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GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
ProducedbytheRolandBergerWaterManagementTeam
Coverpiyaset/iStock
June2024
2GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
ManagementSummary
TheEarth'swatercycleisadelicatebalancethatensureswaterisdistributedacrossvariousecosystems.Butoverconsumption,pollution,andclimatechangearedisruptingthatbalance-increasingwater-relatedrisksaroundtheworld.Waterrisktypicallyoccurswhenthedemandforwaterexceedssupply,whenpoorwaterqualityrestrictsitsuse,orduringextremeweatherevents.Itcantakemanyformsbuttypicallymanifestsasthedepletionofwatersources,floodingdamage,orthedegradationofwaterresourcesoraquaticenvironments.
Waterriskcanhaveadirectimpactoncommunities,suchaswhencitiesface'DayZero'scenariosinwhichwatersuppliescomeclosetodepletion.Butwaterisalsoastrategicbusinessrisk.Waterisessentialacrossmanyindustries,fromagriculturetodatacenters,servingasadirectandindirectinputthatensuresbusinessproductivity.Shortagesordeclinesinwaterqualityhavesignificanteconomicconsequences,whilefloodsdestroybillionsworthofassetseachyear.Companiesoperatingin
water-scarceregionsfacerisingcostsanddecreasedcompetitiveness.
Aglobalissuefeltatalocallevel
Waterriskisaglobalissue,butitmanifestsinhyper-localizedways.Understandingspecificrisksrequiresdeepanalysis–down
tothewaterbasinlevel.TheGlobalWaterRiskSnapshotisdesignedtocallbroaderattentiontotheincreasingthreatofwater-relatedrisksaroundtheworld.Itprovidesahigh-levelindicationofhowwaterrisksimpactdifferentpartsoftheworldtoday–
andwheretheycouldintensifyinthefuture.Therearemanyfactorstoconsiderwhenassessingwaterrisk,fromphysicalrisks,
suchaswaterscarcity,risksthatareimpactedbyregulatoryinitiativesandreputationalrisksinfluencedbypublicawarenessandconflict.TheGlobalWaterRiskSnapshotfocusesprimarilyonphysicalrisksin10differentcountries,providingadditionalcontextaroundlocalregulatoryorreputationalfactors,asrelevant.
Addressingwater-relatedriskrequiressustainablemanagementpractices,technologicalinnovations,andcollaborativeeffortstoensuretheequitableandefficientuseoftheplanet'smostvitalresource.RolandBergerisworkingcloselywith
businesses,utilities,andgovernmentorganizationstodevelopcomprehensivewaterstrategiestoincreasewaterresilienceandhelpmakeameaningfulcontributiontoglobalwatersecurity.
3GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Understandingkeywaterriskfactors
Physicalwaterrisksassessnatural&human-inducedconditionsinriverbasins,thestatusofwaterecosystems,andsuitabilityforspecificuses
Understoodasthemosttangibleformofwaterrisk,physicalwaterriskfactorsprimarilyincludewaterscarcity,increasedflooding,and/orreducedwaterquality.
Forthepurposesofthisoverview,ourteamutilizedpubliclyavailabledatafrommultiplesourcesincludingtheWWFWaterRiskFilter,WorldResourcesInstituteAqueductFloods,andlocalassessments.
Toassesswaterscarcity,theWWFWaterRiskFiltercompareswaterdemandagainstwateravailabilityandconsidershowhumanactivitycouldworsentheimpactofnaturalfactors,suchasaridityanddrought.
Aqueduct'sfloodingdataconsidershistoricalfloodingpatternstrackedsince1985,withprojectionsfromglobalclimateandhydrologicalmodels.
TheWWF'swaterqualityassessmentsconcentrateonparametersthatdirectlyandindirectlyimpactwatersecurityandfreshwaterbiodiversity,aligningwiththeUNSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)6.3.2,includingbiologicaloxygendemand(BOD),electricalconductivity(salinityandpH),andnutrientloading(nitrogen,phosphorus).
Whilein-depthanalysisisrequiredtodevelopafullpictureofphysicalwaterrisks,thisdatacanhelpillustrateregionsinwhichmoredrasticactionmayberequiredtoimprovewaterresilience.
