2022年4月自考00600高級(jí)英語(yǔ)試題及答案含解析

高級(jí)英語(yǔ)年月真題

0060020224

1、【單選題】ThelightingoftheOlympictorch______peaceandfriendshipamong

thenationsoftheworld.

symbolizes

epitomizes

A:

synchronizes

B:

characterizes

C:

答D:案：A

2、【單選題】Thereissome______intheofficeaboutwhothenewdirectorwillbe.

comprehension

disappointment

A:

apprehension

B:

estrangement

C:

答D:案：C

3、【單選題】Weweresoonboredaswehadtolistentothe______detailsofhis

operation.

tentative

tenacious

A:

tedious

B:

tenuous

C:

答D:案：C

4、【單選題】Women'svoicesonly______onafewsubjectssuchasbeautycontests,

sexworkers,andalltodowiththehome.

contract

resume

A:

supervise

B:

predominate

C:

答D:案：D

5、【單選題】Whencleaningyourhands,rememberto______allsurfaces,including

thebacksofyourhands,wrists,betweenyourfingers,andunderyourfingernails.

sweep

scrub

A:

purify

B:

groom

C:

答D:案：B

6、【單選題】Generallyspeaking,largepaintingscanhelp______thefeelingof

spaceinsmallrooms.

raise

enhance

A:

deepen

B:

increase

C:

答D:案：B

7、【單選題】Alicedidnotlookafterhim,butslowlywoundalong

the______countryroaddowntothesouth.

distorted

twined

A:

deformed

B:

crooked

C:

答D:案：D

8、【單選題】Therejectionofsuchinitiativesis______indicatingthatvoters

areunconcernedabouttheenvironment.

inthemeansof

bymeansof

A:

beyondyourmeans

B:

bynomeans

C:

答D:案：D

9、【單選題】Theworryingtrendofyouthsmokinghastobehalted.Otherwise,

manychildrenwill______it.

fallvictimto

becreditedwith

A:

takeadvantageof

B:

beexhaustedfrom

C:

D:

答案：A

10、【單選題】Byclosingtheinfectedfarmswe'rehopingto______thediseaseto

thenorthoftheregion.

limit

localize

A:

confine

B:

encircle

C:

答D:案：C

11、【單選題】Johnisaveryprivateperson-formostofthetime,

he______himself.

keepsto

keepsfrom

A:

keepsupwith

B:

keepsdownto

C:

答D:案：A

12、【單選題】Smithcarefully______theloosehairsfromtheshouldersofhis

jacket.

plucked

flicked

A:

wrested

B:

dragged

C:

答D:案：B

13、【單選題】Thenewlypublishedbookbearssomestriking______tolastyear's

bestseller.

identity

superiority

A:

similarity

B:

uniformity

C:

答D:案：C

14、【單選題】Ifanyofthesesymptoms______whileyouaretakingthemedicine,

consultyourdoctorimmediately.

occur

happen

A:

concur

B:

heighten

C:

答D:案：A

15、【單選題】Thecarcomesina______ofcolors,whichisnotgoodnewsfor

customerswhohavedifficultiesinmakingdecisions.

pyramid

pygmy

A:

mystique

B:

myriad

C:

答D:案：D

16、【單選題】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot

onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked

studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem

repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.

Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans

trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To

thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,

whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33

percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa

feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,

questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not

certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So

whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof

uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof

science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians

ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften

perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.

Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural

worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.

Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata

givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.

Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;

certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific

process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic

andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof

blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall

problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic

researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists

promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe

ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific

world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan

unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies

preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The

secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe

veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscienceisdivorcedfrommethodand

viewedasjustanotherclaiminthemarketplaceofideas.APewResearchstudy

showsthat35percentofAmericansthinkthescientificmethodcanbeusedto

produce“anyresultaresearcherwants."Oncethescientificapproachhasbeen

delegitimized,thenallhypotheses,includingthemostoutlandishandirrational

ones,canbetakenascredible.So,hiddeninthisconceitofademocratic

“marketplaceofideas"isaparticularlyvirulentformofrelativismthat

approachesnihilism.(7)Suchexamplesofrelativismaboutissuesincluding

climatechangeand,mostrecently,theCOVID-19pandemic-havesignificantly

contributedtotheproliferationoffakenewsandconspiracytheories.The

diffusionoffakenewsisfacilitatedbythedifficultyofalargemajorityof

Americansindistinguishingbetweenfactandopinion.Factualnewscanbeproved

ordisprovedbyobjectiveevidence,whileopinionisanexpressionofthe

beliefsandvaluesofthespeaker.(8)Inanefforttocombatmisinformation,

scientistsmayovercompensatebyacceleratingtheirresearch.orpublicizingtheir

findingsprematurely.Thiscanspurdialogueaboutscience,butwithseriousside

effects.Thescientificprocessitselfhasbeencalledintoquestionduringthe

pandemicincaseswheretheveryinstitutionsandpeerreviewprocessthatwere

supposedtocheckscientificresultsfailedtodetectscams.(9)Sohowto

regainpublictrustinsciencewhenthepublicislookingforcertaintiesandwhen

thosewhoaresupposedtoimpersonatedoubtseemtobefickleordogmatic?Amore

realisticunderstandingofhowscienceworkscancontributetoabetter

comprehensionofthedecisiveroleofdoubtandskepticisminthescientific

process.Indeed,scienceisnotalinearpathleadingfromonesuccesstoanother,

butratheraconstantrevaluationofhypotheses.Failuresarepartofthe

scientificprocessandshouldbetaughtalongwithsuccesses.(10)Itis,

therefore,notsomuchthecontentofscientificdiscoveriesthatshouldbe

highlighted,buttheunderstandingofthescientificprocessitselfthatmustbe

enhanced.Nooneexpectsthepublicatlargetofullyunderstandalldiscoveries

orto.beabletoarbitratebetweenpossibletreatments.Butwhatmustbe

reaffirmedisthatinscience,doubtisnotavulnerabilitybutastrength.The

scientificapproachoftenleadstodeadends,butsometimesitleadsto

fundamentaldiscoveriesthatnootherapproachhaseverachieved.Most

Americansbelieveinsciencewhen______.

ittellsthemthetruthsoftheworld

itgivesthemtheconfidencetheyneed

A:

itisconsistentwiththeirexistingbeliefs

B:

itconfirmstheircertaintiesabouttheworld

C:

答D:案：C

17、【單選題】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot

onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked

studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem

repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.

Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans

trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To

thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,

whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33

percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa

feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,

questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not

certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So

whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof

uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof

science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians

ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften

perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.

Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural

worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.

Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata

givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.

Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;

certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific

process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic

andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof

blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall

problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic

researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists

promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe

ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific

world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan

unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies

preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The

secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe

veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscienceisdivorcedfrommethodand

viewedasjustanotherclaiminthemarketplaceofideas.APewResearchstudy

showsthat35percentofAmericansthinkthescientificmethodcanbeusedto

produce“anyresultaresearcherwants."Oncethescientificapproachhasbeen

delegitimized,thenallhypotheses,includingthemostoutlandishandirrational

ones,canbetakenascredible.So,hiddeninthisconceitofademocratic

“marketplaceofideas"isaparticularlyvirulentformofrelativismthat

approachesnihilism.(7)Suchexamplesofrelativismaboutissuesincluding

climatechangeand,mostrecently,theCOVID-19pandemic-havesignificantly

contributedtotheproliferationoffakenewsandconspiracytheories.The

diffusionoffakenewsisfacilitatedbythedifficultyofalargemajorityof

Americansindistinguishingbetweenfactandopinion.Factualnewscanbeproved

ordisprovedbyobjectiveevidence,whileopinionisanexpressionofthe

beliefsandvaluesofthespeaker.(8)Inanefforttocombatmisinformation,

scientistsmayovercompensatebyacceleratingtheirresearch.orpublicizingtheir

findingsprematurely.Thiscanspurdialogueaboutscience,butwithseriousside

effects.Thescientificprocessitselfhasbeencalledintoquestionduringthe

pandemicincaseswheretheveryinstitutionsandpeerreviewprocessthatwere

supposedtocheckscientificresultsfailedtodetectscams.(9)Sohowto

regainpublictrustinsciencewhenthepublicislookingforcertaintiesandwhen

thosewhoaresupposedtoimpersonatedoubtseemtobefickleordogmatic?Amore

realisticunderstandingofhowscienceworkscancontributetoabetter

comprehensionofthedecisiveroleofdoubtandskepticisminthescientific

process.Indeed,scienceisnotalinearpathleadingfromonesuccesstoanother,

butratheraconstantrevaluationofhypotheses.Failuresarepartofthe

scientificprocessandshouldbetaughtalongwithsuccesses.(10)Itis,

therefore,notsomuchthecontentofscientificdiscoveriesthatshouldbe

highlighted,buttheunderstandingofthescientificprocessitselfthatmustbe

enhanced.Nooneexpectsthepublicatlargetofullyunderstandalldiscoveries

orto.beabletoarbitratebetweenpossibletreatments.Butwhatmustbe

reaffirmedisthatinscience,doubtisnotavulnerabilitybutastrength.The

scientificapproachoftenleadstodeadends,butsometimesitleadsto

fundamentaldiscoveriesthatnootherapproachhaseverachieved.Whatcanbe

learnedfromParagraph3?

Historiansaretofindtheweaknessofscience.

Scientificfindingsareinfrequentlychallenged.

A:

Uncertaintiespreventsciencefromprogressing.

B:

Doubtfostersabetterunderstandingoftheworld.

C:

D:

答案：D

18、【單選題】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot

onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked

studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem

repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.

Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans

trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To

thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,

whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33

percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa

feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,

questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not

certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So

whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof

uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof

science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians

ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften

perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.

Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural

worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.

Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata

givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.

Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;

certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific

process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic

andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof

blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall

problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic

researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists

promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe

ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific

world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan

unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies

preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The

secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe

veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscienceisdivorcedfrommethodand

viewedasjustanotherclaiminthemarketplaceofideas.APewResearchstudy

showsthat35percentofAmericansthinkthescientificmethodcanbeusedto

produce“anyresultaresearcherwants."Oncethescientificapproachhasbeen

delegitimized,thenallhypotheses,includingthemostoutlandishandirrational

ones,canbetakenascredible.So,hiddeninthisconceitofademocratic

“marketplaceofideas"isaparticularlyvirulentformofrelativismthat

approachesnihilism.(7)Suchexamplesofrelativismaboutissuesincluding

climatechangeand,mostrecently,theCOVID-19pandemic-havesignificantly

contributedtotheproliferationoffakenewsandconspiracytheories.The

diffusionoffakenewsisfacilitatedbythedifficultyofalargemajorityof

Americansindistinguishingbetweenfactandopinion.Factualnewscanbeproved

ordisprovedbyobjectiveevidence,whileopinionisanexpressionofthe

beliefsandvaluesofthespeaker.(8)Inanefforttocombatmisinformation,

scientistsmayovercompensatebyacceleratingtheirresearch.orpublicizingtheir

findingsprematurely.Thiscanspurdialogueaboutscience,butwithseriousside

effects.Thescientificprocessitselfhasbeencalledintoquestionduringthe

pandemicincaseswheretheveryinstitutionsandpeerreviewprocessthatwere

supposedtocheckscientificresultsfailedtodetectscams.(9)Sohowto

regainpublictrustinsciencewhenthepublicislookingforcertaintiesandwhen

thosewhoaresupposedtoimpersonatedoubtseemtobefickleordogmatic?Amore

realisticunderstandingofhowscienceworkscancontributetoabetter

comprehensionofthedecisiveroleofdoubtandskepticisminthescientific

process.Indeed,scienceisnotalinearpathleadingfromonesuccesstoanother,

butratheraconstantrevaluationofhypotheses.Failuresarepartofthe

scientificprocessandshouldbetaughtalongwithsuccesses.(10)Itis,

therefore,notsomuchthecontentofscientificdiscoveriesthatshouldbe

highlighted,buttheunderstandingofthescientificprocessitselfthatmustbe

enhanced.Nooneexpectsthepublicatlargetofullyunderstandalldiscoveries

orto.beabletoarbitratebetweenpossibletreatments.Butwhatmustbe

reaffirmedisthatinscience,doubtisnotavulnerabilitybutastrength.The

scientificapproachoftenleadstodeadends,butsometimesitleadsto

fundamentaldiscoveriesthatnootherapproachhaseverachieved.InParagraph

5,theword“ubiquity'means______.

beingpresenteverywhere

thedistinctcharacter

A:

beingthespecificone

B:

theinherentquality

C:

答D:案：A

19、【單選題】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot

onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked

studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem

repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.

Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans

trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To

thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,

whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33

percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa

feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,

questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not

certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So

whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof

uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof

science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians

ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften

perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.

Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural

worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.

Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata

givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.

Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;

certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific

process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic

andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof

blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall

problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic

researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists

promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe

ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific

world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan

unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies

preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The

secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe

veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscienceisdivorcedfrommethodand

viewedasjustanotherclaiminthemarketplaceofideas.APewResearchstudy

showsthat35percentofAmericansthinkthescientificmethodcanbeusedto

produce“anyresultaresearcherwants."Oncethescientificapproachhasbeen

delegitimized,thenallhypotheses,includingthemostoutlandishandirrational

ones,canbetakenascredible.So,hiddeninthisconceitofademocratic

“marketplaceofideas"isaparticularlyvirulentformofrelativismthat

approachesnihilism.(7)Suchexamplesofrelativismaboutissuesincluding

climatechangeand,mostrecently,theCOVID-19pandemic-havesignificantly

contributedtotheproliferationoffakenewsandconspiracytheories.The

diffusionoffakenewsisfacilitatedbythedifficultyofalargemajorityof

Americansindistinguishingbetweenfactandopinion.Factualnewscanbeproved

ordisprovedbyobjectiveevidence,whileopinionisanexpressionofthe

beliefsandvaluesofthespeaker.(8)Inanefforttocombatmisinformation,

scientistsmayovercompensatebyacceleratingtheirresearch.orpublicizingtheir

findingsprematurely.Thiscanspurdialogueaboutscience,butwithseriousside

effects.Thescientificprocessitselfhasbeencalledintoquestionduringthe

pandemicincaseswheretheveryinstitutionsandpeerreviewprocessthatwere

supposedtocheckscientificresultsfailedtodetectscams.(9)Sohowto

regainpublictrustinsciencewhenthepublicislookingforcertaintiesandwhen

thosewhoaresupposedtoimpersonatedoubtseemtobefickleordogmatic?Amore

realisticunderstandingofhowscienceworkscancontributetoabetter

comprehensionofthedecisiveroleofdoubtandskepticisminthescientific

process.Indeed,scienceisnotalinearpathleadingfromonesuccesstoanother,

butratheraconstantrevaluationofhypotheses.Failuresarepartofthe

scientificprocessandshouldbetaughtalongwithsuccesses.(10)Itis,

therefore,notsomuchthecontentofscientificdiscoveriesthatshouldbe

highlighted,buttheunderstandingofthescientificprocessitselfthatmustbe

enhanced.Nooneexpectsthepublicatlargetofullyunderstandalldiscoveries

orto.beabletoarbitratebetweenpossibletreatments.Butwhatmustbe

reaffirmedisthatinscience,doubtisnotavulnerabilitybutastrength.The

scientificapproachoftenleadstodeadends,butsometimesitleadsto

fundamentaldiscoveriesthatnootherapproachhaseverachieved.Accordingto

Paragraph5,theauthortendstoagreethat______.

researchersareusuallyselflessheroes

weshouldnotholdfirmbeliefinscience

A:

thereshouldbenoerrorinscientificwork

B:

scienceneedsdiscussionanddisagreement

C:

答D:案：D

20、【單選題】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot

onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked

studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem

repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.

Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans

trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To

thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,

whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33

percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa

feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,

questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not

certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So

whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof

uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof

science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians

ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften

perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.

Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural

worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.

Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata

givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.

Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;

certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific

process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic

andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof

blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall

problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic

researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists

promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe

ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific

world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan

unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies

preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The

secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe

veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscie