,Therevolutionaryresultis,ineffect,thede-massificationofmassproduction.Theshifttowardsmartflex-techspromotesdiversityandfeedsconsumerchoicetothepointthataWal-Martstorecanofferthebuyernearly110,000productsinvarioustypes,sizes,modelsandcolorstochooseamong.ButWal-Martisamassmerchandiser.Increasingly,themassmarketitselfisbreakingupintodifferentiatednichesascustomerneedsdivergeandbetterinformationmakesitpossibleforbusinessestoidentifyandservemicro-markets.Specialtystores,boutiques,superstores,TVhome-shoppingsystems,computer-basedbuying,directmailandothersystemsprovideagrowingdiversityofchannelsthroughwhichproducerscandistributetheirwarestocustomersinanincreasinglyde-massifiedmarketplace.WhenwewroteFutureShockinthelate1960s,visionarymarketersbegantalkingabout“marketsegmentation.”Todaytheynolongerfocuson“segments”buton“particles”—familyunitsandevensingleindividuals.Meanwhile,advertisingistargetedatsmallerandsmallermarketsegmentsreachedthroughincreasinglyde-massifiedmedia.ThedramaticbreakupofmassaudiencesisunderscoredbythecrisisoftheoncegreatTVnetworks,ABC,CBSandNBC,atatimewhenTele-Communications,Inc.ofDenver,announcesafiber-opticnetworkcapableofprovidingviewerswithf