高級(jí)英語LooseandPeriodicSentences省公開課一等獎(jiǎng)全國示范課微課金獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

Loose,andPeriodicSentences1/42

Fromarhetoricalpointofview,sentencesareloose,periodic,orbalanced.

I.loosesentenceandperiodicsentence1.Aloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;inotherwords,itputsfirstthingsfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.Thereversearrangementmakesaperiodicsentence:themainideaisexpressedatorneartheendofit,anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.(AHandbookofWritingDingWangdao)2/42a.ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.

b.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.ThemainideaofbothsentencesisthefactthatshedecidedtostudyEnglish.Thisideaisputatthebeginningofthefirstsentenceandattheendofthesecond,thusmakingonealoosesentenceandtheotheraperiodicone.Besides,thefirstpartofthefirstsentenceiscompleteinstructure,butthatofthesecondisonlyanadverbialclauseandcannotbecalledasentencewithoutthesecondpart.3/422.ThedefinitionofferedintheWebster’sNewWorldDictionary:Loosesentence(p.798):asentenceinwhichtheessentialelements,inthemainclause,comefirst,followedbysubordinateparts,modifiers,etc.,asinacompoundsentence.Periodicsentence(p.1005):asentenceinwhichtheessentialelements,inthemainclause,arewithhelduntiltheendorseparatedasbymodifiersorsubordinateclauses.4/42a.ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.b.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.5/423.ThedefinitioninEnglish(book6)givenbyProfessorYuDayin:Loosesentence:aloosesentenceisonethatmaybebroughttoagrammaticalclosebeforetheendisreached.Periodicsentence:aperiodicsentenceisonethatisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Forexample,YoucannotmakegreatprogressinEnglishwithoutgoodstudyhabits.Withoutgoodstudyhabits,youcannotmakegreatprogressinEnglish.6/42A.YoucannotmakegreatprogressinEnglishwithoutgoodstudyhabits.

B.Withoutgoodstudyhabits,youcannotmakegreatprogressinEnglish.Sentenceaandsentencebaresemanticallysame,butdifferentinstructure.Sentenceaisaloosesentence,butsentencebtheperiodicsentence.Themainideaisputatthebeginningofthefirstsentencefollowedbythesupplementandexplanationandattheendofthesecondsentence,thusmakingonealoosesentenceandtheotheraperiodicone.7/424.Translatedterms:loosesentence:松句《英語修辭》p,44；渙散句《大學(xué)英語》1993年第1期p.92；松句《英漢大詞典》p.1053。Periodicsentence:掉尾句《英語修辭》p,45;掉尾句《大學(xué)英語》1993年第1期p.92；尾重句，圓周句《英漢大詞典》p.1348。Thepopulartranslatedtermsare:loosesentence

渙散句Periodicsentence

掉尾句8/42

II.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesofsentences*Loosesentencesareeasier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect;periodicsentencesaremorecomplex,emphatic,formal,orliterary.

1.Hewasaninch,perhapstwo,undersixfeet,powerfullybuilt,andheadvancedstraightatyouwithaslightstoopoftheshoulders,headforward,andafixed-from-understarewhichmadeyouthinkofachargingbull.Hisvoicewasdeep,loud,andhismannerdisplayedakindofdoggedself-assertionwhichhadnothingaggressiveinit.

9/42Itseemedanecessity,anditwasdirectedapparentlyasmuchathimselfasatanybodyelse.Hewasspotlesslyneat,appareledinimmaculatewhitefromshoestohat,andinthevariousEasternportswherehegothislivingasship-chandler’swater-clerkhewasverypopular.Mostofthesentencesarecompoundandcompound-complex,andallofthem,exceptthesecondhalfofthelastsentence,arelooseinstructure.10/422.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.——JaneAustenThisisthesentencewithwhichJaneAustenbeginsherPrideandPrejudice.It’saperiodicsentencebecausethelastwordbeingthemostimportant,andbecausemanywordsarepiledupbeforethekeyword.11/42III.Themethodsofmakingloosesentencesandperiodicsentences1.Preposingorpostposingtheadverbialclause(1)

Loose

(postposition):Theworldwon’tendevenifwefailagainandagain.Periodic

(preposition):Evenifwefailagainandagain,theworldwon’tend.(2)

Loose

(postposition):BillhadcleanedtheroombeforeTomreturned.Periodic

(preposition):BeforeTomreturned,Billhadcleanedtheroom.12/422.Preposingorpostposingtheadverbialphrase(1)Loose(postposition):Billstartedtowritehiscompositionearlyinthemorning.Periodic(preposition):Earlyinthemorning,Billstartedtowritehiscomposition.(2)Loose(postposition):Wefeelmuchhonoredtohaveyoucometovisitourcountry.Periodic(preposition):Tohaveyoucometovisitourcountry,wefeelmuchhonored.13/423.Preposingorpostposingtheppl(participle)phrase(1)Loose(postposition):Shecameupshoulderingaspade.

