高分子材料專業(yè)英語最終稿省公開課一等獎全國示范課微課金獎?wù)n件

高分子材料工程專業(yè)英語

SpecialEnglishforPolymerMaterialEngineering

黃菊158131596111/107一、什么是專業(yè)英語？二、為何學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語？三、本科生教學(xué)目標(biāo)四、教材、教學(xué)內(nèi)容及課時安排五、考試課程介紹2/107普通英語（CommonEnglish,OrdinaryEnglish）科技英語（EnglishforScienceandTechnology）是一個用英語闡述科學(xué)技術(shù)中理論、技術(shù)、試驗(yàn)和現(xiàn)象等英語體系。在語法、詞匯、修辭和文體諸方面都有自己特點(diǎn)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯嚴(yán)密，追求客觀性（Objective）、準(zhǔn)確性（accuracy）、精練性(conciseness)。一、什么是專業(yè)英語？3/107李商隱：“春蠶到死絲方盡”文學(xué)翻譯：Springsilkwormtillitsdeathspinssilkfromlove-sickheart.例句：Thecandleonlywhenburnedhasnotearstoshed.科學(xué)翻譯：Springsilkwormspinssilktillitsdeath.4/107科技語體考究事實(shí)可靠性和論證邏輯性，極少使用夸大、擬人、雙關(guān)等修辭伎倆?？萍颊Z體要求有完整和嚴(yán)密句法，句子修飾成份多，聯(lián)合成份多，層次多，復(fù)句多，長句多。在有兩個以上同義詞可表示同一概念時，往往選取源于拉丁語詞，尤其是動詞，多半用拉丁詞源動詞，而不大用短語動詞5/1076口語常說:Thentheflask[flɑ:sk]istakenaway（然后把燒瓶拿走_(dá))Thetablewasturnedupsidedown（桌子被翻了個）.Thebufferliquidwasusedup（緩沖液用完了）.書面科技英語常這么寫：Theflaskisthenremoved.Thetablewasinverted[in'v?:tid].Thebufferliquidwasconsumed.6/107“這座山高二千米?！盩hemountainhasaheightofmeters.Theheightofthemountainismeters.Thiscomputerisverysmallinsize.Thesizeofthiscomputerisverysmall.“這臺計(jì)算機(jī)體積很小。”7/107專業(yè)英語是結(jié)合各自專業(yè)科技英語有很強(qiáng)專業(yè)性，包括面愈加狹窄，與專業(yè)內(nèi)容配合更為親密。隸屬于科技英語是科技英語一部分，以表示科技概念、理論與事實(shí)為主要目標(biāo)。恪守科技英語語法體系和翻譯方法;尤其重視客觀事實(shí)和真理，表示客觀、準(zhǔn)確、精練和正式。

8/107為何學(xué)習(xí)交流、查閱文件、深造9/107本科生教學(xué)目標(biāo)掌握基本專業(yè)英語詞匯；能閱讀和翻譯普通專業(yè)英語文件；較為正確地撰寫論文摘要；經(jīng)歷10/107天平真空泵Polyacrylamide1.Purifythematerialbydistillationand/orrecrystallisation.RecordtheM.p.or,ifliquid,theB.p.andtherefractiveindex2.RecordtheI.R.

N.M.R.andU.V.spectra3.Analyse

the

physicalpropertiesandspectraldatain

order

to

arrive

at

a

structure

for

the

unknown.11/107考試期末閉卷考試70%

+平時成績30%總共13周，最終一次上3節(jié)課12/107TubeBeakerFlaskCylinder

13/107flaskroundbottomflaskflask

iodinevolumetlricflaskSchlenkflaskfilterflask14/107weighing

bottlewatch

glassthermometermeltingpota

pot

ofjam15/107Athermometerisplacedinamixtureoficeandwaterina

beakerthermometer希臘文"THERME"，意指“熱”thermodynamicsEndothermicandExothermicReactions16/107Condense

