綜合商務英語（第3冊）（第二版）課件 U1 International Organization

綜合商務英語（第3冊）Unit1

（第二版）InternationalOrganization目錄CONTENTS1Lead-inThreeQuestions2TextA

UnderstandingtheWTO3ExercisesReferenceKeys4TextB5BRICSBuildingaFairerWorldCaseStudyLead-in第一單元1Lead-inThreequestions1.WhatisyourunderstandingoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)?2.HowdoestheWTOwork?3.WhatdoyouknowabouttheUruguayRound?Open-mindedTextAUnderstandingtheWTO第一單元2QuestionsonTextA(1)WhataretheprinciplesoftheWTOagreementsthatmakethefoundationforthe

multilateraltradingsystem?(2)WhatwastheoriginalpurposeoftheWTO?(3)Howdoestheprincipleofnon-discriminationembodyintheWTOagreements?(4)Listthetypesoftradebarriersinthetext.(5)WhydiddevelopingcountriesplayanactiveroleintheUruguayRoundNegotiations?QuestionsonTextAWhataretheprinciplesoftheWTOagreementsthatmakethefoundationforthemultilateraltradingsystem?--TheprinciplesoftheWTOagreements,suchastradewithoutdiscrimination,freetradethroughnegotiation,faircompetition,developmentencouragementandeconomicreform,makethefoundationforthemultilateraltradingsystem.QuestionsonTextA(2)WhatwastheoriginalpurposeoftheWTO?--TheoriginalpurposeoftheWTOwastoassistits164membersinprotectingandmanagingtheirimportandexportbusinesses,alongwithhelpingproducersofgoodsandservicesthriveacrosstheworld.QuestionsonTextA(3)Howdoestheprincipleofnon-discriminationembodyintheWTOagreements?--Theprincipleofnon-discriminationembodiestwoaspectsintheWTOagreements:most-favored-nation(MFN)andnationaltreatment.QuestionsonTextA(4)Listthetypesoftradebarriersinthetext.--Tariffbarriersonimportbansandquotasandnon-tariffbarriersongoods,servicesandintellectualproperty.QuestionsonTextA(5)WhydiddevelopingcountriesplayanactiveroleintheUruguayRoundnegotiations?--ThedevelopingcountriesintheUruguayRoundnegotiationsledtothetransformationofGATTintotheWTOtohelpregulateandliberalizeinternationaltrade.U1:TextAUnderstandingtheWTO1

TheWorldTradeOrganization,commonlyknownastheWTO,isaninternationalplatformwherememberedcountriesnegotiateandarbitratetradeagreements.Foundedin1995,theprimarypurposeofthisorganizationistoassistits164membersinprotectingandmanagingtheirimportandexportbusinesses,alongwithhelpingproducersofgoods.andservicesthriveontheglobalscale.ButtheWTOisnotonlyaboutliberalizingtrade,asinsomecircumstances,itsruleshavesupportedtradebarrierstoprotectcustomers,localworkers,andcommunitiesfrombeingexploitedbymajorinternationalcompanies,aswellastopreventthespreadofdiseasesandenvironmentprotection.2

WTOagreementsarelengthyandcomplexduetothelegallanguagecoveringawiderangeofactivities,suchasagriculture,textilesandclothing,banking,telecommunications,governmentpurchases,industrialstandardsandproductsafety,foodsanitationregulations,intellectualproperty,andmuchmore.Butanumberofsimple,fundamentalprinciplesrunthroughoutallofthesedocuments.Theseprinciplesarethefoundationofthemultilateraltradingsystem.

