北京市朝陽區(qū)2023-2024學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語檢測試題（附答案）

北京市朝陽區(qū)2023-2024學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期期末英語檢測試題本試卷共10頁?？忌鷦?wù)必在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答，在試卷上作答無效。第一部分知識運用（共三節(jié)，30分）第一節(jié)完形填空（共10小題；每小題1分，共10分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。TheRedCrossbuspulledintoourschoolparkinglot,welcomingstudentsovertheageofeighteento1blood.Honestly,mostwereattractedbythepromiseoffreecookiesandjuice.Teacherswerealsoencouragedtoparticipate.Afterwatchingaheartwarmingvideo,manyofus2togiveblood,myselfincluded.Thenursehadjustremovedtheneedlefrommyarmwhenthebellrangforthenextlesson.IclimbedthethreeflightsofstairstomyclassroomandbythetimeIopenedthedoorformystudents,Ifeltslightly3,asifwalkingonclouds.Fortherestofthatafternoon,Ievenfeltsicktomystomach,soImadeamentalnotetoleavesuch4forafter-schoolhours.5,theideaslippedmymindasIgrewbusywithotherresponsibilities.Nevertheless,perception(看法)always6withexperience.Earlyinmycancertreatment,Iexperiencedpainfulchemotherapy(化療).Thebloodtransfusionsbreathednewlifeintome.Then,I7,foreachbloodproductdonated,therewasaliving,breathingrecipient,justlikeme.Watchingtheliquidentermybody,Iwas8bythefactthatplatelets(血小板)arebrightyellow,likethesun.Itistrulyamazingthatapartofonepersoncansavethelifeofanother.Iam9tothestranger,whosekindnesshasallowedmetoregeneratemyweakenedbodyandlivetofightanotherday.TheGreekshaveseveralwordstodefinelove.Themostpowerfulisagape,whichmeans“l(fā)ovewithaction,”particularlywhenitisconcernedwiththegreater10ofanother.Andtomany,includingme,that’sexactlywhatblooddonationhasbeen.1．A．draw B．test C．collect D．donate2．A．refused B．hesitated C．pretended D．volunteered3．A．dizzy B．a(chǎn)fraid C．down D．a(chǎn)shamed4．A．rights B．opinions C．a(chǎn)dventures D．judgements5．A．However B．Therefore C．Instead D．Moreover6．A．a(chǎn)ppears B．changes C．declines D．remains7．A．denied B．imagined C．recalled D．realised8．A．puzzled B．a(chǎn)mused C．fascinated D．embarrassed9．A．open B．polite C．grateful D．generous10．A．mercy B．good C．success D．effort第二節(jié)選詞填空（共10小題；每小題1分，共10分）閱讀下面句子，根據(jù)句意，從方框中選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞組，并用其正確形式填空。reliable factor deserve appealto gothroughfigureout havenointentionof beinvolvedin intermsof heartandsoul11．Ican’t_____________howmuchthetripwillcost.12．Itiswrongtojudgehappinessjust_____________success.13．Ithinkwe_____________agoodrestafterallthathardwork.14．Heworked_____________forhiscountrythroughouthislife.15．Whenyou_____________acrisis,itoftenhelpstotalktosomeone.16．Mostpeoplenow_____________stayingatonejobforthewholelife.17．Itwasahugeprojectandover20softwarecompanies_____________it.18．Studieshaveestablishedthatsmokingisarisk_____________forcancer.19．Theinnovativesmartphonedesign_____________allagesandsocialgroups.20．Companiesalwaysappreciatea_____________personwhotheycantrusttodothejob.（請務(wù)必將第11至20題的答案寫在答題卡指定區(qū)域內(nèi)）第三節(jié)語法填空（共10小題；每小題1分，共10分）閱讀下面句子，根據(jù)句子內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。21．Heissucha______(curiosity)boy,alwaysaskingquestions.22．Scientists______(learn)alotaboutthebraininthelastdecade.23．Shewasquitedisappointedtofindthatthey______(leave)already.24．Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand______(correct)them.25．