themixturebyboilingoffsomeoftheliquid.condensed

mushroomsoupCondense17/107DesiccateTheIndustry-StandardActivatedAlumina

Desiccant

IsUsedExtensivelyInCompressedAirDryers.Desiccator18/107condensor

Soxhletextractor

rotary

evaporatorDesiccator19/107funnelseparatingfunnelBuchnerfunneldroppingfunnel20/107respiratormask21/107PipettesburetteforcepsTheexperimentersuckedup20ccofacidintoa

pipette22/107BUTTERFLYBURETTECLAMPdouble-buretclamp

ironsupport

labjack

tuberack

23/107ThecombinedorganicextractswerewashedwithXXXandconcentratedinvacuotoaffordthecorrespondingcrudeproductorPourabout125mLofyourdilutedHClsolutionintoaclean,dry250mLbeaker.Carefullypipet25.00mLoftheHClsolutionfromthebeakerintoaclean250mLErlenmeyerflask,holdingthetipofthepipetagainsttheinnerwalloftheflasktoavoidsplatter.24/10725/107真空泵沸石閥26/107centrifugeshakermagnetic

stirrerDryingovenfurnacerefrigerator

27/107centrifugation28/107zeolite

在希臘文中意為“沸騰”（zeo）“石頭”（lithos）

molecularsieveMolecular

sieve

hastheadvantagesofgoodabsorbability,reproducibilityandheatstabilityBoilingstone29/107Heaterrubbersuctionbulbregularholder

GlassrodGlassstopperslide30/107BathPinchcockLabspoonPHindicator

papervalve31/107原子發(fā)射光譜儀--AtomicEmissionSpectrometer(AES)

紫外-可見光分光光度計(jì)--UV-VisibleSpectrophotometer(UV-Vis)

傅里葉變換紅外光譜儀--FT-IRSpectrometer(FTIR)

傅里葉變換拉曼光譜儀--FT-RamanSpectrometer(FTIR-Raman)

氣相色譜儀--GasChromatograph(GC)

高壓/效液相色譜儀

HighPressure/PerformanceLiquidChromatography(HPLC)

凝膠滲透色譜儀--GelPermeationChromatograph(GPC)32/107質(zhì)譜儀--MassSpectrometer(MS)

ICP-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀--ICP-MS

氣相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀--GC-MS

液相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用儀--LC-MS

核磁共振波譜儀--NuclearMagneticResonanceSpectrometer(NMR)

電導(dǎo)儀--ConductivityMeter

電泳儀--ElectrophoresisSystem

電子顯微鏡--ElectroMicroscopy33/107Molecule

分子molecular分子

Atom

原子atomic

原子

Ion

離子ionic

離子

Electron

電子electronic

電子chemistry

reaction

化學(xué)反應(yīng)

oxidation

氧化deoxidization

還原reduction

decomposition

分解

dehydration

脫水34/107

理論theory

方法method

BET公式BETformula阿伏加德羅定律Avogadrolaw方程equation

Thechemical

formula

forwaterisH2OTheyareworkingontheperfectionoftheirnewpaint

formula35/107NOMENCLATUREOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDS

NOMENCLATUREOFORGANICCOMPOUNDS36/107ElementIA

HHydrogen['haidr?d??n]LiLithium[‘liθi?m]NaSodium['s?udi?m]KPotassium[p?’t?si?m]RbRubidiumCsCesiumFrFranciumIIA

BeBerylliumMgMagnesium['m?g'ni:?i?m]CaCalcium[‘k?lsi?m]SrStrontiumBaBariumRaRadiumelementaryalkali[?lk?la?]

37/107HeHelium

氦元素名起源于希臘文Helios，原意是“太陽”。LiLithium

該詞來自希臘文Lithos（石頭）因?yàn)榭列遭c是從天然堿——蘇打（碳酸鈉、英語Soda、拉丁語Natri）中得到，所以英語和拉丁語分別命名為Sodium和Natrium。HHydrogen即形成水元素，由希臘語Ydor(意思是水，演變?yōu)槔≌Z就是Hydra和Gennao產(chǎn)生組成38/107VIAVIIA0HeHeliumOOxygenFFluorineNeNeonSSulfurClChlorine

ArArgonSeSeleniumBrBromineKrKryptonTeTelluriumIIodineXeXenonPoPoloniumAtAstatineRnRadon

