2024年高考英語模擬試題分類匯編：閱讀理解：說明文（山東卷）（解析版）

2024年高考英語模擬試題分類匯編：閱讀理解：說明文（山東卷）1.（2024·山東威?！ざ＃㏒omepeoplemaybepickyeaters,butasaspecieswearenot.Birds,bugsandwhales,we’lleatthemall.Yetourrelianceonwildanimalsgoesfarbeyondjustfeedingourselves.Fromagriculturalfeedtomedicinetothepettrade,modernsocietyexploitswildanimalsinawaythatbeatseventhemostaggressivewildpredator(捕食者).Now,forthefirsttime,researchershavetriedtocapturethefullpictureofhowweusewildlife,includinghowmany,andforwhatpurposes.Theresearchshowcasesjusthowbroadourinfluenceonwildanimalsis.Inthestudy,researchershavefoundthathumanskill,collectorotherwiseuseabout15,000species.That’supto300timesmorethanthenexttoppredatorinanyecosystem.YetaccordingtoChrisDarimont,aco-authorofthestudy,thebiggestshockisn’thowmanyspeciesweaffectbutwhywetakethem.“Theresult,”hesays,“isthatweremove,oressentiallypreyon,morespeciesofanimalsfornon-foodreasonsthanforfoodreasons.”Andthebiggestnon-fooduseisaspetsandpetfood.“That’swherethingshavegoneofftherails(軌道),”hesays.Theproblemisespeciallyseriousfortropicalbirds.Thehelmetedhornbill,forexample,iscapturedmainlyforthepetrade,orforitsbeaktobeusedasmedicineortobecarvedlikeivory.Theirdisappearancelimitsseeddispersalandthespreadoftreesaroundtheforest.Anotherbigdifferencebetweenhumans’influenceonwildanimalsandthatofotherpredatorsisthatwetendtofavorrareandexotic(外來的)speciesinawayotheranimalsdonot.Mostpredatorstargetcommonspecies,sincetheyareeasiertofindandcatch.Humans,nowever,tendtocovetthenovel.“Themorerareitis,”sayscientists,“themorethatdrivesuptheprice,andthereforeitmaygointoextinction.”Ifwewantwildspeciestosurvive,weneedtoreestablishourrelationshipwiththem,perhapsfrompredatortocaretaker.1．Whatroledohumansplayintheirpresentrelationshipwithwildlifeaccordingtotheauthor?A．Pickypredators. B．Protectorsofbiodiversity.C．Greedypredators. D．Caretakersoftheenvironment.2．WhatshockedscientistsmostaccordingtoChrisDarimont?A．Morespecieshuntedfornon-fooduse.B．Theimpactofpetindustriesonwildlife.C．Thenumberofspeciesaffectedbyhumans.D．Theconsequencescausedbyspeciesextinction.3．Whichcanbestexplaintheunderlined“coverthenovel”inparagraph4?A．Longforhugeprofits.B．Favordomesticspecies.C．Takeinterestinpettrade.D．Seekafternewanduniquethings.4．Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A．Topromotestricterrulesforhunting.B．Toadvocateeco-friendlypetchoices.C．Torevealhowhumansaffectbiodiversity.D．Tohighlighttheneedforwildlifeconservation.【答案】1．C2．A3．D4．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了研究人員第一次試圖全面了解我們?nèi)绾卫靡吧鷦游?，包括有多少野生動物，以及用于什么目的。這項研究顯示了我們對野生動物的影響有多廣泛。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Inthestudy,researchershavefoundthathumanskill,collectorotherwiseuseabout15,000species.That’supto300timesmorethanthenexttoppredatorinanyecosystem.”（在這項研究中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類殺死、收集或以其他方式利用了大約1.5萬種動物。這是任何生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中排名第二的頂級捕食者的300倍。）可推知，根據(jù)作者的觀點，人類在目前與野生動物的關(guān)系中扮演的角色是貪婪的捕食者。故選C項。2．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“YetaccordingtoChrisDarimont,aco-authorofthestudy,thebiggestshockisn’thowmanyspeciesweaffectbutwhywetakethem.“Theresult,”hesays,“isthatweremove,oressentiallypreyon,morespeciesofanimalsfornon-foodreasonsthanforfoodreasons.”Andthebiggestnon-fooduseisaspetsandpetfood.”（然而，根據(jù)該研究的合著者克里斯·達里蒙特(ChrisDarimont)的說法，最大的震驚不是我們影響了多少物種，而是我們?yōu)槭裁匆獛ё咚鼈?。“結(jié)果是，”他說，“我們?yōu)榱朔鞘澄锏脑蚨皇菫榱耸澄锏脑蚨瞥虿妒掣嗟膭游镂锓N?！倍畲蟮姆鞘称酚猛臼亲鳛閷櫸锖蛯櫸锸称?。）可知，根據(jù)克里斯·達里蒙特的說法，科學家們最震驚的是更多的物種因非食物用途而被獵殺。故選A項。3．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段中“Anotherbigdifferencebetweenhumans’influenceonwildanimalsandthatofotherpredatorsisthatwetendtofavorrareandexotic（外來的）speciesinawayotheranimalsdonot.Mostpredatorstargetcommonspecies,sincetheyareeasiertofindandcatch..”（人類對野生動物和其他捕食者的影響的另一個巨大區(qū)別是，我們傾向于偏愛稀有和外來物種，而其他動物則不會。大多數(shù)捕食者以普通物種為目標，因為它們更容易被發(fā)現(xiàn)和捕獲。）以及““Themorerareitis,”sayscientists,“themorethatdrivesuptheprice,andthereforeitmaygointoextinction.””（“越是稀有，”科學家們說，“價格就越高，因此它可能會滅絕。”）由此可知，此處劃線短語coverthenovel為“追求新奇獨特的事物”的意思。故選D項。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章大意以及第一段中“Now,forthefirsttime,researchershavetriedtocapturethefullpictureofhowweusewildlife,includinghowmany,andforwhatpurposes.

Theresearchshowcasesjusthowbroadourinfluenceonwildanimalsis.”（現(xiàn)在，研究人員第一次試圖全面了解我們?nèi)绾卫靡吧鷦游?，包括有多少野生動物，以及用于什么目的。這項研究顯示了我們對野生動物的影響有多廣泛。）和最后一段“Ifwewantwildspeciestosurvive,weneedtoreestablishourrelationshipwiththem,perhapsfrompredatortocaretaker.”（如果我們想讓野生物種生存下去，我們需要重建我們與它們的關(guān)系，也許從捕食者到守護者。）可推知，這篇文章的目的是揭示人類是如何影響生物多樣性的。故選C項。2.（2024·山東·模擬預(yù)測）AnewreportpublishedintheJournalofSleepResearchfoundnoevidencethatusingthesnooze(打盹兒)functiononyouralarmnegativelyaffectssleepandcognitive(認知)processes.Andwhilelearningsleepinessandshortersleepweremorecommoninthosewhosnoozed,itcouldevenhavebenefitsifusedshortly.Theresearchevenfoundthatabriefsnoozeperiodcouldrelievesleepmertia(慣性),theunclearnessandperformanceormooddeclinethatoccurswhenwakingup,withoutcompletelydisturbingsleep.Itcouldalsoimproveone’scognitivefunctioncomparedtocompletelywakingupafterthefirstalarmgoesoff.“Thefindingsindicatethatthereisnoreasontostopsnoozinginthemorningifyouenjoyit,atleastnotforsnoozetimesaround30minutes.Infact,itmayevenhelpthosewithmorningunclearnesstobeslightlymoreawakeoncetheygetup,”saidtheresearcherTinaSundelinofStockholmUniversity.Theresearchwasbasedontwostudieswiththefirstobservingthewakinghabitsof1,732adults.Mostoftheadults(69%)reportedusinganalarm’ssnoozefunctionoroccasionallysettingmultiplealarms.Snoozingrangedfrom1to180minutes,accordingtothestudy,withtheaverageperiodbeing22minutespermorning.Thesecondstudyanalyzed31confirmedregularsnoozersandfoundthatforevery30minutestheysnoozed,theylostsixminutesofsleep—foranetgainof24minutes.However,researchersdidnotfindanycleareffectsonmood,stress,tiredness,hormonelevelsorovernightsleepquality.Thereportalsofoundpeoplewhosnoozetendedtobeatleastsixyearsyoungerthanthosewhodont,andthosewhowereidentifiedasnightowlswerealmostfourtimesmorelikelytosnoozethanearlybirds.Snoozersalsohadaslightlyshortersleeptimeonworkdays,13minuteslessonaverage,comparedtothosewhoneversnooze.Despitethesestudiesfindingthatacertainamountofsnoozetimewon’tdamageyourhealth,itremainskeytogetenoughconsistentsleeptoavoidserioushealthconsequences.5．Whatmayashortsnoozeperiodresultinaccordingtothenewresearch?A．Bettersleepinertia. B．Disturbedsleepprocesses.C．Agoodmood. D．Apoorcognitivefunction.6．WhatisTinaSundelin’sattitudetoshortsnoozinginthemorning?A．Critical. B．Tolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Favorable.7．Howwastheresearchcarriedout?A．Byconsultingdifferentexperts. B．Bycollectingandanalyzingdata.C．Byreviewingrelatedrecordsonline. D．Bydoingexperimentsonstudents.8．Whatdoesthetextsuggestusdoaboutsleep?A．Trytobeanearlysleeper. B．Sleepmoreonweekends.C．Snoozeasmuchaspossible. D．Getenoughconsistentsleep.【答案】5．C6．D7．B8．D【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了起床前短暫的打盹有利于身體健康。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Theresearchevenfoundthatabriefsnoozeperiodcouldrelievesleepmertia,theunclearnessandperformanceormooddeclinethatoccurswhenwakingup,withoutcompletelydisturbingsleep.Itcouldalsoimproveone’scognitivefunctioncomparedtocompletelywakingupafterthefirstalarmgoesoff.”（研究甚至發(fā)現(xiàn)，短暫的小睡可以緩解睡眠紊亂，即醒來時出現(xiàn)的神志不清、表現(xiàn)不佳或情緒下降，而不會完全干擾睡眠。與鬧鐘一響就完全醒來相比，這樣做還能改善人的認知功能。）及第三段最后一句“Infact,itmayevenhelpthosewithmorningunclearnesstobeslightlymoreawakeoncetheygetup,”saidtheresearcherTinaSundelinofStockholmUniversity.”（事實上，它甚至可以幫助那些早晨不清醒的人在起床后稍微清醒一點，”斯德哥爾摩大學的研究員蒂娜·桑德琳說。）可知，短暫的打盹可以緩解睡眠紊亂，并不會干擾睡眠，還能改善人的認知功能，可推知，鬧鐘響后短暫的打盹可以使人起床后心情舒暢。故選C項。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段““Thefindingsindicatethatthereisnoreasontostopsnoozinginthemorningifyouenjoyit,atleastnotforsnoozetimesaround30minutes.Infact,itmayevenhelpthosewithmorningunclearnesstobeslightlymoreawakeoncetheygetup,”saidtheresearcherTinaSundelinofStockholmUniversity.”（“研究結(jié)果表明，如果你喜歡在早上小睡，就沒有理由停止小睡，至少在30分鐘左右的時間里是這樣。事實上，它甚至可以幫助那些早晨不清醒的人在起床后稍微清醒一點，”斯德哥爾摩大學的研究員蒂娜·桑德琳說。）可知，蒂娜·桑德琳認為早上打個小盹有好處，對其持贊成態(tài)度。故選D項。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段“Theresearchwasbasedontwostudieswiththefirstobservingthewakinghabitsof1,732adults.Mostoftheadults(69%)reportedusinganalarm’ssnoozefunctionoroccasionallysettingmultiplealarms.Snoozingrangedfrom1to180minutes,accordingtothestudy,withtheaverageperiodbeing22minutespermorning.Thesecondstudyanalyzed31confirmedregularsnoozersandfoundthatforevery30minutestheysnoozed,theylostsixminutesofsleep—foranetgainof24minutes.”（這項研究基于兩項研究，第一項研究觀察了1732名成年人醒著的習慣。大多數(shù)成年人(69%)表示使用鬧鐘的止鬧功能或偶爾設(shè)置多個鬧鐘。根據(jù)這項研究，打盹的時間從1分鐘到180分鐘不等，平均每天早上是22分鐘。第二項研究分析了31名被證實經(jīng)常打盹的人，發(fā)現(xiàn)他們每打盹30分鐘，就會損失6分鐘的睡眠時間——凈增加24分鐘。）可知，這項研究是通過收集和分析數(shù)據(jù)來進行的。故選B項。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Despitethesestudiesfindingthatacertainamountofsnoozetimewon’tdamageyourhealth,itremainskeytogetenoughconsistentsleeptoavoidserioushealthconsequences.”（盡管這些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一定的小睡時間不會損害你的健康，但獲得足夠的持續(xù)睡眠仍然是避免嚴重健康后果的關(guān)鍵。）可知，雖然短暫的打盹不會損害健康，但獲得足夠的持續(xù)睡眠依然是保證健康的重要因素?？赏浦恼陆ㄗh還是要獲得足夠的持續(xù)睡眠。故選D項。3.