oracle 備份恢復(fù)案例

/ORACLE備份&恢復(fù)案例ORACLEBACKUP&RESTORESCHEME第一章.理解什么是數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)恢復(fù)當(dāng)我們使用一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)時(shí)，總希望數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的內(nèi)容是可靠的、正確的，但由于計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的故障（硬件故障、軟件故障、網(wǎng)絡(luò)故障、進(jìn)程故障和系統(tǒng)故障）影響數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)的操作，影響數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中數(shù)據(jù)的正確性，甚至破壞數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，使數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中全部或部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)丟失。因此當(dāng)發(fā)生上述故障后，希望能重構(gòu)這個(gè)完整的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，該處理稱(chēng)為數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)恢復(fù)。恢復(fù)過(guò)程大致可以分為復(fù)原(Restore)與恢復(fù)(Restore)過(guò)程。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)恢復(fù)可以分為以下兩類(lèi)：1.1實(shí)例故障的一致性恢復(fù)當(dāng)實(shí)例意外地（如掉電、后臺(tái)進(jìn)程故障等）或預(yù)料地（發(fā)出SHUTDOUMABORT語(yǔ)句）中止時(shí)出現(xiàn)實(shí)例故障，此時(shí)需要實(shí)例恢復(fù)。實(shí)例恢復(fù)將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)恢復(fù)到故障之前的事務(wù)一致?tīng)顟B(tài)。如果在在線(xiàn)后備發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)例故障，則需介質(zhì)恢復(fù)。在其它情況ORACLE在下次數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)起動(dòng)時(shí)（對(duì)新實(shí)例裝配和打開(kāi)），自動(dòng)地執(zhí)行實(shí)例恢復(fù)。如果需要，從裝配狀態(tài)變?yōu)榇蜷_(kāi)狀態(tài)，自動(dòng)地激發(fā)實(shí)例恢復(fù)，由下列處理：（1）為了解恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)文件中沒(méi)有記錄的數(shù)據(jù)，進(jìn)行向前滾。該數(shù)據(jù)記錄在在線(xiàn)日志，包括對(duì)回滾段的內(nèi)容恢復(fù)。（2）回滾未提交的事務(wù)，按步1重新生成回滾段所指定的操作。（3）釋放在故障時(shí)正在處理事務(wù)所持有的資源。（4）解決在故障時(shí)正經(jīng)歷一階段提交的任何懸而未決的分布事務(wù)。1.2介質(zhì)故障或文件錯(cuò)誤的不一致恢復(fù)介質(zhì)故障是當(dāng)一個(gè)文件、一個(gè)文件的部分或磁盤(pán)不能讀或不能寫(xiě)時(shí)出現(xiàn)的故障。文件錯(cuò)誤一般指意外的錯(cuò)誤導(dǎo)致文件被刪除或意外事故導(dǎo)致文件的不一致。這種狀態(tài)下的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)都是不一致的，需要DBA手工來(lái)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的恢復(fù)，這種恢復(fù)有兩種形式，決定于數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)運(yùn)行的歸檔方式和備份方式。（1）完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)可恢復(fù)全部丟失的修改。一般情況下需要有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的備份且數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)運(yùn)行在歸檔狀態(tài)下并且有可用歸檔日志時(shí)才可能。對(duì)于不同類(lèi)型的錯(cuò)誤，有不同類(lèi)型的完全恢復(fù)可使用，其決定于毀壞文件和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的可用性。（2）不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)是在完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)不可能或不要求時(shí)進(jìn)行的介質(zhì)恢復(fù)。重構(gòu)受損的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，使其恢復(fù)介質(zhì)故障前或用戶(hù)出錯(cuò)之前的一個(gè)事務(wù)一致性狀態(tài)。不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)有不同類(lèi)型的使用，決定于需要不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)的情況，有下列類(lèi)型：基于撤消、基于時(shí)間和基于修改的不完全恢復(fù)?；诔废?CANCEL)恢復(fù)：在某種情況，不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)必須被控制，DBA可撤消在指定點(diǎn)的操作。基于撤消的恢復(fù)地在一個(gè)或多個(gè)日志組（在線(xiàn)的或歸檔的）已被介質(zhì)故障所破壞，不能用于恢復(fù)過(guò)程時(shí)使用，所以介質(zhì)恢復(fù)必須控制，以致在使用最近的、未損的日志組于數(shù)據(jù)文件后中止恢復(fù)操作。基于時(shí)間(TIME)和基于修改(SCN)的恢復(fù)：如果DBA希望恢復(fù)到過(guò)去的某個(gè)指定點(diǎn)，是一種理想的不完全介質(zhì)恢復(fù)，一般發(fā)生在恢復(fù)到某個(gè)特定操作之前，恢復(fù)到如意外刪除某個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表之前。第二章.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)恢復(fù)案例測(cè)試環(huán)境2.1數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)環(huán)境以下的所有案例都是通過(guò)測(cè)試經(jīng)過(guò)，環(huán)境為：OS：Windows2000ServerDB：Oracle816DBNAME：TEST數(shù)據(jù)文件：SQL>selectfromv$datafile;FILE#STATUSENABLEDNAME1SYSTEMREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF2ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF3ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF4ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TEMP01.DBF5ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF6ONLINEREADWRITED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF控制文件：SQL>select*fromv$controlfile;STATUSNAMED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL01.CTLD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL02.CTLD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\CONTROL03.CTL聯(lián)機(jī)日志：SQL>select*fromv$logfile;GROUP#STATUSMEMBER1STALED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\REDO01.LOG2D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\REDO02.LOG3STALED:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\REDO03.LOG2.2數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)備份腳本冷備份腳本remscript:coldbak.sqlremcreater:chenjipingremdate:5.8.2003remdesc:offlinefullbackupdatabase--connectdatabaseconnectinternal/password;--shutdowndatabaseshutdownimmediate;--CopyDatafile!