Periodic(preposition):Shoulderingaspade,shecameup.(2)Loose(postposition):Hecameback,utterlyexhausted.

Periodic(preposition):Utterlyexhausted,hecameback.14/424.Preposingorpostposingtheprepositionalphrase(1)Loose(postposition):Tomwascuttingapieceofmetalwithgreatcare.

Periodic(preposition):Withgreatcare,Tomwascuttingapieceofmetal.(2)Loose(postposition):Thiswasdonewithoutmyknowledgeandwithoutmyconsent.

Periodic(preposition):Withoutmyknowledgeandwithoutmyconsent,thiswasdone.15/425.Preposingorpostposingtheapposition(1)Loose(postposition):TombecamefondofBill,acheerful,hard-workingapprentice.

Periodic(preposition):Acheerful,hard-workingapprentice,TombecamefondofBill.(2)Loose(postposition):Hereadallkindsofbooks,ancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign.

Periodic(preposition):Ancientandmodern,Chineseandforeign,hereadallkindsofbooks.16/426.Preposingorpostposingtheadjectiveoradjectivephrase(1)Loose(postposition):Shetookdownwhathesaid,conscientiousandeager.

Periodic(preposition):Conscientiousandeager,shetookdownwhathesaid.(2)Loose(postposition):Billwascleaningthelathefullofenergy.

Periodic(preposition):Fullofenergy,Billwascleaningthelathe.17/42IV.Therhetoricfunctionofloosesentenceandperiodicsentence1.loosesentence(1)loosesentencegivesprominencetoemphasesandcomesstraighttothepoint:ShewasofferedaprofessionalcontractafterwinningtheOlympicgoldmedalforfigureskating,accordingtothenewspaperreports.18/42Themostvaluableinformation--shewasofferedaprofessionalcontract--appearsatthebeginningofthesentenceandtheotherinformationfollows,whichisinaccordancewithourthinkingpractice.Forexample,Themoralimperativeto“getinvolved”isapplicableinthetiniestandthelargestofourdailyconsiderations,ineverythingfromhelpinganeighborallthewaytocaringaboutthestateoftheworld.

19/42Loosesentencesfitwritinginaflatwaymost.StephenLeacok,theCanadianwriter,describedamother’shardworkinaten-year-oldboy’sstain.Headoptedmanyloosesentenceswhichimpliestheboylingeringbetweenthematureandthena?vemindandsetsoffthemother’sendlesshardwork:20/42Well,wehadtheloveliestdayupamongthehillsthatyoucouldpossiblyimagine,andFathercaughtsuchbigspecimensthathefeltsurethatMothercouldn’thavelandedthemanyway,ifshehadbeenfishingforthem,andWillandIfishedtoo,thoughwedidn’tgetsomanyasFather,andthetwogirlsmetquitealotofpeoplethattheyknewaswedrovealong,andthereweresomeyoungmenfriendsoftheirsthattheymetalongthestreamandtalkedto,andsoweallhadasplendidtime.21/422.periodicsentence

causesanticipationandsuspenseinreadersbecausetheimportantinformationreadersareeagertoknowispostposedattheendofthesentence.ThoughJimThorpehadbroughtgreatglorytohisnation,thoughthousandsofpeoplecheeredhimuponhisreturntotheUnitedStagesandattendedbanquetsandaNewYorkparadeinhishonor,hewasnotacitizen.22/42Thetwothough….concessiveclausespushJimThorpe’spersonalachievementsandthecrazefromtheAmericanpeopletowardshimtotheclimax.Whenreadersfinishreadingthetwoclauses,theywilldesiretowaitfortheanswerbeingdisclosed;however,thewriteronlyusesfivewords-hewasnotacitizen(而他卻不是一個(gè)美國公民)-tobringtoasuddenendtothesentence.Duringthecourse,readersfollowtheanticipation-suspense-suddennesstrackandthisisthecharmofperiodicsentences.Pleasecompare:23/42Therewasalampburningonthetableintheemptyroomandalittlecatlyingnearthelamp.(loose)Onthetableburnedalampintheemptyroom,andnearitlayalittlecat.(periodic)Thekeywords—alampandalittlecat—arewithheldattheendofthesentenceb,sothesuspenseandanticipationcomesup.24/42periodicsentencescanfocusonexpressingthesadnessandhappinessofthewriterandstrengthenthepowerofthewords.Theoneabsolute,unselfishfriendamanmayhaveinthisselfishworld,theonethatneverdesertshim,theonethatneverprovesungratefulortreacherous,ishisdog.(ATributetotheDog--GeorgeGrahamWestThewriterusesthreeparallelconstructionsentencesandthreerepeatedonespushthenoblepersonalityofthisfrienduptothetop.However,theansweris—onlythreewords—ishisdog.

