劉炳善《英國文學(xué)簡史》筆記

精心整理

英國文學(xué)簡史完全版

AConciseHistoryofBritishLiterature

Chapter1EnglishLiteratureofAnglo-SaxonPeriod

I.Introduction

1.Thehistoricalbackground

(1)BeforetheGermanicinvasion

(2)DuringtheGermanicinvasion

a.immigration;

b.Christianity;

c.heptarchy.

d.socialclassesstructure:hide-hundred;eoldermen(lord)-

thane-middleclass(freemen)-lowerclass(slaveorbondmen:

theow);

e.socialorganization:clanortribes.

f.militaryOrganization;

g.Churchfunction:spirit,civilservice,education;

h.economy:coins,trade,slavery;

i.feastsandfestival:Halloween,Easter;j.legalsystem.

2.TheOverviewoftheculture

(1)ThemixtureofpaganandChristianspirit.

(2)Literature:a.poetry:twotypes;b.prose:twofigures.

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II.Beowulf.

1.Ageneralintroduction.

2.Thecontent.

3.Theliteraryfeatures.

(1)theuseofalliteration

(2)theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements

(3)themixtureofpaganandChristianelements

III.TheOldEnglishProse

1.Whatisprose?

2.figures

(1)TheVenerableBede

(2)AlfredtheGreat

Chapter2EnglishLiteratureoftheLateMedievalAges

I.Introduction

1.TheHistoricalBackground.

(1)Theyear1066:NormanConquest.

(2)Thesocialsituationssoonaftertheconquest.

A.Normannoblesandserfs;

B.restorationofthechurch.

(3)The11thcentury.

A.thecrusadeandknights.

B.dominanceofFrenchandLatin;

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(4)The12thcentury.

A.thecentralizedgovernment;

B.kingsandthechurch(HenryIIandThomas);

(5)The13thcentury.

A.ThelegendofRobinHood;

B.MagnaCarta(1215);

C.thebeginningoftheParliament

D.EnglishandLatin:officiallanguages(theend)

(6)The14thcentury.

a.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons-conflict

betweentheParliamentandKings;

b.theriseoftowns.

c.thechangeofChurch.

d.theroleofwomen.

e.theHundredYears'War—starting.

f.thedevelopmentofthetrade:London.

g.theBlackDeath.

h.thePeasants'Revolt-1381.

i.ThetranslationofBiblebyWycliff.

(7)The15thcentury.

a.ThePeasantsRevolt(1453)

b.TheWarofRosesbetweenLancastersandYorks.

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c.theprinting-press-WilliamCaxton.

d.thestartingofTudorMonarchy(1485)

2.TheOverviewofLiterature.

(1)thestoriesfromtheCelticlandsofWalesand

Brittany—greatmythsoftheMiddleAges.

(2)GeoffryeofMonmouth-HistoriaRegumBritanniae-King

Authur.

(3)Wace-LeRomandeBrut.

(4)Theromance.

(5)thesecondhalfofthe14thcentury:Langland,Gawinpoet,

Chaucer.

II.SirGawinandGreenKnight.

1.ageneralintroduction.

2.theplot.

IILWilliamLangland.

1.Life

2.PiersthePlowman

IV.Chaucer

1.Life

2.LiteraryCareer:threeperiods

(1)Frenchperiod

(2)Italianperiod

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(3)masterperiod

3.TheCanterburyTales

A.TheFramework;

B.TheGeneralPrologue;

C.TheTaleProper.

4.HisContribution.

(1)HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarious

types.

(2)HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglish

language.

(3)ThespokenEnglishofthetimeconsistedofseveraldialects,

andChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthe

standardforthemodernEnglishspeech.

V.PopularBallads.

VI.ThomasMaloryandEnglishProse

VII.ThebeginningofEnglishDrama.

1.MiraclePlays.

Miracleplayormysteryplayisaformofmedievaldramathat

camefromdramatizationoftheliturgyoftheRomanCatholic

Church.Itdevelopedfromthe10thtothe16thcentury,reaching

itsheightinthe15thcentury.Thesimplelyriccharacterofthe

earlytextswasenlargedbytheadditionofdialogueanddramatic

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action.Eventuallytheperformancewasmovedtothechurchyard

andthemarketplace.