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\*.dbfd:\database/H/R;--CopyControlfile!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\*.ctld:\database/H/R;--CopyLogfile!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\*.logd:\database/H/R;--startupdatabasestartup;說(shuō)明：1、以上腳本在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)關(guān)閉狀態(tài)下備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)所有的數(shù)據(jù)文件，聯(lián)機(jī)日志，控制文件（在一個(gè)目錄下），如果成功備份，所有文件是一致的。2、沒(méi)有備份參數(shù)文件，參數(shù)文件可以另外備份，沒(méi)有必要每次都備份，只需要在改變?cè)O(shè)置后備份一次。3、如果以上命令沒(méi)有成功依次執(zhí)行，那么備份將是無(wú)效的，如連接數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)不成功，那么肯定關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)也不成功，那么備份則無(wú)效4、冷備份建議下人工干預(yù)下執(zhí)行。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)OS熱全備份腳本remscript:hotbak.sqlremcreater:chenjipingremdate:5.8.2003remdesc:backupalldatabasedataarchive--connectdatabaseconnectinternal/password;--archivealtersystemarchivelogcurrent;--startaltertablespacesystembeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\system01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespacesystemendbackup;altertablespacerbsbeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\rbs01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespacerbsendbackup;altertablespaceusersbeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\users01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespaceusersendbackup;altertablespacetoolsbeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\tools01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespacetoolsendbackup;altertablespaceindxbeginbackup;!xcopyd:\oracle\oradata\test\indx01.dbfd:\databak/H/R;altertablespaceindxendbackup;--end--bakcontrolfile--binaryalterdatabasebackupcontrol'd:\databak\controlbinbak.000';--asciialterdatabasebackupcontroltrace;altersystemarchivelogcurrent;說(shuō)明：1、熱備份必須在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)歸檔方式下才可以運(yùn)行2、以上腳本可以在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)下備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)所有的數(shù)據(jù)文件（除了臨時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)文件），沒(méi)有必要備份聯(lián)機(jī)日志。3、歸檔日志至少需要一次完整備份之后的所有日志。4、如果以上命令沒(méi)有成功依次執(zhí)行，那么備份也是無(wú)效的，如連接數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)不成功，那么備份則無(wú)效RMAN備份只講敘有恢復(fù)目錄的情況，如果沒(méi)有恢復(fù)目錄，情形大致相似。以下是RMAN的熱備份全備份的腳本：#script:bakup.rcv#creater:chenjiping#date:5.8.2003#desc:backupalldatabasedataarchivewithrman#connectdatabaseconnectrcvcatrman/rman@back;connecttargetinternal/virpure;#startbackupdatabaserun{allocatechannelc1typedisk;backupfulltag'dbfull'format'd:\backup\full%u_%s_%p'databaseincludecurrentcontrolfile;sql'altersystemarchivelogcurrent';releasechannelc1;}#end說(shuō)明：數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)必須運(yùn)行在歸檔模式下RMAN將自動(dòng)備份數(shù)據(jù)文件，運(yùn)行可靠歸檔日志另外備份處理，但至少需要保存一次備份來(lái)的日志沒(méi)有必要用RMAN做冷備份，效果不好以上舉例說(shuō)明了數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的恢復(fù)案例的測(cè)試環(huán)境與部分備份測(cè)試腳本，其它的備份腳本可以根據(jù)以上腳本演變而來(lái)或在案例中加以說(shuō)明。數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的自動(dòng)實(shí)例將不加以說(shuō)明，這里只舉例說(shuō)明媒體錯(cuò)誤或人為錯(cuò)誤造成的恢復(fù)可能。以上包括以下案例都是在WINDOWS+ORACLE816上測(cè)試驗(yàn)證的，在不同的操作系統(tǒng)與不同的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)版本中略有差別。第三章.了解與恢復(fù)相關(guān)的信息1、理解報(bào)警日志文件報(bào)警日志文件一般記載了數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的啟動(dòng)/關(guān)閉信息，歸檔信息，備份信息，恢復(fù)信息，常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤信息，部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)修改記錄等。一般令名規(guī)則為<SID>Alrt.log或Alrt<SID>.log，如我的測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的報(bào)警日志文件的名稱(chēng)為testalrt.log。