動(dòng)詞不定式1課件

動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞的變化形式之一成分分析不定式，即“不一定是什么詞性的成分”，可當(dāng)作名詞、形容詞和副詞來使用，所以，不定式，就是除了當(dāng)謂語之外的任何其他成分。動(dòng)名詞，相當(dāng)于名詞，因此動(dòng)名詞在句中主要充當(dāng)：主語、賓語以及表語。分詞，相當(dāng)于形容詞和副詞，因此在句中主要充當(dāng)：定語，狀語和補(bǔ)足語。第一節(jié)不定式充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞志湫停篒t+todosth.(作主語)It+todosth.句型不定式作主語，常見的是用it作形式主語，放在句首，將真正的主語動(dòng)詞不定式（短語）放在句子后面Itiseasytobewiseaftertheevent.Itiseasiertospendmoneythantomakemoney.Itisbettertolovesomeoneyoucan’thavethantohavesomeoneyoucan’tlove.注意：此處形式主語it不能用this或that來替換。Thisisimpossibleforpeopletostaredirectlyatthesun.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)也可直接置于句首作主語，此時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。Toerrishuman;toforgive,divine.Toloveforthesakeofbeinglovedishuman,buttoloveforthesakeoflovingisangelic.動(dòng)詞+todo(賓語)1.直接跟在一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞后面作賓語。這時(shí)句子有以下兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)：第一，句子主語和不定式的邏輯主語是一致的，即兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作都是由全局主語發(fā)出。第二，這時(shí)句子的謂語動(dòng)詞多是描寫態(tài)度；不定式的動(dòng)詞則說明行為。Ihopetoseeyouagain.Thiscompanyrefusedtocooperatewithus.Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.Whyshouldanyonebother_____histreasuretohelpastranger?A.riskingtoloseB.torisklosingC.riskinglosingD.torisktoloseAfford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,consent,dare,decide,determine,expect,fail,forget,happen,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,propose,refuse,regret,remember,seem,start,swear,trouble,try,want,wish,etc.2.在一些動(dòng)詞之后，可以在連接代詞（what,who,which）或者連接副詞（How，when,where）及連詞whether后面接一個(gè)to的動(dòng)詞不定式。我們可以將這種結(jié)構(gòu)看成是連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的簡略形式。Iwonderwhotoinvite.(=whoIshouldinvite)Showuswhattodo.(=whatwemustdo)Idon’tknowwhethertoanswerhisletter.(此處不用If)類似動(dòng)詞還有:ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,forget,findout,guess,imagine,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,teach,think,understand,wonder,etc.動(dòng)詞+it+賓補(bǔ)（名詞或形容詞）+賓語todo(作賓語的不定式后置)此時(shí)，往往用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語后面。常用于此結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞有：consider,think,judge,feel,make,etc.Ithinkithardtoanswerthequestioninonego.Hefeelsitchallengingtobeamarketingsupervisor.Usingmanysymbolsmakes____toputalargeamountofinformationonasinglemap.A.possibleB.itispossibleC.itpossibleD.thatpossibleThedevelopmentofsteelnibsmakesitpossible

todeveloppens.Thedevelopmentofsteelnibsmakesitpossible

thatpeoplecandeveloppens.Thedevelopmentofsteelnibsmakespossible

thedevelopmentofpens.句型3：動(dòng)詞+sb+todosth.成分：賓補(bǔ)Theydon’tallowpeopletosmokeinthetheater.Thechildrendeclaredthemeetingtobeover.Allowmetodrinktoyoursuccess.Inhot,dryregions,theSun’heatcausestheouterlayerofrocks____,processcalledexfoliation.A.areexpandedandpeeledawayB.toexpand0andpeelawayC.expandingandpeelingawayD.theyexpandandpeelaway此類動(dòng)詞：Advice,allow,ask,beg,believe,cause,command,challenge,compel,declare,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,have,help,instruct,intend,invite,judge,leave,let,like,mean,make,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,press,recommend,request,remind,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,want,warn,wish(hope不可以)，urge,etc.句型4:名詞+todosth.作定語不定式作賓語一般與被修飾名詞有以下三種關(guān)系：1.動(dòng)賓關(guān)系Ihavealettertowrite.(邏輯關(guān)系即：writealetter)Ineedsomepapertowriteon.(邏輯關(guān)系即：writeonsomeletter)Ineedapentowritewith.(邏輯關(guān)系即：writewithapen)Shehasfourchildrentotakecareof.Ihadnoplacetolivein.Youjustregardmeasathing,anobjectto

lookat,touse,totouch,butnottolistentoortotakeseriously.Igavethekidacomictoread.IhavenopartnertospeakEnglishwith.

