高中英語(yǔ)高考沖刺語(yǔ)法專題5謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)（教師版）

高中英語(yǔ)高考沖刺語(yǔ)法專題5：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)【問(wèn)題查找】單句語(yǔ)法填空“Thenight________(be)verydark.Someneighborswillealonglaterinthedarkandwillfallagainstthestone.”Atmyschool,“dressdown”tickets________(sell)onschooldays.3.Trulyelegantchopsticksmight________(make)ofgoldandsilverwithChinesecharacters.4.Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks,noagreement____________(reach)sofarbythetwosides.5.Katieisreadingthenotewhich____________(leave)inthedrawertheotherday.6.ChinatogetherwithsomeAsiancountries_______________(strike)byTyphoonHaiyanonNovember8th,causinggreatdamageanddeaths.7.Aboutonefourthofthefamiliesinthecityhaveprivatecarsandthisnumber_____________(expect)todoubleinfiveyears.Keys:1.willbe2.aresold3.bemade4.hasbeenreached5.wasleft6.wasstricken7.isexpected【要點(diǎn)精講】學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：學(xué)生能全面掌握謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法,2.學(xué)生能夠靈活運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在語(yǔ)法填空與書面表達(dá)。目標(biāo)分解：(1)掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化；(2)掌握被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式；(3)掌握不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況；(4)掌握主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的情況。教學(xué)過(guò)程：激發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、激發(fā)已有知識(shí)、解決問(wèn)題、內(nèi)化過(guò)程、總結(jié)優(yōu)化一、用合適的活動(dòng)激發(fā)學(xué)生動(dòng)機(jī)。（需要老師進(jìn)行個(gè)性化設(shè)計(jì)）外部動(dòng)機(jī)：選擇合適的方法激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)部動(dòng)機(jī)：好激發(fā)激發(fā)已有知識(shí)教師提問(wèn)：上次課我們講了時(shí)態(tài)，你們還記得有哪些時(shí)態(tài)嗎？被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是什么？你知道什么時(shí)候才需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)嗎？被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用以說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)共有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。漢語(yǔ)往往用"被"、"受"、"給"等被動(dòng)詞來(lái)表示被動(dòng)意義，英語(yǔ)中則由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示。解決學(xué)習(xí)問(wèn)題：目標(biāo)對(duì)應(yīng)的活動(dòng)（目標(biāo)的問(wèn)題化分解）：考點(diǎn)一被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本時(shí)態(tài)變化教師提問(wèn)：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在不同時(shí)態(tài)下的結(jié)構(gòu)該如何表示？觀察例句總結(jié)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在不同時(shí)態(tài)下的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeenpleted,andwe'rereadytostart.Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere.IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeenpletedinBeijing.AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasitarrived.TheprojectwillhavebeenpletedbeforeJuly.Hetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadeverysoon.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常為十種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)形式，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由be＋過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時(shí)態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式為：時(shí)時(shí)體現(xiàn)在過(guò)去將來(lái)過(guò)去將來(lái)一般is/am/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedone進(jìn)行is/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendone教師提問(wèn)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除了不同時(shí)態(tài)下的基本結(jié)構(gòu)外，你還知道別的形式結(jié)構(gòu)嗎？先讓學(xué)生觀察例句再總結(jié)用法。考點(diǎn)二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過(guò)去分詞。

例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebabysitter.2)有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)的是間接賓語(yǔ)。

例Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改為Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)，其余不動(dòng)。

例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改為Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.4）在使役動(dòng)詞have,make,get以及感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to。

例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改為Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.5)有些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)詞詞組，如“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”，“動(dòng)詞＋副詞”等，也可以用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個(gè)整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.教師提問(wèn)：是不是所有動(dòng)詞都能夠用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)？有沒有什么情況是不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的？通過(guò)觀察例句，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納總結(jié)不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要點(diǎn)?？键c(diǎn)三不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況：【例1】1）He

went

home.

2）Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

The

teachers

and

the

students

listened

carefully.

*不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)后面跟上介詞時(shí)相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)，就可以用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)了。如：

Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

The

teachers

and

the

students

listened

to

him

carefully.

→Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

He

was

listened

to

carefully

by

the

teachers

and

the

students.

結(jié)論1：所有的不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞詞組不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。【例2】The

bus

holds

fifty

people.

√

這個(gè)汽車能坐50人?！鶩ifty

people

were

held

by

the

bus.

×

結(jié)論2：表示狀態(tài)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，如：last、hold（容納）、benefit、contain、equal、fit等。【例3】1）I

have

some

new

books.

√

→Some

books

are

had

by

me.

×

2）This

car

belongs

to

my

uncle.

√

→Thiscarwasbelongedtomyuncle.

×

結(jié)論3：表示歸屬的動(dòng)詞，如have、own、belongto等?！纠?】Iwouldlikesomeapples.Iwishmyparentswillbuymeanapplephoneformybirthday.結(jié)論4：表示＂希望、意圖＂的動(dòng)詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等?！纠?】They

warned

themselves

to

be

careful.

They

help

each

other

in

study.結(jié)論5：賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。教師提問(wèn)：除去不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的情況，我們是否存在本身主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)即可表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義的情況？具體有哪些？通過(guò)觀察例句，歸納總結(jié)主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的情況。考點(diǎn)四主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的情況：【例1】①Thefishsmellsgood.②Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.③Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.④Mypenwritessmoothly.⑤Thedoorwon’tlock.結(jié)論：系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)形式，但有些表示感受、感官的連系動(dòng)詞feel，sound，taste，book，feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。當(dāng)cut，sell，read，write，fill，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)常被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述主語(yǔ)特征，常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義，主語(yǔ)通常是物。★注意：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ)的特征，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：ThebookHarryPottersellswell.（指HarryPotter這本書暢銷的特征）