25/42V.BalancedsentenceWhenasentencecontainstwoormorepartsofthesameformandgrammaticalfunction,itisonewithparallelconstruction:

Letusberuthlessinourcriticism,crueltopersonalvanities,indifferenttoage,rankorexperienceifthesestandinourway.--NormanBerthune26/42

Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories,inregretsforthegoodolddays,orinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.One’sthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefuture,andtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.--BertrandRussellThefeelingofthenationmustbequickened;theconscienceofthenationmustberoused;theproprietyofthenationmustbestartled;thehypocrisyofthenationmustbeexposed;anditscrimesagainstGodandmenmustbeproclaimedanddenounced.--FrederickDouglass27/42Suchparallelsentencesareemphaticandforceful.Whenasentencecontainstwoparallelclausessimilarinstructurebutcontrastedinmeaning,itisabalancedsentence.Onhearingthenews,hewasangered,andIwassaddened.InPlato’sopinionmanwasmadeforphilosophy;inBacon’sopinionphilosophywasmadeforman.

--ThomasBabingtonMacaulay28/42Inaword,abalancedsentenceisoneinwhichsentenceelements(words,phrases,clauses)ofequalimportancearesetoffagainsteachother.Thusitisparticularlyeffectiveforcomparisonsandcontrasts,aswellasforemphaticstatements.Studythefollowingexamples:ThePresidentwantedanincreaseintaxestoreducethenationaldebt;theCongresswantedareductionintaxestostimulatebusiness.

29/42Thus,goodsentencesaremorethangrammaticallycorrect.Theyarevariedinlengthinwordorder,andintheirrhetoricalpatterns.Asyoureadessays,considerthesentencestructureofeachselection.Andasyouwriteyourownessays,applythetechniquesforattainingsentencevarietythatwehavediscussed.30/42ShortandLongSentenceShortsentencesareusuallyemphatic,whereaslongsentencesarecableofexpressingcomplexideaswithprecision,becauseitmaycontainmanymodifiers.Shortsentencesaresuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas,andlongsentencesfortheexplanationofviewsandtheories,orthedescriptionofthingswithmanydetails.31/42Lookatthefollowingpassagewhichmakesgooduseofshortsentences:Ourcityisonthethresholdofagreatera.Ofthiswecanbesure.Wemustbewillingtowork—andtospendinordertofulfillthepromiseofthefuture.Weneedalargepoliceforceforpublicprotection.Weneedamodernizedfiredepartment.Weneedanenlargedlibrary.Weneedtoimproveourwatersupply.Foralltheseneedsthereisbutonesolution.WemustseethatthebondissueisapprovedbythevotersintheNovemberelection.32/42Hereeachshortsentenceputsforwardanimportantsuggestion.Ifthepointsweregroupedintotwoorthreelongersentences,therewouldnotbetheforceandclarityoftheseshortsentences.33/42

Thefollowingpassagedescribeshowamansavedadrowninggirl:Hecrouchedalittle,spreadinghishandsunderthewaterandmovingthemround,tryingtofeelforher.Thedeadcoldpondswayeduponhischest.Hemovedagain,alittledeeper,andagain,withhishandsunderneath,hefeltallaroundunderthewater.Andhetouchedherclothing.Butitevadedhisfingers.Hemadeadesperateefforttograspit….34/42Helaidherdownonthebank.Shewasquiteunconsciousandrunningwithwater.Hemadethewatercomefromhermouth,heworkedtorestoreher.Hedidnothavetoworkverylongbeforehecouldfeelthebreathingbeginagaininher;shewasbreathingnaturally.Heworkedalittlelonger.Hecouldfeelherlivebeneathhishands;shewascomingback.Hewipedherface,wrappedherinhisovercoat,lookedroundintothedim,darkgrayworld,thenliftedherandstaggereddownthebankandacrossthefields.35/42Themanyshortsentencesintheabovepassagevividlydescribetheman’srapidmovementsandmakethereaderfeelthetensionthemanwasexperiencingatthemoment.Longsentencesarecommoninlegal,politicalandtheoreticalwriting,whichdependsonmodificationforaccuracy.36/42Art,inthesensehereintended—thatis,thegenetictermsubsumingpainting,sculpture,architecture,music,dance,literature,drama,andfilm—maybedefinedasthepracticeofcreatingperceptibleformsexpressiveofhumanfeeling.Isay“perceptible”ratherthan“sensuous”formsbecausesomeworksofartaregiventoimaginationratherthantotheoutwardsenses.Anovel,forinstance,usuallyisreadsilentlywiththeeye,butisnotmadeforvision,asapaintingis;andthoughsoundplaysavitalpartinpoetry,wordseveninpoetryarenotessentiallysonorous