Simplegymequipment,______(use)correctly,canimprovefitnesslevels.26．An______(accuracy)descriptionoftheproblemisthefirststepinsolvingit.27．She______(practise)thepianosincebreakfast,andherfingersarestartingtoache.28．Itsuptoyou______(decide)whatyoucandoandhowwellyoucandoitinyourcareer.29．Inthe1950s,anattempt______(make)toprove“SixDegreesofSeparation”mathematically.30．Thechildrenstartedplayingwithwaterballoons______(turn)thebackyardintoawetandwildbattlefield.（請務(wù)必將第21至30題的答案寫在答題卡指定區(qū)域內(nèi)）第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，38分）第一節(jié)（共14小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。AIfyou’realoverofliteratureandwanttostudyitfurther,Harvard’sonlinecoursesareagreatoption!AbouttheCoursesTheAncientGreekHeroexploreswhatitmeanstobehumantodaybystudyingwhatitmeanttobeaheroinancientGreektimes.Toachievethis,learnerswillexperience,inEnglishtranslation,someancientGreekliteraturefromthe8thcenturyBCtothe3rdcenturyAD.NobleCultureandtheCosmopolitanTanglooksathownoblefamiliesandtheircultureandliteraturecontributedtothereunification(重新統(tǒng)一)ofChinaundertheTangDynasty.You’llalsolearnhowtocomposeandanalyzepoetryandcalligraphy.Shakespeare’sLifeandWorkexploresrelationshipsbetweenShakespeare’sworldandpresentday.Throughshortvideosandreadings,youwillseehowthemeaningofaworkofartchangesdependingonthetime,context,andculture.MasterpiecesofWorldLiteraturerevealshowgreatwritersreflectontheirworldandhowtheirworksarechangedintoday’sglobalculture.Ithelpsusunderstandthedeeprootsoftoday’sinterconnectedglobalculture.WaystoTaketheCoursesWhenyousignupforthesecourses,youwillhavetheoptionofauditing(旁聽)thecourseorpursuinganofficialcertificate.Intheauditingtrack,learningisfreeandself-pacedwithin18weeks.Learnershaveaccesstopartofourcourseresources.Besides,coursevideosandhandoutsarenotavailablefordownloading.Pleasenotethatthistrackdoesnotofferanofficialcertificate.Alternatively,learnerscanpay$299topursueanofficialcertificate,whichoffersunlimitedaccesstocourseresourceswithinayear.Attheendofthecourse,learnerswhoearnapassinggradecanreceiveacertificate.Ifyou’reinterestedandwanttolearnmore,clickhere:31．Ifyouwanttoknowhowtoanalyzepoetry,youcanchoose______.A．TheAncientGreekHero B．Shakespeare’sLifeandWorkC．MasterpiecesofWorldLiterature D．NobleCultureandtheCosmopolitanTang32．Intheauditingtrack,youcan______.A．determinethelearningpace B．a(chǎn)ccesshandoutsforafeeC．earnanofficialcertificate D．downloadcoursevideos33．Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A．Toadvertiseonlinecourses. B．Toexploretherootsofhumanity.C．Tocomparedifferentcultures. D．Tohighlightthevalueofliterature.BItturnsoutpatienceisn’talwaysavirtue.BythetimeNalinKamatwas13,theTorontoteenhadbeenwellonhiswaytobecomingaworkingartist.Hehadalreadyhadhisfirstshowatalocalartscentre.Yethewantedmore—specificallytostartshowinghisworksinajuriedexhibition,whereartexpertswouldevaluateandselectpiecesinacompetitivereviewprocess,ensuringthatonlythemostoutstandingworksareincludedintheexhibition.That’swhenheranintoaproblem,discoveringintheverylastlineofamultiapplicationthattheminimumageforsubmissionwas18.Thatrejectionbecameafuelforcreation.