（2024·山東·模擬預(yù)測）Historicalaccountsoftendescribedthenow-extinctCaliforniagrizzlybearsashugebeastsreadytoattackhumansandlivestockatanytime.Butaccordingtoanewpaper,scientistssaythetruthmighthavebeenlessdramatic:Thebearsateamostlyvegetariandietandweresmallerthanpreviouslydescribed.CaliforniagrizzlybearsonceroamedintheGoldenState.ButEuropeansettlersoftenhunted,poisonedandtrappedthecreatures.Overtime,becauseofthesehumanactivities,theCaliforniagrizzlypopulationdeclined.ThelastreliablesightingofaCaliforniagrizzlybearoccurred100yearsagoin1924,andtheanimalsdisappearedcompletelysometimeafterthat.Researcherswantedtogetabetterunderstandingofthefactorsthatacceleratedthebears’extinction.Theyalsohopedtogainmoreinsightintothecreatures’behavior,sizeanddiet.Todoso,theyturnedtodocumentsandCaliforniagrizzlyspecimensinnaturalhistorycollections.Theymeasuredtheanimals’skullsandteethandanalyzedtheirbonesandpelts.TheresearchersfoundthatCaliforniagrizzlybearsweremuchsmallerthanthe2,000poundsoftenreportedatthetime.Historicalaccountsmightnotnecessarilyhavebeenwrong,buttheymighthaveonlyincludedthelargestbears.Inaddition,analysesoftheanimals’bonesandskinssuggestthebearswereprimarilyeatingplants,whichstandsincontrasttotheirfearsomehypercarnivorous(超級食肉的)reputation.“Thebearslikelyincreasedmeatconsumptionduetolandscapechangescoupledwiththearrivaloflivestock,”saysstudyco-authorAlexisMychajliw.However,researchersfoundtheanimalsstillateamajorityvegetariandietandkilledfarlesslivestockthanhistoricalaccountssuggested.Bydiggingbeyondthebears’reputation,theresearchersgainedamoreaccurateunderstandingoftheCaliforniagrizzly’sbiologyandnaturalhistory.Andsincescientistsandlandmanagersoftenrelyonhistoricalaccountswhenreintroducinganimalstotheirformerhabitats,thestudyservesasareminderthatthoseoldnewspapersandjournalsdonottellthewholestory.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“roamed”inparagraph1mean?A．Disappeared. B．Declined. C．Fought. D．Wandered.10．WhatdidtheresearchersdiscoveraboutCaliforniagrizzlybears?A．Theymainlyfedonlivestock.B．Theirdietconsistedmostlyofplants.C．Theyateabalanceddietofplantsandmeat.D．Theabsenceoflivestockchangedtheirdietaryhabit.11．Whatcanwelearnabouthistoricalaccountsofanimalsfromthelastparagraph?A．Theyareunique. B．Theyareone-sided.C．Theyareaccurate. D．Theyarecomprehensive.12．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．ThenaturalhabitatsofCaliforniagrizzlybears.B．TheextinctionprocessofCaliforniagrizzlybears.C．TherevealofthetruthofCaliforniagrizzlybears.D．ThesignificanceofthearrivalofCaliforniagrizzlybears.【答案】9．D10．B11．B12．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹研究揭示了一些關(guān)于加州灰熊的真相——主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小，因此對動物的歷史紀錄有可能是片面的，不完全的。9．詞句猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞下句“ButEuropeansettlersoftenhunted,poisonedandtrappedthecreatures.Overtime,becauseofthesehumanactivities,theCaliforniagrizzlypopulationdeclined.(但歐洲殖民者經(jīng)常獵殺、毒死和誘捕這些生物。隨著時間的推移，由于這些人類活動，加州灰熊的數(shù)量下降了)”可知，加州灰熊曾經(jīng)數(shù)量很多，隨處游蕩。由此猜測roamed意為“游蕩”，與wandered同義。故選D。10．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Inaddition,analysesoftheanimals’bonesandskinssuggestthebearswereprimarilyeatingplants,whichstandsincontrasttotheirfearsomehypercarnivorous(超級食肉的)reputation.(此外，對動物骨骼和皮膚的分析表明，熊主要以植物為食，這與它們可怕的超級食肉動物的名聲形成了對比)”可知，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)灰熊主要以植物為食。故選B。