Physicalrisksincludethethreatofwaterscarcity,floodingandreducedwaterquality
Flooding
Waterscarcity
·Floodriskcategoryconsiders:
-Historicalfloodpatternssince1985
-Futuretrends,assessedusing
projectionsfromglobalclimateandhydrologicalmodels
·Occursduetoheavyrainfall,rapid
snowmelt,dams/leveesbreak,orstormsurge
·Waterscarcityrisksintegratesfourglobaldatasets:
-WaterDepletion
-BaselineWaterStress
-BlueWaterScarcity
-AvailableWaterRemaining(AWARE)
Physicalwaterrisk
·Compareswateruseordemandtoavailablewaterineacharea
Waterquality
·Keyindicatorsofwaterqualityinclude:
-Biologicaloxygendemand(BOD)
-Electricalconductivity(salinityandpH)
-Nutrientloading(nitrogen,phosphorus)
·Considersdirectandindirectimpactsonwatersecurityandfreshwaterbiodiversity,aligningwiththeSustainableDevelopmentGoal6.3.2.
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,WorldResourcesInstituteAqueductFloods
4GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Snapshotofglobalwaterrisk
Waterscarcityimpactseverycontinentbutismostdirectlyfeltinregionswitharidclimates
Lookingspecificallyatwaterscarcityrisksfromaglobalperspective,theregionsmostimpactedincludetheMiddleEast,NorthAfrica,Sub-SaharanAfrica,CentralAsia,andpartsofSouthAsia.However,high-risklevelsareexperiencedineverymajorregionoftheworld.TheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaregionfacesseverewaterscarcityduetoitsaridclimate,limitedfreshwaterresources,andhighpopulationgrowth.CountriessuchasSaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmiratesandEgyptrelyheavilyondesalinationplantsandundergroundwatersourcestomeettheirwaterdemands.CentralAsia,includingcountriessuchasUzbekistan,Turkmenistan,andKazakhstan,faceswaterscarcityduetothearidclimate,overuseofwaterresourcesforagriculture,andinefficientirrigationpractices.AnotableconsequenceofscarcityistheshrinkingoftheAralSea.InSouthAsia,countriessuchasIndiaandPakistanalsofacewaterscarcity.duetoacombinationoffactors,includingpopulationgrowth,inadequateinfrastructure,andinefficientwatermanagement.TheIndusRiver,avitalwatersourceforbothcountries,isunderstressduetooveruseandclimatechange.Addressingwaterscarcityintheseregionsandonaglobalscalerequiressustainablewatermanagementpractices,investmentininfrastructure,andinternationalcooperation.
Physicalrisks:Agloballookatwaterscarcityrisks
Figure1:Globalwaterscarcityrisk-2020Figure2:Globalwaterscarcityrisk–2050
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,EPA,AAFC,NRCan,Greveetal(2018)Kummuetal(2017)
5GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Snapshotofglobalwaterrisk
Heavyrainfall,geographicalfeatures,inadequateinfrastructure,andpopulationdensitycanintensifyfloodingimpacts
Riverineandcoastalfloodingandflashfloodsposethreatstobothurbanandruralareasaroundtheworld.However,someoftheregionsmostimpactedbyfloodrisksincludeSoutheastAsia,SouthAsia,CentralAmerica,partsofAfrica.SoutheastAsia,particularlycountriessuchasIndonesia,Vietnam,andThailand,faceshighvulnerabilitytofloodingduetofactorssuchasmonsoonrains,low-lyingtopography,anddenselypopulatedriverdeltas.InSouthAsia,countriessuchasIndia,Nepal,BangladeshandPakistanalsoexperiencefrequentfloodingduetoheavymonsoonrains,aswellasinadequatedrainagesystems,anddeforestation.OverflowsofmajorriverssuchastheGangesandBrahmaputracanresultindevastatingfloods,affectingmillionsofpeopleandcausingsignificantdamagetoinfrastructureandagriculture.CentralAmericaispronetofloodrisksduetoitsgeographicallocationandexposuretotropicalstormsandhurricanes.CountriessuchasHonduras,Nicaragua,andGuatemalafacethedualthreatofheavyrainfallandstormsurges,leadingtoflashfloodsandmudslidesthatcancauseextensivedamagetocommunitiesandinfrastructure.PartsofAfrica,includingcountriessuchasNigeria,Sudan,andMozambique,arealsoimpactedbyfloodingrisks.Factorssuchasirregularrainfallpatterns,poorinfrastructure,andinadequateurbanplanningcontributetothevulnerabilityoftheseregions.