IIIA

IVAVA

BBoron

CCarbon

NNitrogenAlAluminum

SiSilicon

PPhosphorus

GaGalliumGeGermaniumAsArsenicInIndiumSnTinSbAntimonyTlThalliumPbLeadBiBismuthHalogenh?l?d??n39/107CommonTransitionElementFe:iron/ferrum Cu:copper/cuprumZn:zincPb:leadHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:gold英語為Mercury（水星），是羅馬神話中眾神信使，說明該金屬有流動性40/1071.Namesofcations['k?tai?n]1）Monatomiccations:

元素名稱+ion假如某元素能形成一個以上陽離子，則使用number來表示其所帶電荷。Nomenclatureofinorganic

compounds

41/107Na+:sodiumion;Ag+:silverion;Ca2+:calciumion;Al3+:aluminumion;Fe+:iron(Ⅰ)ion;Fe2+:iron(Ⅱ)ion;Fe3+:iron(Ⅲ)ion.Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds

例如：42/1072.NamesofAnions['?nai?n]

1）MonatomicAnions:

元素名稱詞干+-ide+ionNomenclatureofinorganiccompounds

43/107F-:fluorideion(F:flourine)Cl-:chlorideion(Cl:chlorine)Br-:bromideion(bromine)I-:iodideion(I:iodine)Nomenclatureofinorganiccompounds

比如：44/1072.NamesofAnions2）Oxyanions:

非氧元素名稱詞干+-ate+ionNomenclatureofinorganic

compounds

45/107CO32-:carbonateion(C:carbon)SO42-:sulfateion(S:sulfur)SO32-:sulfiteionNO3-:nitrateion(N:nitrogen)Nomenclatureofinorganic

compounds

比如：46/1072.NamesofAnions3）AnionscontainingHydrogen:Hydrogen+去掉氫離子名稱比如：HCO3-

：hydrogencarbonateionNomenclatureofinorganiccompounds

47/1074.Namesofbases:陽離子元素名稱詞干+hydroxide例：NaOH:sodiumhydroxideKOH:potassiumhydroxideCa(OH)2:calciumhydroxideNH3:hydrogennitrideNomenclatureofinorganic

compounds

ammonia48/1075.Namesofsalts:不帶“ion”陽離子名稱+不帶“ion”陰離子名稱陽離子電荷數(shù)用Stocknumber來表示（只形成一個陽離子就無須用）。例：CuCl:copper(Ⅰ)chlorideCuCl2:copper(Ⅱ)chlorideCuSO4:copper(Ⅱ)sulfateNomenclatureofinorganic

compounds

49/107H2SO4

：sulfuricacidHNO3:nitricacidHBr:bromicacidHI:iodicacidHCl:hydrochloricacid50/107Namesofhydrates:非水化合物名稱+表示結(jié)晶水個數(shù)希臘字前綴+hydrate慣用數(shù)字前綴：mono-;2.bi-;3.tri-;4.tetra-;5.penta-;6.hex(a)-(sex(aa)-);7.hept(a)-(sept(a);8.oct(a)-;9.non(a)-;10.dec(a)-例：CuSO4·5H2OCopper(Ⅱ)sulfatepentahydrateNomenclatureofinorganic

compounds

51/107

asaturatedsolutionof

sodium

chlorideWithoutpotassiumtheironand

aluminum

aremuchmoresolubleTheliquidwecanseeinthermometersis

mercury.Nitrogen

isagaswithoutcolourorsmell.52/1071Thephysicalpropertiesofsubstances小數(shù)讀法：對于小數(shù)表示，直接將組成小數(shù)各個數(shù)字讀出。其中小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀成“point”.0表示有各種，能夠是：zero,naught,或o(字母“o”音）。比如：0.5Zeropointfive0.08zeropointzeroeight302.67threeotwopointsixseven53/1071.PutthefollowingintoEnglish.物理性質(zhì):

physicalproperty溶解度:

solubility密度:

density硬度:

hardness展性:

malleability[m?li?'biliti]熔點(diǎn):

meltingpoint沸點(diǎn):

boilingpoint54/107carbon

dioxidemagnesiumchloride55/107ClassificationandNomenclatureofOrganicCompounds56/107TextOrganiccompoundsareclassifiedintothreemajorgroups:Aliphaticandalicycliccompounds;Aromatic[‘?r?’m?tik]compounds;Heterocyclic[het?r?'saiklik]compounds.有機(jī)化合物主要分為三類：（1）脂肪族（Aliphatic）和脂環(huán)組（alicyclic