2.MoralityPlays.

Amoralityplayisaplayenforcingamoraltruthorlessonby

meansofthespeechandactionofcharacterswhichare

personifiedabstractions-figuresrepresentingvicesand

virtues,qualitiesofthehumanmind,orabstractconceptionsin

general.

3.Interlude.

Theinterlude,whichgrewoutofthemorality,wasintended,as

itsnameimplies,tobeusedmoreasafillerthanasthemainpart

ofanentertainment.Asitsbestitwasshort,witty,simpleinplot,

suitedforthediversionofguestsatabanquet,orforthe

relaxationoftheaudiencebetweenthedivisionsofaseriousplay.

Itwasessentiallyanindoorsperformance,andgenerallyofan

aristocraticnature.

Chapter3EnglishLiteratureintheRenaissanceLAHistorical

Background

II.TheOverviewoftheLiterature(1485-1660)

Printingpress-readership-growthofmiddle

class-trade-educationforlaypeople-centralizationof

power-intellectuallife-exploration-newimpetusanddirectionof

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literature.

Humanism-studyoftheliteratureofclassicalantiquityand

reformededucation.

Literarystyle-modeledontheancients.

Theeffectofhumanism-thedisseminationofthecultivated,

clear,andsensibleattitudeofitsclassicallyeducatedadherents.

1.poetry

ThefirsttendencybySidneyandSpenser:?ornate,florid,highly

figuredstyle.

ThesecondtendencybyDonne:metaphysicalstyle-complexity

andingenuity.

ThethirdtendencybyJohnson:reaction-----Classicallypure

andrestrainedstyle.

ThefourthtendencybyMilton:centralChristianandBiblical

tradition.

2.Drama

a.thenativetraditionandclassicalexamples.

b.thedramastandshighestinpopularestimation:Marlowe-

Shakespeare-Jonson.

3.Prose

a.translationofBible;

b.More;

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c.Bacon.

II.Englishpoetry.

1.SirThomasWyattandHenryHoward(courtlymakers)

(1)Wyatt:introducingsonnets.

(2)Howard:introducingsonnetsandwritingthefirstblank

verse.

2.SirPhilipSidney-poet,critic,prosewriter

(1)Life:

a.Englishgentleman;

b.brilliantandfascinatingpersonality;

c.courtier.

(2)works

a.Arcadia:pastoralromance;

b.AstrophelandStella(108):sonnetsequencetoPenelope

Dvereux—platonicdevotion.

Petrarchanconceitsandoriginalfeelings-movingto

creativeness-building?ofanarrativestory;theme-love

originality-actofwriting.

c.DefenseofPoesy:anapologyforimaginative

literature-beginning?ofliterarycriticism.

3.EdmundSpenser

(1)life:Cambridge-Sidney'sfriend-"Areopagus”-Ireland

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-WestminsterAbbey.

(2)works

a.TheShepherdsCalendar:thebuddingofEnglishpoetryin

Renaissance.

b.AmorettiandEpithalamion:sonnetsequence

c.FaerieQueene:

1Thegeneralend-----Aromanticandallegoricalepic-stepsto

virtue.

112booksand12virtues:?Holiness,temperance,justiceand

courtesy.

1Two-levelfunction:partofthestoryandpartofallegory

(symbolicmeaning)

1Manyallusionstoclassicalwriters.

1Themes:puritanism,nationalism,humanismandRenaissance

Neoclassicism-aChristianhumanist.

(3)SpenserianStanza.

III.EnglishProse

1.ThomasMore

(1)Life:"Renaissanceman”,scholar,statesman,theorist,

prosewriter,diplomat,patronofarts

a.learnedGreekatCanterburyCollege,Oxford;

b.studieslawatLincolnInn;

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c.LordChancellor;

d.beheaded.

(2)Utopia:thefirstEnglishsciencefiction.

WritteninLatin,twoparts,thesecond-placeofnowhere.

Aphilosophicalmariner(RaphaelHythloday)tellshisvoyages

inwhichhediscoversaland-Utopia.

a.Thepartoneisorganizedasdialoguewithmarinerdepicting

hisphilosophy.

b.Theparttwoisadescriptionoftheislandkingdomwheregold

andsilverarewornbycriminal,religiousfreedomistotalandno

oneownsanything.

c.thenatureofthebook:attackingthechiefpoliticalandsocial

evilsofhistime.

d.thebookandtheRepublic:anattempttodescribethe

Republicinanewway,butitpossessesanmoderncharacter

andtheresemblanceisinexternals.

e.itplayedakeyroleintheHumanistawakeningofthe16th

centurywhichmovedawayfromtheMedievalotherworldliness

towardsRenaissancesecularism.

f.theUtopia

(3)thesignificance.

a.itwasthefirstchampionofnationalideasandnational

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languages;itcreatedanationalprose,equallyadaptedto

handlingscientificandartisticmaterial.

b.aelegantLatinscholarandthefatherofEnglishprose:he

composedworksinEnglish,translatedfromLatinintoEnglish

biography,wroteHistoryofRichardIII.

2.FrancisBacon:writer,philosopherandstatesman

(1)life:Cambridge-humanisminParis-knighted-Lord

Chancellor-bribery-focusingonphilosophyandliterature.

(2)philosophicalideas:advancementof

science-people:servants?andinterpretersofnature-method:a

childbeforenature-factsandobservations:experimental.

(3)“Essays”:57.

a.hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.

b.hismethodistoweighandbalancematers,indicatingthe

idealcourseofactionandthepracticalone,pointingoutthe

advantagesanddisadvantagesofeach,butleavingthereader?

tomakethefinaldecisions,(arguments)

IV.EnglishDrama

1.Ageneralsurvey.

(1)Everymanmarksthebeginningofmoderndrama.

(2)twoinfluences.

a.theclassics:classicalinformandEnglishincontent;

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b.nativeorpopulardrama.

(3)theUniversityWits.

2.ChristopherMarlowe:greatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeare

andmostgiftedoftheWits.

(1)Life:firstinterestedinclassicalpoetry-thenindrama.

(2)Majorworks

a.Tamburlaine;

b.TheJewofMalta;

c.TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus.

(3)Thesignificanceofhisplays.

V.WilliamShakespeare

1.Life

(1)1564,Stratford-on-Avon;

(2)GrammarSchool;

(3)QueenvisittoCastle;

(4)marriagetoAnneHathaway;

(5)London,theGlobeTheatre:smallpartandproprietor;

(6)the1stFolio,Quarto;

(7)Retired,son—Hamnet;H.1616.

2.Dramaticcareer

3.Majorplays-men-centered.

(1)RomeoandJuliet-----tragicloveandfate

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(2)TheMerchantofVenice.

Goodoverevil.

Anti-Semitism.

(3)HenryIV.

Nationalunity.

Falstaff.

(4)JuliusCaesar

Republicanismvs.dictatorship.

(5)Hamlet

Revenge

Good/evil.

(6)Othello

Diaboliccharacter

jealousy

gapbetweenappearanceandreality.

(7)KingLear

Filialingratitude

(8)Macbeth

Ambitionvs.fate.

(9)AntonyandCleopatra.

Passionvs.reason

(10)TheTempest

精心整理

Reconciliation;realityandillusion.

3.Non-dramaticpoetry

(1)VenusandAdonis;TheRapeofLucrece.

(2)Sonnets:

a.theme:fair,true,kind.

b.twomajorparts:ahandsomeyoungmanofnoblebirth;alady

indarkcomplexion.

c.theform:threequatrainsandacouplet.

d.therhymescheme:abab,cdcd,efef,gg.

VI.BenJonson

1.life:poet,dramatist,aLatinandGreekscholar,the“l(fā)iterary

king”(SonsofBen)

2.contribution:

(1)theideaof“humour”.

(2)anadvocateofclassicaldramaand?aforerunnerof

classicisminEnglishliterature.

3.Majorplays

(1)EveryoneinHisHumour一"humour”;threeunities.

(2)VolponetheFox

Chapter4EnglishLiteratureofthe17thCenturyLA

HistoricalBackground

II.TheOverviewoftheLiterature(1640-1688)

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1.Therevolutionperiod

(1)Themetaphysicalpoets;

(2)TheCavalierpoets.

(3)Milton:theliteraryandphilosophicalheritageofthe

RenaissancemergedwithProtestantpoliticalandmoral

conviction

2.Therestorationperiod.

(1)TherestorationofCharlesIIusheredinaliterature

characterizedbyreason,moderation,goodtaste,deft

management,andsimplicity,(schoolofBenJonson)

(2)Theidealsofimpartialinvestigationandscientific

experimentationpromotedbythenewlyfoundedRoyal

SocietyofLondonforImprovingNaturalKnowledge(1662)

wereinfluentialinthedevelopmentofclearandsimpleprose

asaninstrumentofrationalcommunication.

(3)Thegreatphilosophicalandpoliticaltreatisesofthe

timeemphasizerationalism.

(4)Therestorationdrama.

(5)TheAgeofDryden.

IILJohnMilton

1.Life:educatedatCambridge-visitingthe

continent一involvedintotherevolution-persecuted-writing

精心整理

epics.

2.Literarycareer.

(1)The1stperiodwasupto1641,duringwhichtimeheis

tobeseenchieflyasasonofthehumanistsandElizabethans,

althoughhisPuritanismisnotabsent.L'AllegreandILPens

eroso(1632)arehisearlymasterpieces,inwhichwefind

MiltonatrueoffspringoftheRenaissance,ascholarof

exquisitetasteandrareculture.NextcameComus,amasque.

ThegreatestofearlycreationswasLycidas,apastoralelegy

onthedeathofacollegemate,EdwardKing.

(2)Thesecondperiodisfrom1641to1654,whenthe

Puritanwasinsuchcompleteascendancythathewrote

almostnopoetry.In1641,hebeganalongperiodof

pamphleteeringforthepuritancause.Forsome15years,the

Puritaninhimaloneruledhiswriting.Hesacrificedhis

poeticambitiontothecallofthelibertyforwhichPuritans

werefighting.

(3)Thethirdperiodisfrom1655to1671,whenhumanist

andPuritanhavebeenfusedintoanexaltedentity.This

periodisthegreatestinhisliterarylife,epicsandsome

famoussonnets.Thethreelongpoemsarethefruitofthe

longcontestwithinMiltonofRenaissancetraditionandhis

精心整理

Puritanfaith.Theyformthegreatestaccomplishmentsofany

EnglishpoetexceptShakespeare.InMiltonalone,itwould

seem,Puritanismcouldnotextinguishtheloverofbeauty.In

theseworkswefindhumanismandPuritanismmergedin

magnificence.

3.MajorWorks

(1)ParadiseLost

a.theplot.

b.characters.

c.theme:justifythewaysofGodtoman.

(2)ParadiseRegained.

(3)SamsonAgonistes.

4.FeaturesofMilton'sworks.

(1)MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriters

whoisalsoaprominentfigureinpolitics,andwhoisbotha

greatpoetandanimportantprosewriter.Thetwomost

essentialthingstoberememberedabouthimarehis

Puritanismandhisrepublicanism.

(2)Miltonwrotemanydifferenttypesofpoetry.Heis

especiallyagreatmasterofblankverse.Helearnedmuch

fromShakespeareandfirstusedblankverseinnon-dramatic

works.

精心整理

(3)Miltonisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstyle

notedforitsdignityandpolish,whichistheresultofhis

life-longclassicalandbiblicalstudy.

(4)Miltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityof

thoughtandmajestyofexpression.

IV.JohnBunyan

1.life:

(1)puritanage;

(2)poorfamily;

(3)parliamentaryarmy;

(4)Baptistsociety,preacher;

(5)prison,writingthebook.

2.ThePilgrimProgress

(1)Theallegoryindreamform.

(2)theplot.

(3)thetheme.

V.MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets.

1.MetaphysicalPoets

Theterm“metaphysicalpoetry“iscommonlyusedto

designatetheworksofthe17thcenturywriterswhowrote

undertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Pressuredbytheharsh,

uncomfortableandcuriousage,themetaphysicalpoets

精心整理

soughttoshattermythsandreplacethemwithnew

philosophies,newsciences,newwordsandnewpoetry.They

triedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionof

Elizabethanlovepoetry,andfavouredinpoetryforamore

colloquiallanguageandtone,atightnessofexpressionand

thesingle-mindedworkingoutofathemeorargument.

2.CavalierPoets

TheothergroupprevailinginthisperiodwasthatofCavalier

poets.Theywereoftencourtierswhostoodonthesideofthe

king,andcalledthemselves"sons"ofBenJonson.The

Cavalierpoetswrotelightpoetry,polishedandelegant,

amorousandgay,butoftensuperficial.Mostoftheirverses

wereshortsongs,prettymadrigals,lovefanciescharacterized

bylightnessofheartandofmorals.Cavalierpoemshavethe

limpidityoftheElizabethanlyricwithoutitsimaginative

flights.Theyarelighterandneaterbutlessfreshthanthe

Elizabethan's.

VI.JohnDryden.

1.Life:

(1)therepresentativeofclassicismintheRestoration.

(2)poet,dramatist,critic,prosewriter,satirist.

(3)changeableinattitude.

精心整理

(4)Literarycareer-fourdecades.

(5)PoetLaureate

2.Hisinfluences.

(1)Heestablishedtheheroiccoupletasthefashionfor

satiric,didactic,anddescriptivepoetry.

(2)Hedevelopedadirectandconciseprosestyle.

(3)Hedevelopedtheartofliterarycriticisminhisessays

andinthenumerousprefacestohispoems.

Chapter5EnglishLiteratureofthe18thCentury

I.Introduction

1.TheHistoricalBackground.

2.Theliteraryoverview.

(1)TheEnlightenment.

(2)TheriseofEnglishnovels.

Whentheliteraryhistorianseekstoassigntoeachageits

favouriteformofliterature,hefindsnodifficultyindealing

withourowntime.AstheMiddleAgesdelightedinlong

romanticnarrativepoems,theElizabethansindrama,the

EnglishmanofthereignsofAnneandtheearlyGeorgesin

didacticandsatiricalverse,sothepublicofourdayis

enamoredofthenovel.Almostalltypesofliteraryproduction

continuetoappear,butwhetherwejudgefromthelistsof

精心整理

publishers,thestatisticsofpubliclibraries,orgeneral

conversation,wefindabundantevidenceoftheenormous

preponderanceofthiskindofliteraryentertainmentin

popularfavour.

(3)Neo-classicism:arevivalintheseventeenthand

eighteenthcenturiesofclassicalstandardsoforder,balance,

andharmonyinliterature.JohnDrydenandAlexanderPope

weremajorexponentsoftheneo-classicalschool.

(4)Satiricliterature.

(5)Sentimentalism

II.Neo-classicism.(ageneraldescription)

1.AlexanderPope

(1)Life:

a.Catholicfamily;

b.illhealth;

c.taughthimselfbyreadingandtranslating;

d.friendofAddison,SteeleandSwift.

(2)threegroupsofpoems:

e.AnEssayonCriticism(manifestoofneo-classicism);

f.TheRapeofLock;

g.Translationoftwoepics.

(3)Hiscontribution:

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h.theheroiccouplet—finish,elegance,wit,pointedness;

i.satire.

(4)weakness:lackofimagination.

2.AddisonandSteele

(1)RichardSteele:poet,playwright,essayist,publisherof

newspaper.

(2)JosephAddison:studiesatOxford,secretaryofstate,

createdaliteraryperiodical“Spectator”(withSteele,

1711)

(3)SpectatorClub.

(4)Thesignificanceoftheiressays.

a.Theirwritingsin“TheTatler",and"TheSpectator”

provideanewcodeofsocialmoralityfortherising

bourgeoisie.

b.TheygiveatruepictureofthesociallifeofEnglandinthe

18thcentury.

c.Intheirhands,theEnglishessaycompletelyestablished

itselfasaliterarygenre.Usingitasaformofcharacter

sketchingandstorytelling,theyusheredinthedawnofthe

modernnovel.

3.SamuelJohnson-poet,critic,essayist,lexicographer,

editor.