2.主謂關(guān)系被only,last,next,序數(shù)詞，最高級(jí)形容詞修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語，所修飾的名詞和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯主謂關(guān)系。Idon’tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.ThenexttraintoarriveisfromNewYork.Clintwasthesecondpersontofallintothistrap.同位關(guān)系（兩類名詞）1）與動(dòng)詞相關(guān)的名詞：要求與不定式連用的動(dòng)詞，它的名詞形式也要接不定式。常見的這樣的名詞：Arrangement,attempt,claim,decision,hope,determination,failure,need,plan,promise,refusal,resolution,tendency,threat,wish,etc.Herefusedtoco-operatewithus.Hisrefusaltoco-operatemakesusangry.Idon’twishtochange.Ihavenowishtochange.2）此類形容詞相關(guān)的名詞：要求與不定式連用的形容詞，它的名詞形式也要接不定式，這樣的名詞有：ability,ambition,anxiety,eagerness,inclination,reluctance,etc.Shewasreluctanttoaccepthisinvitation.Herreluctancetoaccepthisinvitationupsethim.Theywereeagertohelpme.Theireagernesstohelppleasedme.Adecision____stockbyoneorafewoftheselargecompaniesmayhaveaveryimportanteffectonthemarketasawhole.A.buyingortosellB.tobuyorsellingC.buyingorsellingD.tobuyorsellAllourattempts___thechildfromdrowningwereinvain.A.torescueB.havingrescuedC.rescueD.beingrescued句型5：形容詞+todosth.1.句子主語和不定式動(dòng)詞可構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Sheisverynicetotalkto.=itisverynicetotalktoher.Maryiseasytogetonwith.=itiseasytogetonwithMary.Englishisdifficulttospeak.Footballisveryinterestingtowatch.注意:1.不定式動(dòng)詞一般不用被動(dòng)式Englishisdifficulttobespoken.Footballisinterestingtobewatched.2.不定式后不能再加賓語Footballisveryinterestingtowatchit.Sheisnicetotalktoher.3.句子主語和不定式動(dòng)詞可構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這一句型中的形容詞通常表示人的性格特征或行為表現(xiàn)。Brave,careful,careless,clever,considerate,cruel,foolish,generous,kind,modest,nice,polite,rude,selfish,silly,stupid,thoughtful等等Hewaskindtohelpus.Theboywascarelesstobreakthewindow.也可以用以下兩種方式來改寫：Such…astodoHewassokindastohelpus.TheboywastocarelessastobreakthewindowItwas/is+形容詞+ofsb.todo.Itwaskindofhimtohelpus.Itwascarelessoftheboytobreakthewindow.不定式作狀語作目的狀語Hatingpeopleislikeburningdownyourownhousestogetridofarat.Toavoidcriticism,donoting,saynothing,benothingIwouldclimbthehighestmountain,justtoseeyousmile.Iwouldswimtheocean,justtoholdyourhand.Iwouldrunamillionmiles,justtobewithyouforever.我們可用Inordertodo或者soastodo強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語Iquoteothersinorderbettertoexpressmyownself.Soasto不放在句首，不過todo或inordertodo可提到句首。作結(jié)果狀語Onlytodo。。。引出意想不到的或不愉快的結(jié)果Alltooften,omencomplainthattheyareeducatedasequals，onlytogooutintotheworkforcetobetreatedasinferiors.Heworkedveryhard,____hehadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.a.tofindb.findingc.justfindingd.onlytofindSo…asto,suchastoHisindifferenceissuchastomakeeveryonedespair.Hervoiceissuchastomakeeveryonestare.=hervoiceissoloud/badastomakeeveryonestare.3)enough…toHeisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.Theteacherspeaksloudlyenoughtomakehimselfheardclearly.4)too…toA.否定：Theyaretohardtogetalongwith.B.肯定tooearly/anxious/eagertodo.非常想，急于，時(shí)刻準(zhǔn)備Youaretooreadytofindfaultswithotherpeople.Iamjusttooeagertohelpyou.C.only,all,but,really,表示肯定Hewouldbeonlytoogladtobeherboyfriend,butheknewhecouldnotmatchherinfamilystatus.3.條件狀語用不定式表示條件時(shí)，句子謂語通常含有助動(dòng)詞，will,would,shall,should,must,can,could等Youwouldbestupidnottoaskforaraise.Thefatherwillbeproudforhissontowinthegoldmedal.用作獨(dú)立成分Tobeginwith,totellthetruth,tomakealongstoryshort,sotospeak,tobebrief/exact/frank/honest,tosaynothingof/tosaytheleast不定式邏輯主語1.forsb.todo.Itisimportantforyoutogothereinperson.Itisverycommonforhimtobeabsentwithoutleave.Hewasverywillingforeverythingelsetocome.Foranyadhesivetomakeareallystrongbond,thesurfacestobegluedmustbeabsolutelycleanandfreefrommoistureorgrease.ForyoutostudyEnglishwell,alotofpracticesareneeded.3.ofsb.TodoItiswiseofyounottoarguewithyourboss.Itwasverycarelessofhimtomakesuchsillymistakes.注意：Of和for使用規(guī)律不同：Of------針對的是人For-----針對的是事Itisimportantforyoutogothereinperson.Itiswiseofyounottoarguewithyourboss.