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Bydiggingbeyondthebears’reputation,theresearchersgainedamoreaccurateunderstandingoftheCaliforniagrizzly’sbiologyandnaturalhistory.Andsincescientistsandlandmanagersoftenrelyonhistoricalaccountswhenreintroducinganimalstotheirformerhabitats,thestudyservesasareminderthatthoseoldnewspapersandjournalsdonottellthewholestory.(通過深入研究灰熊的名聲，研究人員對加州灰熊的生物學和自然歷史有了更準確的了解。由于科學家和土地管理者在將動物重新引入它們以前的棲息地時經(jīng)常依賴于歷史記錄，這項研究提醒人們，那些舊報紙和期刊并沒有講述整個故事)”推知，對動物的歷史紀錄有可能是片面的，并不完整和準確。故選B。12．主旨大意題。通讀全文，并結(jié)合第一段中“Historicalaccountsoftendescribedthenow-extinctCaliforniagrizzlybearsashugebeastsreadytoattackhumansandlivestockatanytime.Butaccordingtoanewpaper,scientistssaythetruthmighthavebeenlessdramatic:Thebearsateamostlyvegetariandietandweresmallerthanpreviouslydescribed.(歷史記載經(jīng)常將現(xiàn)已滅絕的加利福尼亞灰熊描述為隨時準備攻擊人類和牲畜的巨大野獸。但根據(jù)一篇新的論文，科學家們說真相可能沒有那么戲劇性：這些熊主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小)”可知，文章主要介紹研究揭示了一些關(guān)于加州灰熊的真相——主要吃素食，比之前描述的要小。故選C。4.（2024·山東·模擬預(yù)測）Webreathe,eatanddrinktinyparticlesofplastic.Butaretheseinthebodyharmless.dangerousorsomewhereinbetween?AsmallstudypublishedonWednesdayintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicineraisesmorequestionsthanitanswersabouthowthesehitsmightaffecttheheart.Thestudyinvolved257peoplewhohadsurgerytoclearblockedbloodvesselsintheirnecks.Usingtwomethods,researchersfoundevidenceofplastics-mostlyinvisiblenanoplastics—in150patientsandnoevidenceofplasticsin107patients.Theyfollowedthesepeopleforthreeyears.Duringthattime,30or20%ofthosewithplasticshadaheartattack,strokeordiedfromanycause,comparedto8orabout8%ofthosewithnoevidenceofplastics.Theresearchersalsofoundmoreevidenceofinflammation(炎癥)inthepeoplewiththeplasticbitsintheirbloodvessels.Inflammationisthebody’sresponsetoinjuryandisthoughttoraisetheriskofheartattacksandstroke.“Ihopethatthealarmingmessagewillraisetheconsciousnessofcitizens,especiallygovernments,tofinallybecomeawareoftheimportanceofthehealthofourplanet.”saidDr.RaffaeleMarfellaoftheUniversityofCampaniainItaly.Nevertheless,thestudywasverysmallandlookedonlyatpeoplewithnarrowedarteries(動脈),whowerealreadyatriskforheartattackandstroke.Thepatientswiththeplasticshadmoreheartdisease,diabetesandhighcholesterol(膽固醇)thanthepatientswithoutplastics.Theyweremorelikelytobemenandmorelikelytobesmokers.Theresearcherstriedtoadjustfortheseriskfactorsduringtheirstatisticalanalysis,buttheymayhavemissedimportantdifferencesbetweenthegroupsthatcouldaccountfortheresults.Thiskindofstudycannotprovethattheplasticscausedtheirproblems.“Moreresearchisneededanditisthefirstreportsuggestingaconnectionbetweenmicroplasticsandnanoplasticswithdiseaseinhumans,”saidDr.PhilipLandriganofBostonCollege.Otherscientistshavefoundplasticbitsinthelungs,liver,blood,andbreastmilk,“Itdoesnotprovecauseandeffect,butitsuggestscauseandeffect,”hesaid,“Anditneedsurgentlytobeeitherconfirmedordisproven(反駁)byotherstudiesdonebyotherinvestigatorsinotherpopulations.”13．Whatdidthestudyfindabouttheplasticsinblood?A．Theyarevisibleanddetectable. B．Theymayraisetheriskofseriousinjuries.C．Theyneedtoberemovedbysurgery. D．Theymayaccountforahigherrateofheartattacks.14．WhatdidRaffaeleMarfellasuggest?A．Immediateactionshouldbetakenbygovernment.B．Alarmingmessageshouldbespreadwidelyandquickly.C．