報(bào)警日志文件的路徑是根據(jù)初始化參數(shù)background_dump_dest來(lái)決定的，如在我的機(jī)器上，該參數(shù)值為D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump，那么，你就可以在該路徑下找到該文件2、后臺(tái)進(jìn)程跟蹤文件后臺(tái)進(jìn)程跟蹤文件的路徑與報(bào)警日志文件的路徑一致，在某些情況下，你可以通過(guò)后臺(tái)跟蹤文件的信息了解更多的需要恢復(fù)的信息。如在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)需要恢復(fù)的時(shí)候，報(bào)警日志文件中常有這樣的語(yǔ)句：ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile1-seeDBWRtracefile通過(guò)提示的DBWR跟蹤文件，可以查詢(xún)到更詳細(xì)的信息。3、v$recover_file與v$recovery_log這是兩個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)性能視圖，可以在mount下查看，通過(guò)這兩個(gè)視圖，你可以了解詳細(xì)的需要恢復(fù)的數(shù)據(jù)文件與需要使用到的歸檔日志。第四章.數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)恢復(fù)案例4.1非歸檔模式下的備份與恢復(fù)備份方案：采用OS冷備份1.連接數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)并創(chuàng)建測(cè)試表SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint);TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2.備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)SQL>@coldbak.sql或在DOS下svrmgrl@coldbak.sql3.再插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A124.關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdown.5.毀壞一個(gè)或多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件，如刪除user01.dbfC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF模擬媒體毀壞6.重新啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)如下錯(cuò)誤SQL>startupORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile3-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile3:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'在報(bào)警文件中，會(huì)有更詳細(xì)的信息ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile3-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile3:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。7.拷貝備份復(fù)原到原來(lái)位置(restore過(guò)程)C:\>xcopyd:\database\*.*d:\oracle\oradata\test/H/R/S8.打開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，檢查數(shù)據(jù)SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.SQL>select*fromtest;A1這里可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)恢復(fù)成功，但在備份之后與崩潰之前的數(shù)據(jù)丟失了。說(shuō)明：1、非歸檔模式下的恢復(fù)方案可選性很小，一般情況下只能有一種恢復(fù)方式，就是數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的冷備份的完全恢復(fù)，僅僅需要拷貝原來(lái)的備份就可以(restore)，不需要recover。2、這種情況下的恢復(fù)，可以完全恢復(fù)到備份的點(diǎn)上，但是可能是丟失數(shù)據(jù)的，在備份之后與崩潰之前的數(shù)據(jù)將全部丟失。3、不管毀壞了多少數(shù)據(jù)文件或是聯(lián)機(jī)日志或是控制文件，都可以通過(guò)這個(gè)辦法恢復(fù)，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)恢復(fù)過(guò)程是Restore所有的冷備份文件，而這個(gè)備份點(diǎn)上的所有文件是一致的，與最新的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)沒(méi)有關(guān)系，就好比把數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)又放到了一個(gè)以前的“點(diǎn)”上。4、對(duì)于非歸檔模式下，最好的辦法就是采用OS的冷備份，建議不要用RMAN來(lái)作冷備份，效果不好，因?yàn)镽MAN不備份聯(lián)機(jī)日志，restore不能根本解決問(wèn)題。5、如果沒(méi)有備份聯(lián)機(jī)日志，如RMAN的備份，就需要利用不完全恢復(fù)(untilcancel)的方法來(lái)重新創(chuàng)建聯(lián)機(jī)日志文件4.2歸檔模式下丟失或損壞一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件4.2.1OS備份方案在歸檔方式下?lián)p壞或丟失一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件，如果存在相應(yīng)的備份與該備份以來(lái)的歸檔日志，恢復(fù)還是比較簡(jiǎn)單的，可以作到盡量少的Down機(jī)時(shí)間，并能作到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的完全恢復(fù)。1、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，創(chuàng)建測(cè)試表并插入記錄SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint)tablespaceusers;TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)SQL>@hotbak.sql或在DOS下svrmgrl@hotbak.sql3、繼續(xù)在測(cè)試表中插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A12SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.4、關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdownC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF模擬媒體毀壞5、啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)錯(cuò)誤，脫機(jī)該數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>startupORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile3-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile3:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'還可以查看報(bào)警文件（見(jiàn)上一個(gè)恢復(fù)案例）或動(dòng)態(tài)視圖v$recover_file如SQL>select*fromv$recover_file;FILE#ONLINEERRORCHANGE#TIME3ONLINE10135002003-05-07脫機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>alterdatabasedatafile3offlinedrop;Databasealtered.6、打開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，拷貝備份回來(lái)(restore)，恢復(fù)(recover)該數(shù)據(jù)文件，并聯(lián)機(jī)SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.