ThebookHarryPotterissoldineverybookstoreinUK.（強(qiáng)調(diào)書“被賣”的動(dòng)作是人為原因）【例2】①Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.②Thelampsonthewallturnedoff.③Thebikeneedsrepairing.＝Thebikeneedstoberepaired.④Thepicturebookiswellworthreading.＝Thepicturebookisveryworthytoberead.⑤Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.⑥Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?結(jié)論：當(dāng)breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等動(dòng)詞詞組表示＂發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定＂等意思時(shí)；(4)want，require，need后面的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義。(5)beworthdoing用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。(6)在＂be+形容詞+todo＂中，不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng)代被動(dòng)?！⒁猓哼@些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。另外：betoblame(受譴責(zé))，betorent（出租）也用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。拓展補(bǔ)充：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：此處的系表結(jié)構(gòu)指“連系動(dòng)詞＋用作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，它與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式完全一樣。要注意它們的區(qū)別：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)。Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))Thebookiswellsold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))【查漏補(bǔ)缺】單句語(yǔ)法填空1.1.She_________(divorce)herhusbandafteryearsofunhappinessandmarriedagainsoon.2.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,___________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.3.Whenfatandsalt(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifismissingsomething.4.Astimewenton,Einstein’stheory__________(prove)tobecorrect.5.Greatchanges_____________(take)placeinChinasincethePeople’sRepublicofChina_____________(found)in1949.6.Thepen_____________(notbelongto)me.Itishers.7.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,____________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.8.Aftergettinglostinastorm,amemberofthenavyteam________(rescue)fourdayslater.9.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea______________(serve)withmilkandsugar.Keys:1.divorced2.isregarded3.areremoved4.proved5.havetaken;wasfounded6.doesn’tbelongto7.isregarded8.wasrescued9.isserved【梳理優(yōu)化】一、?？碱}型：1.語(yǔ)法填空題2.書面表達(dá)二、解題技巧◆謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與語(yǔ)法填空被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是?？嫉膬?nèi)容，會(huì)涉及一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。應(yīng)對(duì)策略1句中若缺少謂語(yǔ)，注意要考慮所給動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)。判斷時(shí)態(tài)首先要確定時(shí)間，然后根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的狀態(tài)來(lái)判斷應(yīng)該運(yùn)用哪種時(shí)態(tài)。有時(shí)也可以根據(jù)空格后和該句中已經(jīng)存在的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的并列關(guān)系來(lái)確定時(shí)態(tài)。句中缺少謂語(yǔ)，且與主語(yǔ)存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系，考慮根據(jù)時(shí)間和動(dòng)作存在的方式，確定相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。注意只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。在確定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，我們可從四個(gè)方面來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷：看句子中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句?？瓷舷挛牡闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式?？词欠袷翘厥獾木湫?。如：①was/wereabouttodo...when...did...②Itis/hasbeen＋時(shí)間段＋since從句(一般過(guò)去時(shí))③It/This/Thatisthefirsttimethat...have/hasdone...或It/This/Thatwasthefirsttimethat...haddone...④It’s(hightime)that...did/shoulddo...⑤Hardlyhad＋主語(yǔ)＋done...when...did...或Nosoonerhad＋主語(yǔ)＋done...than...did...這樣的句型還有很多，平時(shí)要注意積累?？磁c主語(yǔ)存在主動(dòng)關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。若是被動(dòng)，還需看所給詞是否為及物動(dòng)詞，是否考查主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)等。注意主謂是否一致?！緩?qiáng)化鞏固】語(yǔ)法填空ThenationalcollegeentranceexaminationinRussia,UnifiedStateExam,willincludeChineseas1._______________electiveforeignlanguagestartingfrom2019.ChinesewillbeethefifthelectivetestitemfortheUnifiedStateExam2.______________(follow)English,German,FrenchandSpanish.ThenumberofChineselearnersinRussia3.______________(grow)quicklyinthepasttenyears,accordingtoasurvey4._______________(make)byalinguisticresearchcenterinRussia.ApproachestolearningChinesechangefrompersontoperson,5.______________moreandmorepeoplechoosinguniversitycoursesinRussia.ThethreehourlongChinesetestwillquizstudents6._______________theirlistening,readingandwritingabilities,andafourthsectionwillexaminestudentsongrammar,vocabularyandChinese7.________________(character).SomepartsintheexamareevenalittlebitdifficultfornativeChinesespeakers.AccordingtotheOfficeofChineseLanguageCouncilInternational(Hanban),asof2017some100millionpeople,excludingnativespeakers,useChinese8.________________(global).TheUnitedNations(UN)in2010suggestedaChineseLanguageDay9._______________fallsonApril20eachyear10._______________(celebrate)culturaldiversity(多樣性）aswellastopromotetheequaluseofallofficiallanguages.Keys:1.an2.following3.hasgrown4.made5.with6.on7.characters8.globally9.that/which10.tocelebrate【課后練習(xí)】一、單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Medicine

should___________(keep)indrawers

children

can't

reach,

and

allcleaningliquidsinhigh

cupboards.This

opening

led

to

a

cave,

so

the

historians

decided

to

have

a

look

around

it.

The

walls

ofthecave___________(cover)