A.TradeWithoutDiscrimination

1.Most-Favored-Nation(MFN)3TreatingothersequallyundertheWTOagreements,countriesshallnotdiscriminatebetweentheirtradingpartners.Ifacountrygrantsanothernationwithspecialfavors,suchasloweringcustomdutyratesforoneoftheirproducts,theofferingcountryhastodothesameforallotherWTOmembers.Thisprinciple,knownasthemost-favored-nation(MFN)treatment,ispivotalforallparticipantsinvolvedintogoverntradeproperly.AppearingasthefirstarticleoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT),MFNisalsoapriorityintheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)andtheAgreementonTradeRelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS).Together,thesethreeagreementscoverthemainareasoftradehandledbytheWTO.4

Thereare,however,somescenarioswherethepurposeofimplementingthemost-favored-nationpolicyarenotupheld.Forexample,countriescansetupafreetradeagreementthatappliesonlytogoodstradedwithinWTOmembers—discriminatingagainstgoodsfromoutside.Ortheycangivedevelopingcountriesspecialaccesstotheirmarkets.Oracountrycanraisebarriersagainstproductsthatareconsideredtobetradedunfairlyfromspecificcountries.Moreover,somecountriesdiscriminateinservices,whichareallowedbutinlimitedcircumstances.Ingeneral,MFNmeansthateverytimeacountrylowersatradebarrieroropensupamarket,ithastodosoforthesamegoodsorservicesforallitstradingpartners—whetherrichorpoor,weakorstrong.

2.NationalTreatment:TreatingForeignersandLocalsEqually5Importedandlocallyproducedgoodsshouldbetreatedequallyaftertheforeigngoodshaveenteredthemarket.Thesameshouldapplytoforeignanddomesticservices,andtoforeignandlocaltrademarks,copyrightsandpatents.Thisprincipleof“nationaltreatment”(givingothersthesametreatmentasone’sownnationals)isalsofoundinWTOagreements.

6Nationaltreatmentonlyapplieswhenaproduct,serviceoritemofintellectualpropertyhasenteredthemarket.Therefore,chargingcustomsdutyonanimportisnotaviolation

ofnationaltreatmenteveniflocally-producedproductsarenotchargedanequivalenttax.

B.EnablingBetterFreeTradeThroughNegotiation7Loweringtradebarriersisoneofthemostobviousmeansofencouragingtrade.Thebarriersconcernedincludecustomsdutiesortariffsandmeasures,suchasimportbansorquotasthatrestrictquantitiesselectively.Fromtimetotime,otherissuessuchasredtapeandexchangeratepolicieshavealsobeendiscussed.SincecreatingtheGATTin1947,therehavebeennineroundsoftradenegotiations.Theyfocusedonloweringtariffsonimportedgoods,leadingtoitsratesfallingsteadilytolessthan4%bythemid-1990s.Moreover,thesetradenegotiationsexpandedtocovernon-tariffbarriersongoods,services,andintellectual

property.

8Openingmarketscanbebeneficial,butitalsorequiresadjustment.TheWTOagreementsallowcountriestointroducechangesgradually,throughprogressiveliberalization.Developingcountriesareusuallygivenlongertimetofulfiltheirobligations.C.PromotingFairCompetition9TheWTOissometimesdescribedasa“freetrade”institution,butthatisnotentirelyaccurate.Thesystemdoesallowtariffsand—inlimitedcircumstances—otherformsofprotection.Moreaccurately,itisasystemofrulesdedicatedtoopen,fair,andundistortedcompetition.

10Therulesonnon-discrimination—MFNandnationaltreatment—aredesignedtosecurefairconditionsoftrade,includingthoseondumping(exportingatbelowcosttogainmarketshare)andsubsidies.Theissuesarecomplex,andtherulestrytoestablishwhatisfairorunfair,andhowgovernmentscanrespond,inparticularbychargingadditionalimportdutiescalculatedtocompensatefordamagecausedbyunfairtrade.

11ManyoftheotherWTOagreementsaimtosupportfaircompetition,suchasinagriculture,intellectualproperty,andservices.Theagreementongovernmentprocurement(a“plurilateral”agreementsignedbyonlyafewWTOmembers)extendscompetitionrulestopurchasesbythousandsofgovernmententitiesinmanycountries.