Theawarenessoftheharmofplasticbitsshouldbeenhanced.D．Jointeffortsmustbemadetokeephealthyphysicallyandmentally.15．Whatdoesparagraph5mainlytalkaboutregardingthestudy?A．Limitations. B．Advantages. C．Causes. D．Effects.16．WhatdidDr.PhilipLandriganthinkofthestudy?A．Helpfulbutunrealistic. B．Pioneeringbutimpractical.C．Distinctivebutunnecessary. D．Suggestivebutinconclusive.【答案】13．D14．C15．A16．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章講述一項新的研究表明使用塑料可能和心臟病發(fā)作率高有關(guān)，但還需要更多研究來證明它們之間存在因果關(guān)系。13．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thestudyinvolved257peoplewhohadsurgerytoclearblockedbloodvesselsintheirnecks.Usingtwomethods,researchersfoundevidenceofplastics-mostlyinvisiblenanoplastics—in150patientsandnoevidenceofplasticsin107patients.Theyfollowedthesepeopleforthreeyears.Duringthattime,30or20%ofthosewithplasticshadaheartattack,strokeordiedfromanycause,comparedto8orabout8%ofthosewithnoevidenceofplastics.(這項研究涉及257名接受手術(shù)清除頸部血管阻塞的患者。通過兩種方法，研究人員在150名患者身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了塑料的證據(jù)——大部分是看不見的納米塑料——107名患者身上沒有塑料的證據(jù)。他們對這些人進行了三年的跟蹤調(diào)查。在此期間，30%或20%使用塑料的人心臟病發(fā)作、中風或死于任何原因，相比之下，沒有使用塑料的人只有8%或8%左右。)”可知，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血液中的塑料可能是心臟病發(fā)作率較高的原因。故選D。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段““Ihopethatthealarmingmessagewillraisetheconsciousnessofcitizens,especiallygovernments,tofinallybecomeawareoftheimportanceofthehealthofourplanet.”saidDr.RaffaeleMarfellaoftheUniversityofCampaniainItaly.(“我希望這一令人震驚的信息能夠提高公民，特別是政府的意識，最終意識到我們地球健康的重要性。意大利坎帕尼亞大學的拉斐爾·馬費拉博士說。)”可推斷拉斐爾·馬菲拉的建議公民和政府都應(yīng)該提高對微塑料危害的意識，故選C。15．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“Nevertheless,thestudywasverysmallandlookedonlyatpeoplewithnarrowedarteries(動脈),whowerealreadyatriskforheartattackandstroke.Thepatientswiththeplasticshadmoreheartdisease,diabetesandhighcholesterol(膽固醇)thanthepatientswithoutplastics.Theyweremorelikelytobemenandmorelikelytobesmokers.Theresearcherstriedtoadjustfortheseriskfactorsduringtheirstatisticalanalysis,buttheymayhavemissedimportantdifferencesbetweenthegroupsthatcouldaccountfortheresults.Thiskindofstudycannotprovethattheplasticscausedtheirproblems.(然而，這項研究的規(guī)模很小，而且只研究了動脈狹窄的人，這些人已經(jīng)有心臟病發(fā)作和中風的風險。與沒有接受整形手術(shù)的患者相比，接受整形手術(shù)的患者患心臟病、糖尿病和高膽固醇的幾率更高。他們更有可能是男性，更有可能是吸煙者。研究人員試圖在他們的統(tǒng)計分析中調(diào)整這些風險因素，但他們可能錯過了可以解釋結(jié)果的各組之間的重要差異。這種研究不能證明是塑料造成了他們的問題。)”可知本段主要說明了這項研究的一些限制，所以還不能證明塑料就是造成心臟病發(fā)作的風險，故選A。16．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段““Moreresearchisneededanditisthefirstreportsuggestingaconnectionbetweenmicroplasticsandnanoplasticswithdiseaseinhumans,”saidDr.PhilipLandriganofBostonCollege.Otherscientistshavefoundplasticbitsinthelungs,liver,blood,andbreastmilk,“Itdoesnotprovecauseandeffect,butitsuggestscauseandeffect,”hesaid,“Anditneedsurgentlytobeeitherconfirmedordisproven(反駁)byotherstudiesdonebyotherinvestigatorsinotherpopulations.”(波士頓學院的菲利普·蘭德里根博士說：“需要進行更多的研究，這是第一份表明微塑料和納米塑料與人類疾病之間存在聯(lián)系的報告?！逼渌茖W家在肺部、肝臟、血液和母乳中發(fā)現(xiàn)了塑料碎片?！斑@并不能證明因果關(guān)系，但它表明了因果關(guān)系，”他說，“其他研究人員在其他人群中進行的其他研究迫切需要證實或反駁?！?”可知菲利普·蘭德里根博士認為這項研究表明塑料和人類疾病之間存在聯(lián)系，但還需要其他研究來證實它們之間的因果關(guān)系，所以他認為這項研究是一種提示但是并不能確定，故選D。