）化合物；（2）芳香族（Aromatic

）化合物；（3）雜環(huán)化（Heterocyclic）合物。57/107-ane

methane[‘meθein]propane['pr?upein]ethane['eθein]butane[bju:'tein]pentane['pentein]hexane[hek'sein]

heptane['heptein]

octane['?ktein]

nonane['n?nein]decane['dekein]undecane[?n'dekein]

dodecane['d?udikein]

Ifweremoveonehydrogenatomfromanalkane,weobtainwhatiscalledanalkylgroup.Thesealkylgroupshavenamesthatendin–yl.甲基乙基丙基58/1072.3NomenclatureofBranched-ChainAlkanes2-甲基己烷

3-甲基庚烷3-乙基-3-甲基己烷59/1072.3NomenclatureofBranched-ChainAlkanes

(6)Whentwoormoresubstituentsareidentical（相同）,indicatethisbytheuseoftheprefixes（前綴）di-,tri-,tetra-,andsoon.Thenmakecertainthateacheverysubstituenthasanumber.Commas（逗號）areusedtoseparatenumberfromeachother.60/1072.3NomenclatureofBranched-ChainAlkanes3,3-二甲基己烷2,3,4-三甲基己烷2,2,4,4-四甲基戊烷61/107NomenclatureofAlkenesandCycoalkenes

烯烴和環(huán)烯烴命名乙烯丙烯丁烯2-甲基丙烯或異丁烯[‘?θin]

['beti:li:n]

62/107烯烴存在順反異構(gòu)體，普通用“Z”和“E”來表示其異構(gòu)體構(gòu)型，“Z”表示雙鍵碳上優(yōu)先基團(tuán)在雙鍵同側(cè)，而“E”表示雙鍵碳上優(yōu)先基團(tuán)在雙鍵異側(cè)。當(dāng)雙鍵兩個碳原子上連接了相同基團(tuán)時，也能夠用“順（cis-）”表示這兩個相同基團(tuán)在雙鍵同側(cè)，反之就用用“反（trans-）”63/107Aromaticgroup[b?n’zin][‘f?n?l]['b?nzil]['n?fθ?li:n]['?nθr?si:n]

toluene[‘tɑlju’in]64/107o-dibromobenzene

Xylene['zaili:n]二甲苯o-ortho['?:θo?]鄰位m-meta['met?]

間位p-para，對位p-dinitrobenzeneChlorobenzene65/107Alcohol(phenol['fi:n?:l]

)（醇，苯酚）H3COH:

methanol(methylalcohol)H3C-CH2OH:Ethanol(Ethylalcohol)Suffixforprincipalgroup,OH:-ol66/107Ketone['ki:to?n](酮)Suffix:

…one

['pro?p?no?n]['kɑ:b?nil]67/107Aldehyde['?ldihaid]

(醛)Suffixes:-al,…aldehyde,Acrylic

[?’krilik]丙烯酸Acetic[?'si:tik]]醋酸68/107-COOH:“carboxylic[kɑ:b?k'silik]acid”CyclohexanecarboxylicacidBenzenecarboxylicacid;Benzoicacid69/107Acidanhydrides[?n'haidraid]

“acid”→“anhydride”Aceticanhydride(CH3CO)2OPropionicanhydride;BenzoicanhydrideCyclohexanecarboxylicanhydride(C6H5CO)2O

(C6H11CO)2O70/107Carboxylicacidamides(酰胺)

Propanamide;propionamideFormamide

[f?:'m?mid]