Physicalrisks:Agloballookatfloodrisks
Figure1:Globalfloodrisk-2020Figure2:Globalfloodrisk–2050
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|RJGC,Esri,HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,AAFC,NRCan,Hirabayashietal.(2013)
6GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Snapshotofglobalwaterrisk
Severalfactorsarecontributingtothedegradationinthequalityoffreshwaterresourcesaroundtheworld
Worldwide,weseeseveralfactorscontributingtodecliningwaterquality.Agriculturalrunoff,particularlyinareaswithheavyfertilizeruse,rapidurbandevelopment,and.industrialactivitiesallcontributetochemicalandnutrientloadingandincreasedbiologicaloxygendemand(BOD)levels,leadingtoharmfulalgalblooms,oxygendepletion,anddegradationofaquaticecosystems.Waterqualityrisksarefoundaroundtheworld,includinginregionsthatarenotasimpactedbyotherphysicalrisksfactors,suchasscarcityorflooding,aswellasinregionswithrobustwaterlegislationorrelativelymodernwaterinfrastructure.Forinstance,theEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyreportsthat60%ofEurope'srivers,lakesandothersurfacewaterbodiesarenotingoodcondition.1Inthedevelopingworld,untreatedsewageorinadequatewastewatertreatmentsystemsalsocontributetothecontaminationofriversandgroundwatersourcesandcanleadtowaterbornediseasesandenvironmentaldegradation.
Physicalrisks:Agloballookatwaterqualityrisks
Figure1:Globalwaterqualityrisk-2020Figure2:Globalwaterqualityrisk–2050
1EuropeanEnvironmentAgency,EcologicalstatusofsurfacewatersinEurope,2021
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|RJGC,Esri,HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,EPA,AAFC,NRCan,Xie&Ringler(2017)
7GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-USA
Waterscarcityislikelytoworsenandexpandintoregionsexperiencingsignificantpopulationgrowthandincreasedindustrialandagriculturalactivity
Waterscarcityriskanalysis
SouthernCaliforniaandaridpartsoftheSouthwestUSarecurrentlyfacingsignificantwaterscarcityissuesduetorisingtemperatures,prolongeddroughts,andpopulationgrowth.(Figure1).Lookingaheadto2050,waterscarcityisexpectedtoworseninalreadyimpactedareaswhilealsoexpandingdeeperintocentralandsouthernregions,includingpartsofColorado,Nebraska,andTexas(Figure2).LargecitiesintheSouthandSouthwestaresomeofthecountry'sfastestgrowingareas.StatessuchasArizona,NewMexico,andTexasarealsohometomajormanufacturingplantsforthelikesofLucidMotors,Intel,andTesla,whileCalifornia,Nebraska,andTexasareamongthebiggestcentersofagriculturalproduction.Wateruseforagricultureandmanufacturingcoupledwithgrowingcitiesmayfurtherstrainwaterresourcesandcouldpotentiallyexacerbatethevulnerabilityoftheseareastowaterriskovertime.Severalrecentmeasureshavebeenimplementednationwidetoreducewater-relatedrisks.TheBipartisanInfrastructureLawallocatesfundsforinfrastructureupdatesandriskmitigationactivitiesin17westernstatesimpactedbydecliningwaterlevelsintheColoradoRiver.
USA:Waterscarcityrisk(Current&Predicted)
Figure1:Waterscarcityrisk–2020Figure2:Waterscarcityrisk–Predicted2050
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,EPA,AAFC,NRCan,Greveetal(2018)Kummuetal(2017)
8GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-USA
TheeasternUSexperiencesfrequentcoastalandurbanfloodingandriveroverflows,drivingtheneedforinvestmentinfloodprotectioninfrastructure
Floodriskanalysis
FloodingisacostlydisasterintheUnitedStates,withmorethanUSD31billioninstructuraldamagetocommercialbuildingsandhomesaloneeachyear1.Coastalareasaresusceptibletostormsurgefloodingfromhurricanesandtropicalstorms,whileinlandregionscanexperienceriverinefloodingcausedbyheavyrainfallorsnowmelt.TheUSexperiencedfourmajorfloodeventsin2023:oneinCalifornia,twoeventsintheNortheast,andoneinFloridabutoverall,theMississippiRiveranditstributariesarepronetofloodingduetotheirextensivedrainagebasins(Figure1).Projectionsfor2050showfloodriskintensifying,particularlyaroundtheMissouriandMississippiRivers(Figure2).AqueductFloodsestimatesannualurbandamagesfromflooding(damagetoresidential,commercial,andindustrialbuildings)willcostthenationUSD94billionaloneby2050.About60%ofthedamagesby2050willbecausedbycoastalflooding.Typically,citieshaveutilized'gray'infrastructuresuchaslevees,dikes,floodwalls,dams,reservoirs,andseawallstomitigatefloodingrisks.Increasingly,however,citiesarealsoadopting'green'infrastructuremeasures,alsoknownasnature-basedsolutions,suchaswetlands,seagrassbeds,oysterreefs,riparianbuffers,mangroves,andlivingshorelinestohelpmanagewaterflows.InApril,theUSgovernmentannouncedfundingofuptoUSD295millionforfloodresilienceprojectsin16statesaspartoftheBipartisanInfrastructureLaw.