5.（2024屆山東中學聯(lián)盟模擬預(yù)測）Inthe1950s,BritishhistorianNortheasterParkinsoncameupwithaconceptwhichwaslaterknownasParkinson’sLawofTriviality.Itstatesthattheamountoftimespentdiscussinganissueinanorganizationisoppositelyassociatedwithitsactualimportance.Parkinson’sLawofTrivialityisalsoknownas“bike-shedding(車棚)”,afterthestoryParkinsonusestoillustrateit.Heasksreaderstoimagineafinancialcommitteemeetingtodiscussathree-pointagenda.Thepointsareasfollows:Aproposalfora￡10millionnuclearpowerplant;Aproposalfora￡350bikeshed;Aproposalfora￡21annualcoffeebudget.Whathappens?Thecommitteeendsuprunningthroughthenuclearpowerplantproposalinlittletime.It’stooadvancedforanyonetoreallydigintothedetails.Thediscussionsoonmovestothebikeshed.Here,everyone’sanexpert.Intheend,thecommitteerunsoutoftimeanddecidestomeetagaintocompletetheiranalysis.Bike-sheddinghappensbecausethesmalleramatteris,themorepeoplewillhaveanopiniononit,evenwhenthereisnogenuinevaluetoadd.Whensomethingisoutsideofourcircleofcompetence,likeanuclearpowerplant,wedon’teventrytoexpressanopinion.Butwhensomethingiscomprehensible,everyonewantstoshowthattheyknowaboutthetopicathand.Howcanweavoidbike-shedding?Themainthingyoucandoistohaveaclearpurpose.PriyaParker,theauthorofTheArtofGathering:HowWeMeetandWhyItMatters,saysthatanysuccessfulgatheringneedstohaveafocusedpurpose.“Specificity,”shesays,“isacrucialelement.”Whenitcomestochoosingyourlistofinvitees,Parkerwrites,“ifthepurposeofyourmeetingistomakeadecision,youmaywanttoconsiderhavingfewercooksinthekitchen.”Gettingtheresultyouwant-athoughtful,educateddiscussionaboutthatpowerplant-dependsonhavingtherightpeopleintheroom.17．WhatisParkinson’spurposeofpresentingtheimaginarymeeting?A．Tostateafact. B．Toclarifyaconcept.C．Tomakeaprediction. D．Tomakeacomparison.18．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph4?A．Themoreyouknow,thelessyouspeak.B．Whatissimpleforyoumaybetoughforothers.C．Whatrequiresmoreworkmaygetlessattention.D．Themoreyouputin,thebetteryourresultwillbe.19．Whichistheauthor’ssuggestionforasuccessfulmeeting?A．Planningbeforethemeeting.B．Gettingtherightpeopletothetable.C．Spendinglesstimeontheminorissues.D．Takingdifferentopinionsintoaccount.20．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．Purpose:TheKeytoanEffectiveMeetingB．Talent:ACrucialElementinOrganizationsC．TheBikeShedEffect:AvoidingSmallMattersD．NuclearPowerPlant:TheLess-knownProposal【答案】17．B18．C19．B20．C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了在20世紀50年代，英國歷史學家NortheasterParkinson提出的帕金森瑣碎定律。17．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Parkinson’sLawofTrivialityisalsoknownas“bike-shedding(車棚)”,afterthestoryParkinsonusestoillustrateit.Heasksreaderstoimagineafinancialcommitteemeetingtodiscussathree-pointagenda.(Parkinson的帕金森瑣碎定律也被稱為bike-shedding，以帕金森用來說明它的故事命名。他讓讀者想象一個財務(wù)委員會開會討論三點議程。)”可知，Parkinson提出假想會議的目的是澄清一個概念。故選B。18．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的“Bike-sheddinghappensbecausethesmalleramatteris,themorepeoplewillhaveanopiniononit,evenwhenthereisnorealvaluetoadd.Whensomethingisoutsideofourcircleofcompetence,likeanuclearpowerplant,wedon’teventrytoexpressanopinion.Butwhensomethingisunderstandableeveryonewantstoshowthattheyknowaboutthetopicathand.