D.EncouragingDevelopmentandEconomicReform12AstheWTOcontributestoeconomicdevelopment,developingcountriesneedadditionalflexibilityinthetimetheytaketoimplementthisplatform’sagreementsduetolackofeconomicstrengthorresources.Thus,theagreementsthemselvesinherittheearlierprovisionsofGATTthatallowforspecialassistanceandtradeconcessionsfordevelopingcountries.13OverthreequartersofWTO’s164membersaredevelopingcountriesandcountriesintransitiontomarketeconomies.Duringtheeighthroundofmultilateraltradenegotiationsspanningfrom1986to1994,knownastheUruguayRound,over60ofthesecountriesimplementedtradeliberalizationprogramsautonomously.Concurrently,developingcountriesandtransitioneconomiesweremuchmoreactiveandinfluentialintheUruguayRoundNegotiationsthaninanypreviousroundofnegotiations,leadingtothetransformationofGATTintotheWTOtohelpregulateandliberalizeinternationaltradethatweseetoday.arbitrate/'ɑ?b?tre?t/v.tomakeajudgementinanagreementattherequestofbothsides仲裁；公斷（TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.仲裁協(xié)議包括合同中的仲裁條款或者其他書面仲裁協(xié)議。—Anarbitrationagreementincludesanarbitrationclauseinacontractoranyotherwrittenagreementtoarbitrate.sanitation/?s?n?'te??(?)n/n.theuseofequipmentandsystemtoprotectpublichealth,especiallybytheremovingofwaste公共設施體系(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.確保食品和安全飲用水的供應以及努力恢復良好的衛(wèi)生設施是至關重要的。—Ensuringsupplyoffoodandsafedrinkingwaterandtryingtorestoregoodsanitationarecritical.discriminate/d?'skr?m?ne?t/v.totreatpersonsorgroupsunfairly歧視；區(qū)別對待(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.歧視其他種族的人是不公平的?！狪tisunjusttodiscriminateagainstpeopleofotherraces.pivotal/'p?v?t(?)l/adj.ofthegreatimportancebecauseotherthingsdependonit關鍵性的；核心的(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.中國在促進世界和平與發(fā)展方面發(fā)揮著關鍵的作用?！狢hinaplaysapivotalroleinpromotingworldpeaceanddevelopment.scenario/s?'nɑ?r???/n.adescriptionofhowthingsmighthappeninthefuture設想；方案(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.我們需要簡單的解決方案，而不是復雜的方案?！猈eneedsimplesolutionsratherthancomplexscenarios.trademark/'tre?dmɑ?k/n.aname,symbolordesignusedlegallybyacompanyforitsproducts商標(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.解放橋有著悠久的歷史，是天津的象征之一，可以說是這座城市的標志性橋梁?！猈ithitsrichhistory,theLiberationBridgeisoneofthesymbolsofTianjinandmaybeknownasthecity’strademarkbridge.copyright/'k?p?ra?t/n.therightinlawtobetheonlyproducerorsellerofabook,play,filmorrecordforafixedperiodoftime版權；著作權(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.像小說家、畫家和音樂家一樣，版權將某些專有權擴展到軟件程序的創(chuàng)建者?！狝sitdoesforanovelist,painterandmusician,copyrightextendscertainexclusiverightstothecreatorofasoftwareprogram.patent/'p?t(?)nt/n.adocumentfromagovernmenttoproveaperson’srighttomakeorsellanewinvention專利證書(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.愛因斯坦在瑞士專利局當職員時提出了相對論?！狤insteinworkedouthistheoryofrelativitywhileservingasaclerkinaSwisspatentoffice.violation/?va??'le??(?)n/n.anactionthatisinoppositiontoalaw,agreementprinciple,etc.違反；侵犯(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.法官稱這一決定“公然違反了國際法”?！猅hejudgecalledthedecision“aflagrantviolationofinternationallaw.”dumping/'d?mp??/n.theactorpracticetosellgoodsatalowerpriceabroadthanathome傾銷(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.WTO周五表示，上訴機構維持了此前的裁決，即歐盟的部分傾銷規(guī)則與WTO規(guī)則不符?！猅heWTOonFridaysaidtheAppellateBodyupheldearlierfindingsthatpartoftheEU’sdumpingruleswereinconsistentwithWTOrules.subsidy/'s?bs?di/n.moneythatispaidbyagovernmentoranorganizationtomakeproductsorservicescheapertobuy補貼；津貼(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.根據(jù)WTO規(guī)則，貿(mào)易補貼只有在對特定案件事實進行調(diào)查后才能確定?！猆nderWTOrules,atradesubsidycanonlybedeterminedafteraninvestigationofthefactsinaparticularcase.compensate/'k?mpense?t/v.toprovidewithasuitablepaymentforsomeloss,damage,inconvenience,etc.補償；賠償(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.國內(nèi)銷售的激增彌補了出口銷售的下滑?！狝surgeindomesticsaleshelpedcompensateforafall-offinexportsales.procurement/pr?'kj??m?nt/n.theactoforderingandbuyingtheequipment,supplies,andservicesneededbyacompanyorotherorganizations采購(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.可口可樂公司的采購主管表示，限量供應推高了金屬成本。—ProcurementofficeratCocaColahassaidthelimitedreleasesaredrivingmetalcostshigher.provision/pr?'v??(?)n/n.apartoflaw,contract,agreementthatrelatestoaparticularsubject條款；規(guī)定(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.據(jù)知情人士透露，這一條款是上周被納入救助法案的?！猅heprovisionwasinsertedintotherescuelegislationlastweek,accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththematter.concurrently/k?n'k?r?ntli/adv.existingorhappeningatthesametime同時發(fā)生地(TEM-4;CET-4)e.g.執(zhí)行董事可以兼任公司總經(jīng)理?！猅heexecutivedirectormayserveconcurrentlyasthegeneralmanagerofthecompany.StructureofTextAIntroductionWTO:aninternationalplatformwherememberedcountriesnegotiateandarbitratetradeagreements.