USA:Floodrisk(Current&Predicted)
Figure1:Floodrisk–2020Figure2:Floodrisk–Predicted2050
1Source:JointEconomicCommitteeReportonEconomicCostofFlooding,June2024
/public/_cache/files/bc171a7e-2829-462d-8193-7b7c4d59a6e3/jec-report-on-economic-cost-of-flooding.pdf
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|RJGC,Esri,HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,AAFC,NRCan,Hirabayashietal.(2013)
9GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-Mexico
NorthernandcentralpartsofMexicofeelthebruntofthecountry'swaterscarcitywoes
Waterscarcityriskanalysis
Mexico'swaterscarcitywoesareprimarilycausedbyacombinationofdroughtandgroundwaterover-abstraction.Morethan100municipalitiesarealreadydeemedhighlyvulnerabletodroughtandthecountryhasfacedseveralsevereandprolongeddrought,upto90%ofitsterritory.1Groundwaterdepletionisdrivenbytheagriculturalsector,whichisexpectedtoaccountforover75%ofannualwithdrawalsby2050.2Around115ofMexico's650+aquifersaredeemedoverexploited,and17facesalineintrusion.3Pooraccesstowaterresourcesisfurtherexacerbatedbyagrowingpopulation,highwaterleakagerates,reducedrainfallanddamsbecominginoperableduetolowwaterlevelsordamage.Waterscarcityissettointensify,impactingseveralmajoreconomichubs,includingareasaroundMexicoCity,Monterrey,CiudadJuarez,Tijuana,Queretaro,andSanLuisPotosi(Figure2).Thesehubsarehometoindustryparksservingavarietyofsectorsincludingautomotive,tradeandtransportation,foodandbeverage,andmanufacturingcompanies.MexicoCity,apopulationofover22millionpeople,isthreatenedtoreach"dayzero"conditions,whereinwatersystemsfalltosuchlowlevelstheycannotsupportcommunitywaterneeds,by2028.TheMexicangovernmentisaddressingitswatercrisisbyinvestingapproximatelyUSD5.4billionin15prioritywaterprojects.Thisinvolveslarge-scaleconstructionofdams,aqueducts,andirrigationdistricts.
Mexico:Waterscarcityrisk(Current&Predicted)
Figure1:Waterscarcityrisk–2020Figure2:Waterscarcityrisk–Predicted2050
1,2,3Source:MexicoGovernmentPNH2020-2024
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,EPA,AAFC,NRCan,Greveetal(2018)Kummuetal(2017)
10GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-Mexico
PoorwaterqualityplaguesMexiconationwidefromuntreatedmunicipalandindustrialwastewaterdischarge
Waterqualityanalysis
Waterpollution,primarilyresultingfromuntreatedmunicipalwastewater,industrialdischarges,andagrochemicalsimpactsmuchofMexico'ssurfacewaters(Figure1).Wastewatertreatmentremainsinefficient-approximately30%ofcollectedmunicipalwastewaterisleftuntreatedannually.Nearly25%ofMexico'swastewatertreatmentplants(819total)wereabandonedornon-operatingasof2018.1Moreover,wastewatercollectionsystemsaredeterioratedandleaky,contributingtogroundwaterpollution.Industrialwastewaterdischargeisanotherconcern,contributingupto340%morepollutionthanthatgeneratedbymunicipalities.2Agriculturalrunoffcontainsnitrogenandphosphoruswhileminingandsteelindustriescontributetothereleaseoftoxicheavymetals.Withwaterqualityriskspredictedtoworsen,thecountryhasachallengingroadahead.TheMexicangovernmentoperatesover1,700monitoringsitestotracksurfacewaterqualitynationwide.In2022,nearly30%ofthesiteswereratedwaterqualitynon-compliant.