Acetamide[?sit'?maid]71/107aceticether

ethyl

acetate乙酸乙酯Acetone丙酮

acetylene

[?’s?tlin]乙炔Acetonitrile乙腈

72/107聚合物：基于起源命名法(Nomenclaturebasedonsource)特點(diǎn)：最簡單，尤其適于由一個單體組成聚合物命名：在單體名前加“poly”(中間不用spaceorhyphen相連)Eg.乙烯ethylene?聚乙烯polyethylene乙醛acetaldehyde?聚乙醛polyacetaldehyde73/107假如單體名是在母體上取代(Substitutedparentname)，或由多個單詞組成或名字尤其長,在“poly”以后加上圓括號Eg.3-methyl-1-pentene?poly(3-methyl-1-pentene)

Vinylchloride[‘vain?l]?poly(vinylchloride)3－甲基－1－戊烯?聚（3－甲基－1－戊烯）Vinylacetate乙酸乙烯酯74/107命名規(guī)則以下：前綴poly+（母體名稱＋結(jié)構(gòu)分類名稱）中間不用空格(space)或短線(hyphen)母體（parentcompound）按聚合物結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)分成不一樣類型，如：聚酯、聚酰胺等，然后找到該類聚合物詳細(xì)歸屬（即為哪一個酯，哪一個酰胺…...）75/107Polyamide聚酰胺Polyester聚酯Poly‘urethane[pɑli’j?r?θen]聚氨酯Polysiloxane

聚硅氧烷polyureas聚脲Polysulfide聚硫Polyacetal聚縮醛Polysulfone(polysulphone)聚砜Polyether聚醚Phenol-formaldehyde酚醛Urea-formaldehyde脲醛76/107共聚物命名共聚物命名沒有一個普遍接收命名系統(tǒng)因?yàn)楣簿畚锲胀煞譃闊o規(guī)、交替、嵌段、接枝四類，無規(guī)共聚物(randomcopolymer)交替共聚物(Alternatingcopolymer)嵌段共聚物(Blockcopolymer)接枝共聚物(Graftcopolymer)77/107無規(guī)Poly(A-co-B)(A-主單體；B-第二單體)Eg.Poly(styrene-co-methylmethacrylate)交替

Poly(A-alt-B)Eg.Poly(styrene-alt-maleicanhydride)嵌段Poly(A-b-B)（A,B－單體聚合次序）Eg.Poly(styrene-b-butadiene)接枝Poly(A-g-B)(A-主鏈單體；B-支鏈單體)Eg.Poly(styrene-g-methylmethacrylate中間連接詞，如：“co”,“alt”,“b”,“g”均用斜體(Italicscript)78/10779前者是技術(shù)性較強(qiáng)拉丁動詞，后者是技術(shù)意味較弱短詞動詞:add（添加）putin（放進(jìn)）consume（消耗）useup（用光）depress（壓下）pushdown（推下）equalize（賠償）makeup（賠償）

['i:kw?laiz]extinguish（滅）putafire（滅火）ignite（點(diǎn)燃）setfire（點(diǎn)燃）insert（插入）pushin（推進(jìn)）invert（顛倒）turnupsidedown（顛倒）

occupy（占據(jù)）fillup（裝滿）place（放）put（放）remove（去掉）takeoff/away（拿走）79/107前綴和后綴(prefixandsuffix)

mono- monocrystal/monophase/monoatomicdi- dipole/carbondioxidebi- bicycle/biphase/binarycompounds-less noiseless/stainlesssteel-phoneearphone/telephone/cellphone-icselectronics/physics80/107前綴和后綴(prefixandsuffix)

poly-

polymer/polyethylene/polyatomicamino-

aminoacid/aminobutene/aminobenzene...-anemethane/ethane/propane/butane...-ene/i:n/ethene/propene/butene...-yne/ain/ethyne/propyne/butyne...氨基丁烯氨基苯81/107大量使用合成詞（Composition）合成詞是專業(yè)英語中一大類詞，其組成面廣，多數(shù)以短劃線“－”連接單詞組成，或者采取短語組成。伴隨詞匯專用化，有些合成詞中間連線漸漸省略掉了，形成了一個獨(dú)立單詞。合成詞并非能夠隨意結(jié)構(gòu)，不然會造成一個非正常英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)，即使可由多個單詞組成合成詞，但這種合成方式太冗長，應(yīng)盡可能防止。82/107是由兩個或兩個以上舊詞合成一個新詞。合成詞副詞+過去分詞well-known著名名詞+名詞carbonsteel碳鋼rust-resistance防銹名詞+過去分詞computer-oriented研制計(jì)算機(jī)介詞+名詞by-product副產(chǎn)物動詞+副詞makeup化裝品check-up檢驗(yàn)形容詞+名詞atomicweight原子量periodictable周期表動詞+代詞+副詞pick-me-up興奮劑副詞+介詞+名詞out-of-door戶外83/10784科技英語中句子時態(tài)