?tradewithoutdiscriminationWTOAgreementsFoundedtimePrimarypurposeTradebarriers?enablingbetterfreetradethroughnegotiation?promotingfaircompetition?encouragingdevelopmentandeconomicreformExercises第一單元32.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(1)Foundedin1995,theprimarypurposeofthisorganizationistoassistits164membersinprotectingandmanagingtheirimportandexportbusinesses,alongwithhelpingproducersofgoodsandservicesthriveontheglobalscale.thrive:boom;flourishEstablishedin1995,thefundamentalobjectiveofthisorganizationistohelpits164membersprotectandmanagetheirimportandexportbusinessesandmakemanufacturersofgoodsandservicesboomingglobally.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(2)Thisprinciple,knownasthemost-favored-nation(MFN)treatment,ispivotalforallparticipantsinvolvedintogoverntradeproperly.pivotal:essential;important;crucialAsaprinciple,themost-favored-nation(MFN)treatmentplaysanimportantroletomakeparticipantsmanagetheirtradeappropriately.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(3)Therefore,chargingcustomsdutyonanimportisnotaviolationofnationaltreatmenteveniflocally-producedproductsarenotchargedanequivalenttax.chargeon:collect;imposeThus,collectingimporttariffdoesn’tviolatethenationaltreatment,althoughlocally-producedproductsarenottaxedatthesamerate.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(4)Fromtimetotime,otherissuessuchasredtapeandexchangeratepolicieshavealsobeendiscussed.redtape:bureaucracyFrequently,otherissuessuchasbureaucracyandexchangeratepolicieshavealsobeendiscussed.2.Paraphrase:Replacetheexpressionsofthebold.(5)Moreaccurately,itisasystemofrulesdedicatedtoopen,fair,andundistortedcompetition.dedicatedto:devotedto;contributedtoMoreexactly,itisasystemofrulesdevotedtoopen,fair,andundistortedcompetition.3.