Mexico:Waterqualityrisk(Current&Predicted)
Figure1:Waterqualityrisk–2020Figure2:Waterqualityrisk–Predicted2050
1,2Source:MexicoGovernmentPNH2020-2024
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|RJGC,Esri,HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,EPA,AAFC,NRCan,Xie&Ringler(2017)
11GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-UK
FloodriskisalreadyhighacrossmuchoftheUKandconditionscouldworsenoverthecomingdecades
Floodriskanalysis
Floodsresultingfromrecord-breakingrainfallinthewinterof2023andStormHenkinJanuary2024weresevere,particularlyacrosstheEnglishMidlands.Further,betweenOctober2022andMarch2024,Englandhaditswettest18monthssinceMetOfficerecordsbeganin1836.1MostofEnglandisexposedtomedium-to-highfloodrisk,andallofWalesismedium-highrisk(Figure1).
By2050,coastalandriverinefloodingisexpectedtoworsen,withAqueductFloodsestimatingcostsinannualurbandamageswillbeUSD6.2billion.CoastalfloodingisthedominanttypeoffloodriskfacedbytheUK,andwillcause90%ofthedamagecostsin2050.Thehighest-riskfloodareaswillbesurroundingLondon,SouthwestEngland(e.g.,Cornwall),SouthWales,andtheeasterncoastofNorthernIreland.
Thereareseveralclustersofindustrialandmanufacturingplantsbasedinthehighestfloodriskregions:includingSoutheastEngland(London),theMidlandsandNorthernEngland(Manchester,Sheffield,Leeds)andSouthWales(Cardiff).Theseindustrialclustersaremostlyretailandmanufacturingsectors,withfloodspotentiallythreateningoperations.
RecentmeasurestoaddressfloodriskincludeupdatestotheUK'sFloodandWaterManagementAct2010.Theseaimtoimprovecontroloverfloodingandwastewaterdischarges,primarilythroughImplementingimprovedstormwatermanagementinfrastructure.
UK:Floodrisk(Current&Predicted)
Figure1:Floodrisk–2020Figure2:Floodrisk–Predicted2050
1Source:UKEnvironmentAgency,"NationalDroughtGroupmeetsafterrecordwetOctobertoMarch"
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|RJGC,Esri,HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,AAFC,NRCan,Hirabayashietal.(2013)
12GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-UK
EnglandandeasternIrelandareafflictedbypoorwaterquality,largelyduetoagriculturalrunoffandcombinedseweroverflows
Waterqualityriskanalysis
Waterqualityisverypoor,particularlyintheSoutheast.In2020,thecountryrankedlastonTheEuropeanEnvironmentAgencybathingwaterqualityassessment,whichtestsformicrobialcontaminationaswellascyanobacteria(algaebloom).
MostoftheUK'swaterqualityproblemsstemfromthreeprimarypollutionsources;fertilizersandpesticidesfromagriculture(~40%),untreatedsewagereleasedbywatercompanies(~35%),andrun-offfromroadsandtowns(~18%).1
TheproblemofuntreatedsewageleakageisadirectconsequenceoftheUK'sageingwastewaternetwork,withsomepipesdatingbackmorethan150years.Antiquatedinfrastructure,coupledwiththeprevalenceofcombinedsewersystems,leadstosewageoverflowsduringperiodsofheavyrainandcontaminateswaterways.
By2050,waterqualityisexpectedtoworsen.TheEnvironmentAct2021,whichrequireswastewatercompaniesandutilitiestocontinuouslymonitorwaterqualityinriversupstreamanddownstreamofstormoverflows,hasbeenamended,allowingcompaniestodelayimprovingspillagefrom2035to2050.
Additionally,theUKchosetooptoutofEuropeanEnvironmentAgency(EEA)membershippost-Brexit,limitingoversightbytherestofEuropeandpotentiallyreducingtheincentiveforaction.