拷貝備份從備份處copyd:\databak\users01.dbfd:\oracle\oradata\test;恢復(fù)該數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>recoverdatafile3;ORA-00279:change1053698generatedat05/07/200317:51:26neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARCORA-00280:change1053698forthread1isinsequence#304Specifylog:{<RET>=suggested||AUTO|CANCEL}AUTOORA-00279:change1053701generatedat05/07/200317:51:39neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00305.ARCORA-00280:change1053701forthread1isinsequence#305ORA-00278:logfile'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARC'nolongerneededforthisrecoveryLogapplied.Mediarecoverycomplete.恢復(fù)成功，聯(lián)機(jī)該數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>alterdatabasedatafile3online;Databasealtered.7、檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的數(shù)據(jù)（完全恢復(fù)）SQL>select*fromtest;A12說(shuō)明：1、采用熱備份，需要運(yùn)行在歸檔模式下，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的完全恢復(fù)，也就是說(shuō)，從備份后到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)崩潰時(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)都不會(huì)丟失。2、可以采用全備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的方式備份，對(duì)于特殊情況，也可以只備份特定的數(shù)據(jù)文件，如只備份用戶(hù)表空間（一般情況下對(duì)于某些寫(xiě)特別頻繁的數(shù)據(jù)文件，可以單獨(dú)加大備份頻率）3、如果在恢復(fù)過(guò)程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)損壞的是多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件，即可以采用一個(gè)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件的恢復(fù)方法（第5步中需要對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)文件一一脫機(jī)，第6步中需要對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)文件分別恢復(fù)），也可以采用整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的恢復(fù)方法。4、如果是系統(tǒng)表空間的損壞，不能采用此方法4.2.2RMAN備份方案RMAN也可以進(jìn)行聯(lián)機(jī)備份，而且備份與恢復(fù)方法將比OS備份更簡(jiǎn)單可靠。1、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，創(chuàng)建測(cè)試表并插入記錄SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint)tablespaceusers;TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表空間usersC:\>rmanRecoveryManager:Release.0-ProductionRMAN>connectrcvcatrman/rman@backRMAN-06008:connectedtorecoverycatalogdatabaseRMAN>connecttargetinternal/virpureRMAN-06005:connectedtotargetdatabase:TEST(DBID=1788174720)RMAN>run{2>allocatechannelc1typedisk;3>backuptag'tsuser'format'd:\backup\tsuser_%u_%s_%p'4>tablespaceusers;5>releasechannelc1;6>}RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:allocateRMAN-03023:executingcommand:allocateRMAN-08030:allocatedchannel:c1RMAN-08500:channelc1:sid=16devtype=DISKRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:backupRMAN-03025:performingimplicitpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03023:executingcommand:backupRMAN-08008:channelc1:startingfulldataRMAN-08502:set_count=5set_stamp=494177612creation_time=16-MAY-03RMAN-08010:channelc1:specifyingdatafile(s)inbackupsetRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBFRMAN-08013:channelc1:piece1createdRMAN-08503:piecehandle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1comment=NONERMAN-08525:backupsetcomplete,elapsedtime:00:00:01RMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:releaseRMAN-03023:executingcommand:releaseRMAN-08031:releasedchannel:c1RMAN>3、繼續(xù)在測(cè)試表中插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A12SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.SQL>r1*altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.4、關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdownC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF5、啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，檢查錯(cuò)誤SQL>startupORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile3-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile3:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF'6、先打開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)SQL>alterdatabasedatafile3offlinedrop;Databasealtered.SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.7、恢復(fù)該表空間恢復(fù)腳本可以是恢復(fù)單個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件run{allocatechannelc1typedisk;restoredatafile3;recoverdatafile3;sql'alterdatabasedatafile3online';releasechannelc1;}也可以是,恢復(fù)表空間run{allocatechannelc1typedisk;restoretablespaceusers;recovertablespaceusers;sql'alterdatabasedatafile3online';releasechannelc1;}過(guò)程如下：C:\>rmanRecoveryManager:Release.0-ProductionRMAN>connectrcvcatrman/rman@backRMAN-06008:connectedtorecoverycatalogdatabaseRMAN>connecttargetinternal/virpureRMAN-06005:connectedtotargetdatabase:TEST(DBID=1788174720)RMAN>run{2>allocatechannelc1typedisk;3>restoredatafile3;4>recoverdatafile3;5>sql'alterdatabasedatafile3online';6>releasechannelc1;7>}RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:allocateRMAN-03023:executingcommand:allocateRMAN-08030:allocatedchannel:c1RMAN-08500:channelc1:sid=13devtype=DISKRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:restoreRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:IRESTORERMAN-03023:executingcommand:IRESTORERMAN-08016:channelc1:startingdatarestoreRMAN-08502:set_count=5set_stamp=494177612creation_time=16-MAY-03RMAN-08089:channelc1:specifyingdatafile(s)torestorefrombackupsetRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBFRMAN-08023:channelc1:restoredbackuppiece1RMAN-08511:piecehandle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN93AC_5_1tag=TSUSERparams=NULLRMAN-08024:channelc1:restorecompleteRMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recoverRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(1)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(2)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(3)RMAN-03023:executingcommand:recover(3)RMAN-08054:startingmediarecoveryRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(4)RMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence332isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00332.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence333isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00333.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence334isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00334.ARCRMAN-03023:executingcommand:recover(4)RMAN-08515:archivelog:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00332.ARCthread=1sequence=332RMAN-08055:mediarecoverycompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:sqlRMAN-06162:sqlstatement:alterdatabasedatafile3onlineRMAN-03023:executingcommand:sqlRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:releaseRMAN-03023:executingcommand:releaseRMAN-08031:releasedchannel:c1RMAN>8、檢查數(shù)據(jù)是否完整SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.SQL>select*fromtest;A12說(shuō)明：1、RMAN也可以實(shí)現(xiàn)單個(gè)表空間或數(shù)據(jù)文件的恢復(fù)，恢復(fù)過(guò)程可以在mount下或open方式下，如果在open方式下恢復(fù)，可以減少down機(jī)時(shí)間2、如果損壞的是一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件，建議offline并在open方式下恢復(fù)3、這里可以看到，RMAN進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)文件與表空間恢復(fù)的時(shí)候，代碼都比較簡(jiǎn)單，而且能保證備份與恢復(fù)的可靠性，所以建議采用RMAN的備份與恢復(fù)4.3丟失多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件，實(shí)現(xiàn)整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的恢復(fù)4.3.1OS備份方案OS備份歸檔模式下?lián)p壞（丟失）多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件，進(jìn)行整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的恢復(fù)1、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，創(chuàng)建測(cè)試表并插入記錄SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint);TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，備份除臨時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)文件后的所數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>@hotbak.sql或在DOS下svrmgrl@hotbak.sql3、繼續(xù)在測(cè)試表中插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A12SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.4、關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdownC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF模擬媒體毀壞（這里刪除多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件）5、啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，檢查錯(cuò)誤SQL>STARTUPORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile1-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile1:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'詳細(xì)信息可以查看報(bào)警文件ORA-1157signalledduring:ALTERDATABASEOPEN...ThuMay0809:39:362003ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile1-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile1:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。ThuMay0809:39:362003ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile2-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile2:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。ThuMay0809:39:362003ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile5-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile5:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。