(Bike-shedding會發(fā)生，是因為事情越小，就會有越多的人對它發(fā)表意見，即使沒有什么真正的價值可言。當事情超出我們的能力范圍時，比如核電站，我們甚至不會試圖表達意見。但是當某件事是可以理解的時候，每個人都想表明他們了解手頭的話題。)”可知，需要付出更多努力的事情可能得到的關(guān)注更少。故選C。19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Gettingtheresultyouwant—athoughtful,educateddiscussionaboutthatpowerplant—dependsonhavingtherightpeopleintheroom.(想要得到你想要的結(jié)果——一場關(guān)于電廠的深思熟慮的、有知識的討論——取決于是否有合適的人在場。)”可知，作者對會議成功的建議是把合適的人請到會議桌前。故選B。20．主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是第四段的“Bike-sheddinghappensbecausethesmalleramatteris,themorepeoplewillhaveanopiniononit,evenwhenthereisnorealvaluetoadd.(Bike-shedding之所以會發(fā)生，是因為事情越小，就會有越多的人對它發(fā)表意見，即使沒有真正的價值可言。)”可知，本文主要介紹的是20世紀50年代，英國歷史學家NortheasterParkinson提出的帕金森瑣碎定律，也稱為bike-shedding，因此最好的題目是C選項“TheBikeShedEffect:AvoidingSmallMatters(自行車棚效應(yīng)：避免小事)”。故選C。6.（2024·山東日照·模擬預(yù)測）In2022,theNatureConservancylaunchedtwo5-yearpilotprojectsatworkingranches(牧場)inKansasandNewMexicotodetermineifvirtualfencesenablelandmanagerstobetterperformregenerativemanagementpracticesandtoassesspotentialbenefitsforbiodiversityandforranchers’bottomlines,aswellasimpactsonsoilcarbonstorage.ApplaudedbytheU.S.DepartmentofAgricultureasaclimateadaptionstrategy,virtualfencingisaninnovativetechnologythatenablesrancherstouseasmartphoneorwebapptoremotelymonitorandcontrolwhereandwhencattlegraze(吃草).Virtualfencescanreducetheneedforphysicalfences,whichrequiresignificanttime,expenseandlabortomaintain.Physicalfencesalsolimitlandmanagersintheirabilitytochangegrazingboundariestoadapttoseasonalchangesinvegetationortoexcludecattlefromecologicallysensitiveareas.Thecowsareoutfittedwithbattery-operated,GPS-enabledcollarsthatsendoutaradiofrequencytocommunicatewithreceptiontowers,creatingvirtualgrazingboundariessetbyarancher.Whenacowapproachestheedgeofthevirtualboundary,thecollarproducesasoundsignalingittoturnaround.Ifthecowproceedstocrosstheboundary,itreceivesamomentarymildshock,signalingthatit’sgonetoofarandshouldrejoinitsgroup.Grasslandsaretheleastprotectedhabitatonearthandoneofthemosteffectivecarbonsinks,storingupto20%oftheworld’ssoilorganiccarbon.Unfortunately,grasslandsarecontinuingtorapidlydisappearforseveralreasons.Forecologicalhealth,mostgrasslandecosystemsneedperiodsofdisturbancetoaerate(使透氣)thesoil,stimulateplantgrowthandrecyclenutrientsintothesoil.Rancherscompletethisdisturbance-restcyclebymanagingthetiming,location,herdsizeandintensityofgrazingactivities,allofwhichcanbetime-consumingandpainstaking.“Currently,thecostsofvirtualfencingarestillhigh,butinthelongrunitcanhelplandmanagersbettercarryoutmanagementpracticesthatregeneratelandhealth,helpaddressclimatechangeandbiodiversityloss,”saidWilliamBurnidge,directoroftheNatureConservancy.21．What’sstressedconcerningvirtualfencinginparagraph2?A．Itssmartdesign. B．Itsmajoradvantages.C．Itswideapplication. D．Itsworkingprinciples.22．Whatdoesthemildshockindicatetothecow?A．It’stimetoreturn. B．It’stimetograze.C．It’sindanger. D．It’sinawrongdirection.23．What’sunavoidableforrancherstocompletethedisturbance-restcycle?A．Intenseefforts. B．Pollutedsoil. C．Financialfailure. D．Ecologicalimbalance.24．What’sMr.Burnidge’sa