精心整理

(1)Life:

a.studiesatOxford;

b.madealivingbywritingandtranslating;

c.thegreatchamofliterature.

(2)works:poem(TheVanityofHumanWishes,London);

criticism(TheLivesofgreatPoets);preface.

(3)Thechampionofneoclassicalideas.

III.LiteratureofSatire:JonathanSwift.

l.Life:

(1)borninIreland;

(2)studiesatTrinityCollege;

(3)workedasasecretary;

(4)thechiefeditorofTheExaminer;

(5)theDeanofSt.Patrick'sinDublin.

2.Works:TheBattleofBooks,ATaleofaTub,AModest

Proposal,Gulliver'sTravels.

3.Gulliver'sTravels.

PartI.Satire-theWhigandtheTories,AnglicanChurchand

CatholicChurch.

PartII.Satire—thelegalsystem;condemnationofwar.

PartIII.Satire-ridiculousscientificexperiment.

PartIV.Satire—mankind.

精心整理

IV.EnglishNovelsofRealistictradition.

1.TheRiseofnovels.

(1)Earlyforms:folktale-fables-myths-epic-poetry

-romances-fabliaux-novelle-imaginativenatureof

theirmaterial,(imaginativenarrative)

(2)Theriseofthenovel

a.picaresquenovelinSpainandEngland(16thcentury):Of

orrelatingtoagenreofprosefictionthatoriginatedinSpain

anddepictsinrealisticdetailtheadventuresofaroguish

hero,oftenwithsatiricorhumorouseffects.

b.Sidney:Arcadia.

c.AddisonandSteele:TheSpectator.

(plotandcharacterizationandrealism)

(3)novelanddrama(17thecentury)

2.DanielDefoe-novelist,poet,pamphleteer,publisher,

merchant,journalist.)

(1)Life:

a.businesscareer;

b.writingcareer;

erestedinpolitics.

(2)RobinsonCusoe.

a.thestory.

精心整理

b.thesignificanceofthecharacter.

c.thefeaturesofhisnovels.

d.thestyleoflanguage.

3.HenryFielding-novelist.

(1)Life:

a.unsuccessfuldramaticcareer;

b.legalcareer;writingcareer.

(2)works.

(3)TomJones.

a.theplot;

b.characters:Tom,Blifil,Sophia;

c.significance.

(4)thetheoryofrealism.

(5)thestyleoflanguage.

V.WritersofSentimentalism.

1.Introduction

2.SamuelRichardson-novelist,moralist(Onewhois

undulyconcernedwiththemoralsofothers.)

(1)Life:

a.printerbookseller;

b.letterwriter.

(2)Pamela,VirtueRewarded.

精心整理

a.thestory

b.thesignificance

Pamelawasanewthingintheseways:

a)Itdiscardedthe“improbableandmarvelous”

accomplishmentsoftheformerheroicromances,and

picturedthelifeandloveofordinarypeople.

b)Itsintensionwastoaffordnotmerelyentertainmentbut

alsomoralinstruction.

c)Itdescribednotonlythesayingsanddoingsofcharacters

buttheiralsotheirsecretthoughtsandfeelings.Itwas,in

fact,thefirstEnglishpsycho-analyticalnovel.

3.OliverGoldsmith-poetandnovelist.

A.Life:

a.borninIreland;

b.asingerandtale-teller,alifeofvagabondage;

c.bookseller;

d.theLiteraryClub;

e.amiserablelife;

f.?themostlovablecharacterinEnglishliterature.

B.TheVicarofWakefield.

a.story;

b.thesignicance.

精心整理

VI.EnglishDramaofthe18thcentury

1.Thedeclineofthedrama

2.RichardBrinsleySheriden

A.life.

B.works:Rivals,TheSchoolforScandals.

C.significanceofhisplays.

a.TheRivalsandTheSchoolforScandalaregenerally

regardedasimportantlinksbetweenthemasterpiecesof

ShakespeareandthoseofBernardShaw,andastrueclassics

inEnglishcomedy.

b.Inhisplays,moralityistheconstanttheme.Heismuch

concernedwiththecurrentmoralissuesandlashesharshly

atthesocialvicesoftheday.

c.Sheridan'sgreatnessalsoliesinhistheatricalart.He

seemstohaveinheritedfromhisparentsanaturalability

andinbornknowledgeaboutthetheatre.Hisplaysarethe

productofadramaticgeniusaswellasofawell-versed

theatricalman.

d.Hisplotsarewell-organized,hischaracters,eithermajoror

minor,areallsharplydrawn,andhismanipulationofsuch

devicesasdisguise,mistakenidentityanddramaticironyis

masterly.Wittydialoguesandneatanddecentlanguagealso

精心整理

makeacharacteristicofhisplays.

Chapter6EnglishLiteratureoftheRomanticAge

I.Introduction

1.HistoricalBackground

2.LiteraryOverview:Romanticism

CharacteristicsofRomanticism:

(1)Thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings

(2)Thecreationofaworldofimagination

(3)Thereturntonatureformaterial

(4)Sympathywiththehumbleandglorificationofthe

commonplace

(5)Emphasisupontheexpressionofindividualgenius

(6)ThereturntoMiltonandtheElizabethansforliterary

models

(7)Theinterestinoldstoriesandmedievalromances

(8)Asenseofmelancholyandloneliness

(9)Therebelliousspirit

II.Pre-Romantics

1.RobertBurns

(1)Life:FrenchRevolution

(2)Featuresofpoetry

a.Burnsischieflyrememberedforhissongswritteninthe

精心整理

Scottishdialect.

b.Hispoemsareusuallydevoidofartificialornamentand

haveagreatcharmofsimplicity.

c.Hispoemsareespeciallyappreciatedfortheirmusical

effect.

d.Hispoliticalandsatiricalpoemsarenotedforhis

passionateloveforfreedomandfierysentimentsofhatred

againsttyranny.

(3)Significanceofhispoetry

HispoetrymarksanepochinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.

TheysuggestedthatthespiritoftheRomanticrevivalwas

embodiedinthisobscureploughman.Love,humour,pathos,

theresponsetonature-allthepoeticqualitiesthattouch

thehumanheartareinhispoems,whichmarkedthesunrise

ofanotherday-thedayofRomanticism.

2.WilliamBlake

(1)life:FrenchRevolution

(2)works.

1SongsofInnocence

1SongsofExperience

(3)features

a.sympathywiththeFrenchRevolution

精心整理

b.hatredfor18thcenturyconformityandsocialinstitution

c.attitudeofrevoltagainstauthority

d.strongprotestagainstrestrictivecodes

(4)hisinfluence

Blakeisoftenregardedasasymbolistandmystic,andhehas

exertedagreatinfluenceontwentiethcenturywriters.His

peculiaritiesofthoughtandimaginativevisionhaveinmany

waysprovedfarmorecongenialtothe20thcenturythanthey

weretothe19th.

III.RomanticPoetsofthefirstgeneration

1.Introduction

2.WilliamWordsworth:representativepoet,chiefspokesman

ofRomanticpoetry

(1)Life:

a.lovenature;

b.Cambridge;

c.tourtoFrance;

d.Frenchrevolution;

e.Dorathy;

f.?TheLakeDistrict;

g.friendofColeridge;

h.conservativeafterrevolution.

精心整理

(2)works:

a.theLyricalBallads(preface):significance

b.ThePrelude:abiographicalpoem.

c.theotherpoems

(3)Featuresofhispoems.

a.Theme

Aconstantthemeofhispoetrywasthegrowthofthehuman

spiritthroughthenaturaldescriptionwithexpressionsof

inwardstatesofmind.

b.characteristicsofstyle.

Hispoemsarecharacterizedbyasympathywiththepoor,

simplepeasants,andapassionateloveofnature.

3.SamuelTaylorColeridge:poetandcritic

(1)Life:

a.Cambridge;

b.friendwithSoutheyandWordsworth;

c.takingopium.

(2)works.

1ThefallofRobespierre

1TheRimeoftheAncientMariner

1KublaKhan

1BiographiaLiteraria

精心整理

(3)BiographiaLiteraria.

(4)Hiscriticism

Hewasoneofthefirstcriticstogiveclosecriticalattentionto

language