“Asyoungartists,wedon’tgetasmuchcreditasIthinkwedeserve,andwealsodon’tgetmanyopportunitiestoshowcasetheamountofworkweputintotheart.Ithoughtit’dbereallycoolifIcouldprovidetheopportunityformoreyoungartists,”saysNalin,now15.Withthesupportofhisparents,inJanuary2023,NalinfoundedLittleEGGGallery,acommercialstudioonlyforunderageartists.Thegallery,whichisnowprofitableenough,chargesasmallfeeforanydisplayedworkandtakesa15percentservicefeeonsales.Inturn,LittleEGGGalleryhelpspromoteyoungtalentsbyshowcasingtheirworks.Notlongafteropening,DavidGriffin,aprofessorandartistfromOntarioCollegeofArtandDesignUniversity,happenedtocomeacrossthegallerywhilewalkingwithhiswifeintheirneighbourhood.UponmeetingNalin,Griffinsaysheunderstoodthathewasspeakingwithsomeonespecial,“astrongyoungartistwithareallyexcellentidea,whichwastocreateaceforshowingthelocalcommunitytheeasy,naturalgeniusofyoungpeople.”Aconnectionwasformed,andNalinaskedGriffintohelpjudgeanupcomingcompetition.Thefirstjuriedshowwaslastspring,andthetopthreewinnerseachreceiveda$50cashprize.Five-year-oldJackGamblewonforhisabstractpaintingtitledPokemon.GivenhowbusyNaliniswithschoollifeandhisownart,LittleEGGGalleryismostlyopenbyappointmentonly,buthe’sstilldevotedtogrowingthegallerywithseasonalandthemedshowsscheduledafewtimesayear.Nalinbelievesthatyoungartistsarefreetobemorecreative.InaninterviewwithCBCKidsNews,hesaid,“Ithinkwhenyou’reyounger,youhavemorecreativity.Youseebeautyinmorethingsandwhenyougetolder,itkindofstops.Idon’twanttoseeanyonepreventedfromcreatingtheirart.34．Accordingtothepassage,thejuriedexhibition______.A．favoursworksofartexperts B．chargesasmallfeeforentriesC．setsnoagelimitforsubmission D．displaysprofessionallyselectedworks35．HowdidNalinKamatfeelafterbeingrejected?A．Anxious. B．Motivated. C．Regretful. D．Confused.36．WhydidNalinKamatfoundLittleEGGGallery?A．Toworkwithotheryoungartists. B．Tomeethisparents’expectations.C．Toofferunderageartistsaplatform. D．Toholdanexhibitionofhisownworks.37．WhatcanwelearnfromNalinKamat’sstory?A．Wisdomarisesfromexperience. B．Everythingcomestothosewhowait.C．Luckmatterstoone’scareersuccess. D．Innovativethoughtsincreaseone’schances.CMostpeoplewilllearnoneortwolanguagesintheirlives,butVaughnSmithspeaks24languages,ahyperpolyglot—arareindividualwhospeaksmorethan10languages.However,scientistshavelargelyignoredwhat’sgoingoninsidethebrainsofpolyglots—peoplewhospeakmorethanfivelanguages—saysEvelinaFedorenko,acognitive(認(rèn)知的)neuroscientistattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Sheadds,”That’spartlybecausetheyaccountforonly1%ofpeopleglobally,makingitdifficulttofindenoughparticipantsforresearch.“InanewstudyledbyFedorenko,researcherslookedinsidethemindsofpolyglotslikeSmithtorevealhowlanguage-specificregionsintheirbrainsrespondtohearingdifferentlanguages.“Thisstudywillcontributetoourunderstandingofhowourbrainlearnslanguages,”shesays.Togaininsightsintohowpolyglotsprocessfiveormorelanguages,Fedorenko’steamscannedthebrainsof25polyglots.Theyusedabrainimagingtechniquecalledfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI),whichmeasuresbloodflowinthebrain,tomapouttheselanguagenetworks.InsidethefMRImachine,thepolyglotslistenedtoaseriesof16-second-longrecordingsinoneofeightdifferentlanguages.Theeightlanguagesincludedeachparticipant’snativelanguage,threeotherstheylearnedlaterinlife,andfourunfamiliarlanguages.Twooftheunfamiliarlanguageswerecloselyrelatedtotheparticipant’snativelanguage—forinstance,nishforanativeItalianspeaker.Theothertwounfamiliarlanguagescamefromunrelatedlanguagefamilies.Theresearchersfoundthatwhenparticipantsheardanyoftheeightlanguages,bloodalwaysrushedtothesamebrainregions.Inotherwords,theparticipants’brainsappearedtousethesamebasicnetworkasmonolinguals(單語言者)totrytounderstandthesounds,regardlessofwhichlanguagetheyheard.Moreover,theactivityinthebrain’slanguagenetworkschangedbasedonhowwellparticipantsunderstoodalanguage.Themorefamiliarthelanguage,thelargertheresponse.Brainactivityparticularlywasinvigoratedwhenparticipantsheardunfamiliarlanguagesthatwerecloselyrelatedtoonestheyknewwell.Thismighthavehappenedasbrainareasworkedovertimetopuzzleoutthemeaningsbasedonsimilaritiesbetweenthelanguages.Therewasoneexceptiontotherule:Whenparticipantsheardtheirnativetongue,theirlanguagenetworkswereactuallyquieterthanwhentheyheardotherfamiliarlanguages.Thistrendheldevenwhenparticipantswerefluentintheirotherfamiliarlanguages.Thatcouldbesobecauseexpertisereducestheamountofbrainpowerneededforatask,theresearchersnote.Whilethisstudycastslightonmultilinguists’brainactivity,therearestillunansweredquestions.Notably,futureresearchhopestostudypeoplewholearnedmultiplelanguagesfrominfancy(嬰兒期).Nevertheless,“thisstudycouldonedayleadtobettertoolstohelppeoplerelearnlanguagesmoreeasilyafterastrokeorbraindamage.”Fedorenkosays.38．Whatisthemainpurposeofthefirstparagraph?A．Topresentalatestbraintheory. B．Tostressthesignificanceofthestudy.C．Toexplaintheresearchmethod. D．Toprovidethedefinitionsoftwoterms.39．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Thebrainprocessesnativelanguageswithmucheffort.B．Bloodflowinthebrainisunrelatedtolanguagefamiliarity.C．Thebrainusesthesameareastoprocessmultiplelanguages.D．Effectivetreatmentsforlanguagedisordershavebeendiscovered.40．Whatdoestheword“invigorated”underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymean?A．Evaluated. B．Activated. C．Affected. D．Reduced.41．Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．ImpactofLanguageFamiliarityonBrainB．ChallengesinStudyingLanguageGeniusesC．SecretsofLanguageProcessinginPolyglotsD．EdgeoffMRIinRevealingLanguageProcessingDAthemeatthisyear’sWorldEconomicForum(WEF)meetinginSwitzerlandwastheperceivedneedto“speedupbreakthroughsinresearchandtechnology”Someofthisframingwasmotivatedbytheclimateemergency;somebytheopportunitiesandchallengespresentedbygenerativeartificialintelligence(AI).Invariousconversations,itseemstobetakenforgrantedthattoaddresstheworld’sproblems,scientificresearchneedstomovefasterandbreakthings.Butwhatifthethingbeingbrokenisscience?Orpublictrust?Inrecentyears,we’veseenimportantpaperswrittenbywell-knownscientistsandpublishedininfluentialjournalswereretracted(召回)becauseofquestionabledataormethods.Inonenotablecase,FrancesH.Arnold,whosharedthe2018NobelPrizeinChemistry,voluntarilyretractedapaperwhenherlabwasunabletoreplicate(復(fù)制)herresults—butafterthepaperhadbeenpublished.Inanopenapology,shestatedthatshewas“abitbusy”whenthepaperwassubmittedand“didnotdomyjobwell”.Arnold’shonestyisadmirable,butitraisesaquestion;ArescholarsatsupercompetitiveplacessuchasHarvard,StanfordandYalerushingtopublishratherthantakingthetimetodotheirworkright?It’simpossibletoanswerthisquestionscientificallybecausethere’snoscientificdefinitionof“rushing”.Butthere’slittledoubtthatweliveinaculturewhereacademicsatleadinguniversitiesareunderenormouspressuretoproduceresults—andalotofthem—quickly.Formalresearchassessmentshaveforyearsjudgedacademicdepartmentslargelyontheoutputquantity.Theexistingsystemhasledtoreducedmotivationforexcellenceandinnovationinacademicresearch.Arecentreformbyacademicswithinthefieldhasurgedforqualityoverquantity.Goodsciencetakestime.Morethan50yearspassedbetweenthe1543publicationofCopernicus’smagnumopus(天體運行論),andthebroadscientificacceptanceoftheheliocentricmodeloftheuniverse.NearlyacenturypassedbetweenbiochemistFriedrichMiescher’sidentificationoftheDNAandtheclarificationofitsdouble-helixstructureinthe1950s.AndittookjustabouthalfacenturyforgeologistsandgeophysiciststoacceptgeophysicistAlfredWegener’sideaofcontinentalmovement.Scientistsandotherscholarsarepushingresultsoutfarfasterthantheyusedto.Considerthevolumeofacademicpapersbeingpublishedthesedays.Onerecentstudyputthenumberatoversevenmillionayear,comparedwithfewerthanamillionasrecentlyas1980.Anotherstudyfound265academicauthors—twothirdsofwhomwereinthemedicalandlifesciences—whopublishedapapereveryfivedaysonaverage.Someofthisgrowthisdrivenbymorescientistsandmoreco-authorshipofpapers,butthenumbersalsosuggestthattheresearchworldhasprioritizedquantityoverquality.Researchersmayneedtoslowdown—notspeedup—ifwearetoproducetrustworthyknowledge.42．TheauthorgivesanexampleofFrancesH.Arnoldtoshowthat______.A．a(chǎn)cademicfieldsvaluehonesty B．scientistslacktimeforresearchC．scholarstendtopublishpapersinahurry D．laboratoriesfailtoreplicatescientificresults43．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．AIandclimateissuesblockresearchprogress.B．Defining“rushing”boostsacademicproductivity.C．IdentifyingDNAiseasierthanclarifyingitsstructure.D．Scholarshaveacknowledgedtheproblemwithacademicevaluation.44．Accordingtothepassage,whatistheauthor’sopiniononscientificresearch?A．Researchcredibilityisatoppriorityinscience.B．Morepublicationsenhanceresearchers’reputation.C．Studiesinmedicalandlifesciencesaresatisfactory.D．Co-authorshipneedstobecancelledforreliableresearch.第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Ifyouareaskedtodescribeyourrelationshipwithyourphone,whatwouldyousay?45Forthoseofuswhousedigitaltechnologywithregularity,wewillunavoidablythinkwehaveoverdoneit.Butarewereallyaddictedtoourscreens?Forthevastmajorityofusers,theanswerisnobecausethere’snoformalsetofcriteriafordigitaladdiction.46Thistestwasgiventoaround800people,usingcriteriapreviouslyadoptedinmanyotherstudies.Theteamfoundthat69%oftheparticipantscouldbediagnosedwithanaddictiontospendingtimewiththeirfriends.47Instead,theteamwasshowinghoweasyitistocreatewhatappearstobeadata-drivenmeasureofanaddictivebehavior,whichactuallyisanormalpartofeverydaylife.Theideaofbeingaddictedtoofflinefriendshipsisridiculous,butthatiswhatishappeninginthedigitaltechnologyresearchliterature.Wearestuckwithresearcherscombiningpeople’senjoymentofanactivitywiththeideathatithasthepotentialtobecomeaddictive.48Itistruethatwecandevelopbadrelationshipswiththetechnologyweuse,butanemerginglineofresearchsaysweneedtoviewourrelationshipswithdigitaltechnologyintermsofhabits,notintermsofproblematicuse.49Whethertheyhavepositiveornegativeeffectsonourwell-beingdependsnotjustonthetypeofhabit,butonthecontextinwhichitoccurs,howfrequentlyitoccursandwhatotherfactorsmightbecontributingtoit.Thinkingaboutourtechnologyuseintermsofhabitoffersusamuchwiderrangeofoptions.Ratherthangettingridoftechnologyaltogether,wecanseekourdigitalexperiencethatpromotepositiveeffectswhileminimizingnegativeimpacts.A．