with

ancient

art.In

US

high

school,

everything___________(record)andgraded,including

your

grades

onquizzes,tests

and

final

examinations.Every

day

the

chef

makes

sure

that

fresh

vegetables

and

high

quality

oil

___________(use)for

cooking.The

door

can't___________(shut),so

take

all

your

valuable

things

with

you.Nowalltheemployeesexceptthemanager____________(encourage)toworkonlineathome.Itisreportedthataspacestation____________(build)onthemooninyearstoe.Ihadastrongdesiretoreachinandplaywiththetoy,but____________(hold)backthankfullybytheshopwindow.Moreexpressways____________(build)inSichuansoontopromotethelocaleconomy.Inmyhometown,thereisalwaysaharvestsupperforthefarmersafterallthewheat____________(be)cut.Tomydelight,I____________(choose)fromhundredsofapplicantstoattendtheopeningceremony.Keys:1.bekept2.werecovered3.isrecorded4.areused5.shut6.areencouraged7.willbebuilt8.washeld9.willbebuilt10.hasbeen11.waschosen二、語(yǔ)法填空ThePacificOceanThePacificOceanisthe__1__(large)oftheEarth'soceans,coveringabout46%oftheEarth'swatersurfaceand32%ofitstotalsurfacearea.Itextends__2__theArcticinthenorthtotheAntarcticainthesouth,__3__(surround)byAsiaandAustraliainthewestandtheAmericasintheeast.ThePacificOceancontainsabout25,000islands.The__4__(major)ofthemarefoundsouthoftheequator.__5__waterneartheequatorislesssaltythanthatfoundinthemid-latitudes(中緯度)for__6__(abundance)equatorialprecipitation(赤道降水)throughouttheyear.ThesurfacecirculationofPacificwatersis__7__(general)clockwiseintheNorthernHemisphereandcounter－clockwiseintheSouthernHemisphere.TheexploitationofthePacific'smineralwealthisvarious,__8__isinfluencedbytheocean'sgreatdepths.InshallowwatersoffthecoastsofAustraliaandNewZealand,naturalgasisproduced,andpearls__9__(harvest)alongthecoastsofAustralia,JapanandthePhilippines.Onemorethingworth__10__(mention)isthatthePacific'sgreatestwealthisitsfish.Keys:說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了世界上最大的大洋——太平洋。1.largest2.from3.surrounded4.majority5.The6.abundant7.generally8.which9.areharvested10.mentioning三、閱讀理解Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobviousyetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.4.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.5.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.6.WhatdoesCurtin’spanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.7.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.CGoshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.Keys:1.B2.B3.D4.A說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M(fèi)現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費(fèi)而采取的努力。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關(guān)注那些被浪費(fèi)的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但隨著時(shí)間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買了太多東西；我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過(guò)講述芝麻菜的故事來(lái)表明我們有時(shí)會(huì)無(wú)意間浪費(fèi)食物。故選B。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生產(chǎn)沒人吃的食物會(huì)浪費(fèi)用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費(fèi)成為一個(gè)環(huán)境問(wèn)題。事實(shí)上，羅伊特寫道，“如果食物浪費(fèi)是一個(gè)國(guó)家，它將是世界上第三大溫室氣體排放國(guó)。”)”可知，根據(jù)文中的說(shuō)法，浪費(fèi)食物的一個(gè)后果是對(duì)環(huán)境的危害。故選B。3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物復(fù)原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過(guò)接受捐贈(zèng)和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，收回了超過(guò)807500磅的食物，否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品就會(huì)在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥它們，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制作食物。故選D。4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.(“每個(gè)人都可以在減少浪費(fèi)方面發(fā)揮作用，無(wú)論是在每周的購(gòu)物中不購(gòu)買不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷說(shuō))”可知，科廷建議人們只買需要的東西來(lái)避免浪費(fèi)食物。故選A。四、七選五Theworldisacolorfullandscapeofdifferentlanguages,skincolors,anddifferentcultures.It’simportanttohaveagoodunderstandingofdifferentculturesinordertobeeawellroundedperson____1____Onewayistoreadhookswrittenbyauthorsfromaparticularculture.Readingworksbyauthorswhohaveacloserelationshipwithaparticularcultureallowspeopletogainanauthenticglimpseintothefood,music,language,religion,andwayofalifeofaparticulargroupofpeople.____2____Anotherwaytolearnaboutdifferentculturesistotrytolearnaforeignlanguage.____3____Apersoncanchoosealanguageshehasalwayswantedtolearnandlocatelearningprogramstohelphermasterthelanguage.Besides,onecanenrollinaforeignlanguageclassinordertolearninamoreformalsetting.Onecanalsotrytovisitareasofthecitytoestablishsocialconnectionwithnativespeakersofthelanguage.____4____Seekoutrestaurantsthatfeatureauthenticfoodfromavarietyofcountries.Foodisanimportantpartofdifferentculturesandallowspeopletogaindeepunderstandingintoaparticularculturalgroup’swayoflife.municatingwithpeoplefromothercountriesthroughemailorsnailmailisanotherusefulwaytobeefamiliarwithdifferentcultures.____5____Variouswebsitesofferpenpalservices,offeringtoconnectindividualswithpenfriendsaro