科技英語中句子時態(tài)基本有兩種：一個是普通現(xiàn)在時，另一個是普通過去時。歐洲生物科學(xué)編輯協(xié)會在調(diào)查總結(jié)中對時態(tài)使用方法提出以下提議：84/10785敘述試驗(yàn)和試驗(yàn)結(jié)果時，句子用過去時態(tài)，比如：thex-rayphotoelectronspectroscopy[spek'tr?sk?upi]

(xps)studiesshowedthatPdwasinazero-valentstate.描述方法及作者對結(jié)果看法和敘述普通性規(guī)律時，用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。Bimetallic[,baimi't?lik]

catalysts['k?t?list]areasubjectofconsiderableinterestincatalysis[k?'t?lisis]

researchrecentlynotonlybecausetheactivitybutalsotheselectivityofthebimetalspeciesdiffersfromthatoftheircomponents.85/107

GrammarFeatures語法特點(diǎn)

客觀性（Objective）、準(zhǔn)確性（accuracy）、精練性(conciseness)

廣泛使用被動語態(tài)廣泛使用非謂語動詞短語后置形容詞短語作定語多

名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)代替主謂結(jié)構(gòu)多復(fù)雜長句使用頻繁

It句型使用頻繁短語86/107

主體是客觀現(xiàn)象及事物本身，而非動作發(fā)出者，把論證說明對象置于句子主語位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引讀者注意。廣泛使用被動語態(tài)(客觀性)Thestructureofamaterialcanbeinvestigatedonseverallevels.Solidmaterialsaregroupedinto

threebasicclassifications:metals,ceramicsandpolymers.87/107Theauthorhasalsodescribedthepurificationofchemicalsinthispaper.（作者在論文中還描述了化學(xué)藥品提純）—主動語態(tài)。Thepurificationofchemicalshasalsobeendescribedinthispaper（本文還描述了化學(xué)藥品提純）—被動語態(tài)88/107日常英語(1)Youcanrectifythisfaultifyouinsertawedge．科技英語(2)Rectificationofthisfaultisachievedbyinsertionofawedge．名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)名詞化發(fā)生在兩個地方。首先例(1)中謂語動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為(2)中名詞主語，其次，例(1)中狀語從句謂語動詞insert轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞結(jié)構(gòu)介詞短語來充當(dāng)狀語。89/107【漢語原句】本文首先討論了這種信號特點(diǎn)，然后討論了它產(chǎn)生。【錯誤翻譯】Thispaperfirstdiscussesthefeaturesofthissignal,andthenitsgenerationisdescribed.推薦翻譯：Thispaperbeginswiththediscussiononthefeaturesofthesignal,followedbythedescriptionofitsgeneration.90/107【漢語原句】文中比較了STM和ATM，表明ATM將是BISDN基礎(chǔ)AcomparisonofSTMwith(and)ATM(或AcomparisonbetweenSTMandATM)ismade,whichshowsthatATMwillbethebasisofBISDN.【錯誤翻譯】STMandATMarecompared.ItshowsthatATMshouldbethegroundofBISDN.精簡翻譯：AcomparisonbetweenSTMandATMshowsthatATMwillbethebasisofBISDN91/107【漢語原句】因?yàn)槿秉c(diǎn)存在，構(gòu)件疲勞壽命將大大降低?！惧e誤翻譯】Becauseoftheexistingofthedefect,thefatiguelifeofthecomponentswilldecreaseverymuch.【正確翻譯】Becauseof(Dueto)theexistenceofthedefect,thefatiguelifeofthecomponentswillbedecreased(shortened)greatly.【錯誤分析】三個錯誤:(1)existing應(yīng)改為existence，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是有名詞就不要動名詞形式；(2)willdecrease應(yīng)該為被動形式willbedecreased,因?yàn)樗峭饨缭蛟斐桑?3)verymuch應(yīng)該為greatly。92/107【漢語原句】這個問題有待處理?！惧e誤翻譯】Thisproblemwaitstosolve.【錯誤分析】中文式英文。兩個錯誤，(1)英美人表示“有待于”的概念常用remain，(2)問題被解決，所以應(yīng)該用被動語態(tài)。【正確翻譯】Thisproblemremainstobesolved.93/107