Manyofusarelikelytodevelopbadhabits.B．Habits,likecheckingourphones,areneutral.C．Formany,theword“addicted”wouldspringtomind.D．Thisleadsultimatelytothebeliefthattheactivityisnaturallybad.E．Obviously,theaimwasn’ttofuelanewmoralpanicaboutsocializing.F．Arecentstudyhasrevealedevidencethatshowspositiveeffectsofdigitaluse.G．Backin2020,ateamusedstandardtechniquestodoanoffline-friendaddictionquestionnaire.第三部分書面表達(dá)（共兩節(jié)，32分）第一節(jié)（共4小題；第50、51題各2分，第52題3分，第53題5分，共12分）閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問題。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。SurveydatashowthatAmericancustomerstodayaremorethantwiceaslikelytocomplainaboutaproductorserviceastheywerein1976.Peoplearegrumbling(抱怨)moreatworktoo.NearlyathirdofemployersinoneUK-basedsurveywitnessedanincreaseinemployeecomplaintsoveratwo-yearperiod.Ofcourse,youcanalwaysfindsomethingtocomplainabout.Butifyoudosohabitually,thatisprobablyhurtingyou,makingothersfeeldown,andmakingyoualessattractivepersontobearound.Soyoumightwanttoresistthetrendtowardacultureofcomplaint.Sometimes,complainingis“instrumental,”designedtogainredress(補償)fordispleasure,suchaspoorserviceorannoyingbehaviourfromafamilymember.Complainingcanalsobe“chronic,”astateofdissatisfactioninwhichgrumblersconstantlythinkabouttheirmiseryandrefusetobecomforted.Moretypically,however,complainingissimplytoletoutdispleasureorobtainsympathy.Theproblemwithcomplainingisthateventhoughitcanfeeltherapeutic(有療效的),ittypicallyisn’t.Althoughcomplainingmightoffertemporaryrelief,it’sbadforyourhappinessinthelongrun.Scholarshaveshownthatpeoplewhosharenegativeemotionsonsocialmediaexperiencelowerlevelsofwellbeing.Complainingcanalsolowerthehappinessofthepeoplearoundyou.Researchersshowedthatsimplyhearinganother’scomplaintlowersone’smood.Evenworse,insomerelationships,thenegativeeffectcanpasslikeavirustothoseexposed.Let’sassume,however,thatyourlivelihooddoesnotrelyonspreadingmisery.Muchmorelikelyisthatitwillbeinyourinterest,ifyouhaveacomplaininghabit,tobreakit.Thepeopleyoucareaboutwillbehappiertoo.50．Whatisthepurposeof“instrumental”complaining?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________51．Whatarethenegativeeffectsofcomplaining?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________52．Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________?“Chronic”complainingisastateofdissatisfactioninwhichgrumblersconstantlythinkabouttheirmiseryandtrytoobtainsympathy.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________53．Insteadofcomplaining,howwouldyoudealwithdissatisfactioninlife?(Inabout40words)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________第二節(jié)（20分）假設(shè)你是紅星中學(xué)高二學(xué)生李華。你校國際部即將舉辦“校園科技節(jié)”，現(xiàn)正在全校招募英語志愿者。請你用英語給活動負(fù)責(zé)人寫一封申請信，內(nèi)容包括：1．闡述申請理由；2．介紹個人優(yōu)勢。注意：1．詞數(shù)100左右；2．開頭和結(jié)尾已給出，不計入總詞數(shù)。提示詞：ScienceandTechnologyFestivalDearSir/Madam,__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________