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)四種形式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten進(jìn)行式tobewriting一般不用完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeenwriting一般不用2.不定式一般式不定式一般式todo1)與主要謂語所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生；Iamgladtoseeyou.Iheardhimsinglastnight.2)或是在主要謂語動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生：Weplantogototheseathissummer.不定式的完成式tohavedone不定式的完成式tohavedone不定式的完成式可表示：1)發(fā)生在謂語之前的動(dòng)作WearehappytohavevisitedsomanyhistoricplacesinBeijing.AlbertEinstein,thegreatAmericanscientist,isestimatedtohavehadtheincredibleintelligencequotientof200.Iamverysorrytohavebotheredyouwithsomanyquestionsonsuchanoccasion.Theredwoodappears____some100yearsagoinnorthernforestsaroundtheworld.A.havingtoflourishB.toflourishC.tohaveflourishedD.haveflourished2)表示“非真實(shí)”的過去用在表示打算、需要、計(jì)劃等動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)后面，表示過去本打算做但事實(shí)上沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。Mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,propose,etc.Imeanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.Iplannedtohavevisitedyoulastnight,butIwastoobusy.Hewasto____toaforeignuniversitybutthewarprevented.A.havegoneB.goC.begoingD.havebeengoingA.was/weretohavegone,wouldliketohavedone,shouldliketohavedone.B.intended(meant,designed,hoped,planned,thought,wished,proposed)+tohavedoneC.hadintended(meant,designed,hoped,planned,thought,wished,proposed)todo.偶爾表示“將來”Shehopestohavefinishedtheworkbythetimehecomesback.Shehopesthatshewillhavefinishedtheworkbythetimehecomesback.4.不定式的進(jìn)行式(tobedoing)不定式的進(jìn)行式可表示1)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作appear,happen,pretend,seemHepretendedtobelisteningattentivelywhentheteachercameby.2)反復(fù)發(fā)生的一般性動(dòng)作Iwouldratherreadthanwatchtelevision:theprogramsseem___allthetime.A.togetworseb.tobegettingworseC.tohavegotworseD.gettingworse5.不定式完成進(jìn)行式（tohavebeendoing）TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.ThelittlegirlseemstohavebeenwatchingTVallthisevening.不定式的語態(tài)主動(dòng)&被動(dòng)Hewantssomeonetotakephotographs.Hewantsphotographstobetaken.Ihavethreeletterstowritetoday.Iwanttheletterstobetypedatonce.Itisanhonorformetobeinvitedtoaddresstheinternationalconference.Itisnecessaryforustobeconstantlyremindedofourshortcomings.Itisknownthatelectricalandchemicalenergybegan___systematicallyinthelastcentury.A.studyB.tostudyC.tobestudiedD.studiedMr.Johnsonpreferred____heavierworktodo.A.tobegivenb.tobegivingC.tohavegivend.havinggiven2.形容詞后邊的不定式通常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。Thismagazineisinterestingtoread.Ifoundthemagazineinterestingtoread.3.tolet(出租)，toblame(責(zé)備)這兩個(gè)短語是固定用法，主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意思。Youshouldbetoblameforit.Thehouseistolet.4.不定式完成被動(dòng)式及雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)Allow,announce,attempt,believe,desire,enable,intend,mean,order,permit,propose,report,say,etc.Youarenotallowedtotaketheexampaperoutoftheclassroom.TheBunsenburneristosonamedbecauseitisthoughtto___byRobertBunsen,whowasGermanbybirth.A.toinventedB.havebeeninvented.C.haveinventedd.invent.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper____inbroaddaylightyesterday.A.toberobbedb.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbed.D.havingbeenrobbed第四節(jié)省去to的不定式不帶to的不定式1.在下列動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合賓語中1).感官動(dòng)詞：see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe2).使役動(dòng)詞：let,make,haveTheteacherhasuswriteacompositioneveryweek.Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman___anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.A.installb.toinstallc.Tobeinstalledd.installedTheministerhadhissecretaries____apressconference.A.arrangeb.toarrangec.arrangingD.arranged2.在一些短語句型中Hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,mightjustaswell,cannotbut,cannotchoosebut