it充當(dāng)形式主語（邏輯主語是后面主語從句或不定式短語），防止句子“頭重腳輕”，是一個慣用句型。Itisveryimportant

(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable)to…

Itisclear

(possible,necessary,natural,inevitable,evident)that…Ithasbeenprovedthat…ItshouldbementionedthatItmustbeadmittedthat………It句型使用頻繁（準(zhǔn)確、精煉）其它慣用句型94/107含有表語或表語從句陳說句Thepurposeofthispaperis…本文目標(biāo)是…Theconclusionisthat…結(jié)論是…Thefactisthat…事實(shí)是…Thequestionisthat…問題在于……………其它慣用句型：95/107含賓語或賓語從句陳說句Testhaveproventhat…試驗(yàn)證實(shí)…Experiencehasshownthat…經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明…Calculationsindicatedthat…計(jì)算表明…Resultsdemonstratethat…結(jié)果證實(shí)…Fig.2illustrates…圖2表明了…Thisimpliesthat…這意味著…96/107Asalreadydiscussed前已討論Asexplainedbefore前已解釋Asdescribedabove如上所表示AsshowninFig.1如圖1所表示Asindicatedintable2如表2所說明Aspreviouslymentioned前已提到Ifpossible(necessary)假如可能（必要）Ifso倘若如此Wherepossible在可能情況下97/107In

何時表示“在···之后”，何時表示“在···之內(nèi)”？在未來時態(tài)句子中，若句中動詞屬于“終止性動詞”(如leave，start，begin，come，see等)或表示狀態(tài)“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”時，in表示“在···之后”。TheywillleaveforShanghaiinafewdays.Ourpresidentwillbebackintwodays.句中動詞為“延續(xù)性動詞”(如learn，study，draw，design，compute等)，in表示“在···之內(nèi)”。Mr.Wangcandrawabeautifulhorseinfiveminutes.Theresearchinstitutewilldesignanewtypeofcomputerintwomonths.98/107【漢語原句】該試驗(yàn)室從八點(diǎn)鐘開始。【錯誤翻譯】Theexperimentbeganfromeighto’clock.【錯誤分析】介詞from用錯了，應(yīng)該使用at?！菊_翻譯】Theexperimentbeganateighto’clock.99/107【漢語原句】電壓是用伏特來度量?！惧e誤翻譯】Voltageismeasuredwithvolt.【錯誤分析】兩個錯誤:一是這里“用”不該有with，英美人用in；另一個是volt這么單位要用復(fù)數(shù)形式（只有hertz除外，只用單數(shù)，因?yàn)槠鋸?fù)數(shù)難以組成）?！菊_翻譯】Voltageismeasuredinvolts.100/107一、加料過程慣用表述1.添加試劑Toamixture(suspension/solution)ofcompound12(487mg,1mmol)ando-plenylenediamine(948mg,6mmol)inCH2Cl2

(15ml)beingcoolento0℃wasaddedtheDCC(226mg,1.1mmol).Anhydrouslithiumiodide(1.38g,10.3mmol)wasaddedthefiveportions(dropwise/inoneportion/inportions)toastirredsolutionofcompound12(10.90g,51.5mmol)inCH2Cl2

(120ml).Around-bottomflaskwaschargedwithcompound3(1.75g,5.27mmol),LiCl(1.17g,26.3mmol),DMSO(100Ml)andH2O(378ul)101/1071.常溫/回流攪拌a.Thereactionmixture(solutionorsuspension)wasstirredat5℃for2hrsandthenkeptatroomtemperature(orambienttemperature)foranother2hrs(oro