UK:Waterqualityrisk(Current&Predicted)
Figure1:Waterqualityrisk–2020Figure2:Waterqualityrisk–Predicted2050
1
Source:UKEnvironmentAgency,WaterandseweragecompaniesinEngland:environmentalperformancereportfor2020,BBC
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|RJGC,Esri,HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,EPA,AAFC,NRCan,Xie&Ringler(2017)
13GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-France
WorseningdroughtandrisingtemperaturesimpactFrance,withwatersupplyexpectedtodrop10%by2050
Waterscarcityanalysis
Franceexperiencesmediumwaterscarcity,primarlyinthecentral,westcoast,andsouthwesternregions(Figure1).
Groundwaterlevelsaredeclining,withreservesduringthesummerof2023anestimated60%lowerthanthepreviousyear.Droughtsandhightemperaturesareexpectedtobecomemorefrequentandmoreseveresuchasduringthe2022drought,whichwasthedriestsummerin500years.1
The2022droughtimpactedover2,000municipalities'watersupplies,ofwhich340villagesneededtotruckinwater.ThedroughtalsoimpactedenergyproductionwiththesupplierEDFreducingoutputatnuclearplantsinsomeregionsasrivertemperatureswheretoohightosupportitscoolingsystems.2
By2050,waterscarcityriskisexpectedtoworseninthesameregions,withwaterinavilabilitythreatenedtoincreasefrom30%to40%.Likeinrecentdroughts,Frenchmunicipalitiesmayhavetorestricthouseholdwaterusageandconservewaterforirrigation.
InMarch2023,FrenchPresidentEmmanuelMacronlaunchedanationalWaterPlanwith53measures,includingtargetsforwaterreuseandleakagereduction.
France:Waterscarcityrisk(Current&Predicted)
Figure1:Waterscarcityrisk–2020Figure2:Waterscarcityrisk–Predicted2050
1
2
Source:EuropeanDroughtObservatory,Reuters
Source:TheGuardian
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,EPA,AAFC,NRCan,Greveetal(2018)Kummuetal(2017)
14GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-France
NorthandNorthwestFrancefaceintensifyingwaterqualityrisk,resultingfromindustrialactivity,agriculturalrunoff,andcombinedseweroverflows
Waterqualityanalysis
WaterqualityriskishighestinNorthern,EasternandNorthwesternFrance,aswellastheareassurroundingmajorcitiessuchasParis,LyonandMarseille(Figure1).
ThecontaminationofFrenchwaterbodiesbypesticideresiduesandotherchemicalcontaminantsisaconcern.AccordingtotheFrenchAgencyforFood,EnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthandSafety(ANSES),anestimatedone-thirdofthepopulationreceivedtapwaterthatfailedtomeetqualitystandardsin2023.
By2050,waterqualityisexpectedtoworsen–evenreaching'extreme'risklevelsaroundParis,likelyduetopollutionresultingfrommanufacturingandrefiningprocesses,aswellascombinedseweroverflows,andrunofffromagriculturalactivity(Figure2).
ThemostimpactedregionsincludemajoragriculturalareasacrossNormandy,Hauts-de-FranceandpartsofBrittanyaswellasmajorindustrialareasincentralFrance.InBrittany,theexcessiveuseoffertilizersandtheimpropermanagementofmanuremayleadtohighlevelsofnitratesandpesticidesinwaterbodies.InNorthernandEasternregions,thereisahighconcentrationofindustrialactivities,whichcanresultindischargethatcontributestowaterpollutioninrivers.Regionswithextensivevineyards,suchasBordeauxandBurgundy,facewaterqualityissuesduetotheuseofpesticidesandfertilizersingrapecultivation.AlthoughtheWaterPlanaimstopreservewaterqualityandrestorethewatercycle,measuresannouncedtodatemaynotbesufficientinensuringhighwaterqualitynationwide.
France:Waterqualityrisk(Current&Predicted)
Figure1:Waterqualityrisk–2020Figure2:Waterqualityrisk–Predicted2050
Source:WWFWaterRiskFilter,Leaflet|PoweredbyEsri|RJGC,Esri,HERE,Garmin,FAO,NOAA,EPA,AAFC,NRCan,Xie&Ringler(2017)
15GlobalWaterRiskSnapshot
Countryinsights-Spain
SouthernSpainfacesseverewaterscarcityduetoprolongeddroughtsandthedepletionofitsreservoirs
Waterscarcityanalysis
SpainhasexperiencedhighwaterscarcityintheSoutheasternregionoverthepastyearsduetoalong-runningdroughtcausedbyrecord-hightemperaturesandastringofheatwaves(Figure1).
InFebruary,reservoirswererunningdry,withcapacitiesinthemost
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