Vocabulary:

CompletethefollowingsentencesabouttheWTOwiththewordsinthebox,andchangetheformifnecessary.YoucantalkaboutthefunctionoftheWTOandotherinternationalorganizationsonthebasisofthewordsinthebox.multilateral b.implement c.procedure d.regularlye.contribution f.adopt g.intensive h.commitment(1)TheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)putsignificantemphasisontherolethattradeplaysinpromotingsustainabledevelopmentandrecognizethe

thattheWTOcanmaketothe2030Agenda.(2)TheWTOAgreementonFisheriesSubsidies,

atthe12thMinisterialConferenceon17June2022,marksamajorstepforwardforoceansustainabilitybyprohibitingharmfulfisheriessubsidies.

g

fmultilateral b.implement c.procedure d.regularlye.contribution f.adopt g.intensive h.commitment(3)Twenty-threecountriessignedtheFinalActoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)on30October1947afteraperiodof

negotiations.(4)MembercountriesshouldnotifytheWTOwhentheyintroducenewimportlicensing

orchangeexistingprocedures.

c

bmultilateral b.implement c.procedure d.regularlye.contribution f.adopt g.intensive h.commitment(5)Rulesoforiginarethecriteriausedtodefinewhereaproductwasmadeandareimportantfor

othertradepolicymeasures,includingtradepreferences,quotas,anti-dumpingmeasuresandcountervailingduties.(6)Oneresultof

theUruguayRoundwascountries’

to

cut

tariffs

and

to

bind

theircustomsdutyratestolevelswhicharedifficulttoraise.hmultilateral b.implement c.procedure d.regularlye.contribution f.adopt g.intensive h.commitment(7)TheWTOAgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights

(TRIPS)

is

themostcomprehensive

agreementonintellectual

property.a(8)TheGeneralCouncilistheWTO’shighest-leveldecision-makingbodyinGeneva,meeting

tocarryoutthefunctionsoftheWTO.d4.Cloze:Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.[A]regional

[B]dedicated[C]presented

[D]assist[E]oversees[F]detailed[G]evaluate[H]inparticular[I]contribution

[J]sustainable[K]respondsto

[L]coordinated[M]priority[N]determine[O]provisionTechnicalassistanceactivitiesaimtohelpdevelopingcountriestakefulladvantageofthemultilateraltradingsystem.WithintheWTOSecretariat,theseactivitiesare(1)

bytheInstituteforTrainingandTechnicalCooperation(ITTC),basedontechnicalassistanceandtrainingplans.TheCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentregularly(2)

allTrade-RelatedTechnicalAssistanceactivities.

LETheWTO’stechnicalassistanceandtrainingplanscontaindetailedinformationonalloftheWTOSecretariat’sTechnicalAssistance“products”aswellasonindividualactivities.TheWTO(3)

specificnationaland(4)

needsinlinewithitsProgressiveLearningStrategy,whichprovidesgraduatedlevelsoftrainingtocourseparticipants.Aresults-basedmanagementapproachisusedtomonitorand(5)

theseactivitiesandtofurtherdeveloptheassistanceprovided.

K

G[A]regional

[B]dedicated[C]presented

[D]assist[E]oversees[F]detailed[G]evaluate[H]inparticular[I]contribution

[J]sustainable[K]respondsto

[L]coordinated[M]priority[N]determine[O]provision

AThechangingneedsofWTOmemberscontinueto(6)

thetypeofassistanceprovided.Theseneedsareexpressed,forexample,throughmembers’nationalactivityrequests.GlobaltradedevelopmentsalsoguideTechnicalAssistanceactivitiesdeliveredataregionalorgloballevel.Ensuringthattechnicalassistancerespondstomembers’needsisthemain(7)

oftheSecretariat.