ThuMay0809:39:362003ErrorsinfileD:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile6-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile6:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF'ORA-27041:unabletoopenfileOSD-04002:unabletoopenfileO/S-Error:(OS2)系統(tǒng)找不到指定的文件。通過(guò)查詢(xún)v$recover_file可以看到SQL>select*fromv$recover_file;FILE#ONLINEERRORCHANGE#TIME1ONLINEFOUND02ONLINEFOUND05ONLINEFOUND06ONLINEFOUND0有四個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件需要恢復(fù)6、拷貝備份回到原地點(diǎn)(restore)，開(kāi)始恢復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(recover)restore過(guò)程:C:\>copyD:\DATABAK\SYSTEM01.DBFD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\C:\>copyD:\DATABAK\TEST\INDX01.DBFD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\C:\>copyD:\DATABAK\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\C:\>copyD:\DATABAK\TEST\RBS01.DBF.DBFD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\Recover過(guò)程:SQL>recoverdatabase;ORA-00279:change1073849generatedat05/08/200308:58:35neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00311.ARCORA-00280:change1073849forthread1isinsequence#311Specifylog:{<RET>=suggested||AUTO|CANCEL}autoORA-00279:change1073856generatedat05/08/200309:03:27neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00312.ARCORA-00280:change1073856forthread1isinsequence#312ORA-00278:logfile'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00311.ARC'nolongerneededforthisrecoveryORA-00279:change1073858generatedat05/08/200309:11:43neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00313.ARCORA-00280:change1073858forthread1isinsequence#313ORA-00278:logfile'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00312.ARC'nolongerneededforthisrecoveryORA-00279:change1073870generatedat05/08/200309:11:46neededforthread1ORA-00289:suggestion:D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00314.ARCORA-00280:change1073870forthread1isinsequence#314ORA-00278:logfile'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00313.ARC'nolongerneededforthisrecoveryLogapplied.Mediarecoverycomplete.7、打開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的數(shù)據(jù)（完全恢復(fù)）SQL>alterdatabaseopen;Databasealtered.SQL>select*fromtest;A12說(shuō)明：1、只要有備份與歸檔存在，就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的完全恢復(fù)（不丟失數(shù)據(jù)）2、適合于丟失大量數(shù)據(jù)文件，或包含系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)文件在內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的恢復(fù)3、恢復(fù)過(guò)程在mount下進(jìn)行，如果恢復(fù)成功，再打開(kāi)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，down機(jī)時(shí)間可能比較長(zhǎng)一些。4.3.2RMAN備份方案RMAN備份歸檔模式下?lián)p壞（丟失）多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件，進(jìn)行整個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的恢復(fù)1、連接數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，創(chuàng)建測(cè)試表并插入記錄SQL*Plus:Release.0-ProductiononTueMay613:46:322003(c)Copyright1999OracleCorporation.Allrightsreserved.SQL>connectinternal/passwordassysdba;Connected.SQL>createtabletest(aint);TablecreatedSQL>insertintotestvalues(1);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;Commitcomplete2、備份數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)DOS下C:>\rmancmdmsglog=backup.log;以下是backup.log內(nèi)容。RecoveryManager:Release.0-ProductionRMAN>#script:bakup.rcv2>#creater:chenjiping3>#date:5.8.20034>#desc:backupalldatabasedataarchivewithrman5>6>#connectdatabase7>connectrcvcatrman/rman@back;8>connecttargetinternal/virpure;9>10>#startbackupdatabase11>run{12>allocatechannelc1typedisk;13>backupfulltag'dbfull'format'd:\backup\full%u_%s_%p'database14>includecurrentcontrolfile;15>sql'altersystemarchivelogcurrent';16>releasechannelc1;17>}18>#end19>RMAN-06008:connectedtorecoverycatalogdatabaseRMAN-06005:connectedtotargetdatabase:TEST(DBID=1788174720)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:allocateRMAN-03023:executingcommand:allocateRMAN-08030:allocatedchannel:c1RMAN-08500:channelc1:sid=15devtype=DISKRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:backupRMAN-03023:executingcommand:backupRMAN-08008:channelc1:startingfulldataRMAN-08502:set_count=4set_stamp=494074368creation_time=15-MAY-03RMAN-08010:channelc1:specifyingdatafile(s)inbackupsetRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBFRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBFRMAN-08011:includingcurrentcontrolbackupsetRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TEMP01.DBFRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBFRMAN-08522:inputdataname=D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBFRMAN-08013:channelc1:piece1createdRMAN-08503:piecehandle=D:\BACKUP\FULL04EN5UG0_4_1comment=NONERMAN-08525:backupsetcomplete,elapsedtime:00:01:16RMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:sqlRMAN-06162:sqlstatement:altersystemarchivelogcurrentRMAN-03023:executingcommand:sqlRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:releaseRMAN-03023:executingcommand:releaseRMAN-08031:releasedchannel:c1RecoveryManagercomplete.到這里表示備份成功。3、繼續(xù)在測(cè)試表中插入記錄SQL>insertintotestvalues(2);1rowinsertedSQL>commit;CommitcompleteSQL>select*fromtest;A12SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.SQL>altersystemswitchlogfile;Systemaltered.4、關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，模擬丟失數(shù)據(jù)文件SQL>shutdownimmediate;Databaseclosed.Databasedismounted.ORACLEinstanceshutdownC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFC:\>delD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF5、啟動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，檢查錯(cuò)誤SQL>STARTUPORACLEinstancestarted.TotalSystemGlobalArea102020364bytesFixedSize70924bytesVariableSize85487616bytesDatabaseBuffers16384000bytesRedoBuffers77824bytesDatabasemounted.ORA-01157:cannotidentify/lockdatafile1-seeDBWRtracefileORA-01110:datafile1:'D:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'查詢(xún)v$recover_fileSQL>select*fromv$recover_file;FILE#ONLINEERRORCHANGE#TIME1ONLINEFOUND02ONLINEFOUND05ONLINEFOUND06ONLINEFOUND0可以知道有四個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件需要恢復(fù)6、利用RMAN進(jìn)行恢復(fù)C:\>rmanRecoveryManager:Release.0-ProductionRMAN>connectrcvcatrman/rman@backRMAN-06008:connectedtorecoverycatalogdatabaseRMAN>connecttargetinternal/virpureRMAN-06005:connectedtotargetdatabase:TEST(DBID=1788174720)RMAN>run{2>allocatechannelc1typedisk;3>restoredatabase;4>recoverdatabase;5>sql'alterdatabaseopen';6>releasechannelc1;7>}RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:allocateRMAN-03023:executingcommand:allocateRMAN-08030:allocatedchannel:c1RMAN-08500:channelc1:sid=17devtype=DISKRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:restoreRMAN-03025:performingimplicitpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:IRESTORERMAN-03023:executingcommand:IRESTORERMAN-08016:channelc1:startingdatarestoreRMAN-08502:set_count=4set_stamp=494074368creation_time=15-MAY-03RMAN-08089:channelc1:specifyingdatafile(s)torestorefrombackupsetRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TEMP01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBFRMAN-08523:restoringdatatoD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBFRMAN-08023:channelc1:restoredbackuppiece1RMAN-08511:piecehandle=D:\BACKUP\FULL04EN5UG0_4_1tag=DBFULLparams=NULLRMAN-08024:channelc1:restorecompleteRMAN-03023:executingcommand:partialresyncRMAN-08003:startingpartialresyncofrecoverycatalogRMAN-08005:partialresynccompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recoverRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(1)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(2)RMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(3)RMAN-03023:executingcommand:recover(3)RMAN-08054:startingmediarecoveryRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:recover(4)RMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence327isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00327.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence328isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00328.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence329isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00329.ARCRMAN-06050:archivelogthread1sequence330isalreadyondiskasfileD:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00330.ARCRMAN-03023:executingcommand:recover(4)RMAN-08515:archivelog:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00327.ARCthread=1sequence=327RMAN-08515:archivelog:\ORACLE\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00328.ARCthread=1sequence=328RMAN-08055:mediarecoverycompleteRMAN-03022:compilingcommand:sqlRMAN-06162:sqlstatement:alterdatabaseopenRMAN-03023:executingcommand:sqlRMAN-03022:compilingcomma