N[A]regional

[B]dedicated[C]presented

[D]assist[E]oversees[F]detailed[G]evaluate[H]inparticular[I]contribution

[J]sustainable[K]respondsto

[L]coordinated[M]priority[N]determine[O]provision

MIntheMinisterialDeclarationissuedattheendoftheWTO’sMinisterialConferenceinDecember2015,ministerssaid:“WenotethesubstantialprogressinWTO’stechnicalassistanceandcapacitybuilding,whichfocusontheneedsandprioritiesofbeneficiarymembers.Werecognizethat(8)

facilitiessuchastheStandardsandTradeDevelopmentFacilityandtheTradeFacilitationAgreementFacilityaremakinganimportant(9)

towardsassistingdevelopingcountrymembersandLDCstoimplementrelevantWTOagreements.Wealsoreiteratetheimportanceoftargetedandsustainablefinancial,technical,andcapacitybuildingassistanceprogramstosupportthedevelopingcountrymembers,inparticularLDCs,toimplementtheiragreements,toadjusttothereformprocess,andtobenefitfromopportunities(10)

.”

B[A]regional

[B]dedicated[C]presented

[D]assist[E]oversees[F]detailed[G]evaluate[H]inparticular[I]contribution

[J]sustainable[K]respondsto

[L]coordinated[M]priority[N]determine[O]provision

I

C5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(1)TreatingothersequallyundertheWTOagreements,countriesshallnotdiscriminatebetweentheirtradingpartners.根據(jù)世貿(mào)組織協(xié)定“平等對待他國”原則，各國不得歧視其貿(mào)易伙伴。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(2)Nationaltreatmentonlyapplieswhenaproduct,serviceoritemofintellectualpropertyhasenteredthemarket.國民待遇只適用于產(chǎn)品、服務或者知識產(chǎn)權項目已進入該市場之后。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(3)SincecreatingtheGATTin1947,therehavebeennineroundsoftradenegotiations.自1947年關貿(mào)總協(xié)定制定以來，已經(jīng)進行了九輪貿(mào)易談判。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(4)Thebarriersconcernedincludecustomsdutiesortariffsandmeasures,suchasimportbansorquotasthatrestrictquantitiesselectively.有關的壁壘包括關稅和措施，如進口禁令或有選擇地限制數(shù)量的配額。5.

E-CTranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.(5)OverthreequartersofWTO’s164membersaredevelopingcountriesandcountriesintransitiontomarketeconomies.世貿(mào)組織164個成員國中有四分之三以上是發(fā)展中國家和向市場經(jīng)濟轉型的國家。6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(1)世界貿(mào)易組織于2020年11月19日舉行了一系列討論以紀念該組織成立25周年。(commemorate)TheWTOhostedon19November2020aseriesofdiscussionstocommemorateits25thanniversary.(2)在《建立世界貿(mào)易組織協(xié)定》確立的治理結構下，部長級會議是世界貿(mào)易組織的最高機構。(topmostbody)TheMinisterialConferenceisthetopmostbodyoftheWTOunderthegovernancestructuresetupbythe“AgreementEstablishingtheWTO.”6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(3)世界貿(mào)易組織講席計劃旨在支持和促進發(fā)展中國家和最不發(fā)達國家的大學和科研機構開展與貿(mào)易有關的學術活動。(aimto)TheWTOChairsProgramaimstosupportandpromotetrade-relatedacademicactivitiesbyuniversitiesandresearchinstitutionsindevelopingandleast-developedcountries.6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(4)公共論壇是世界貿(mào)易組織最大的年度擴大會議，為與會者提供了一個討論世界貿(mào)易最新發(fā)展和提出加強多邊貿(mào)易體制方法的平臺。(enhance)ThePublicForumistheWTO’slargestannualoutreachsession,whichprovidesaplatformforparticipantstodiscussthelatestdevelopmentsinworldtradeandtoproposewaysofenhancingthemultilateraltradingsystem.6.

C-ETranslation:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishbasedonthecuewordsinbrackets.(5)世界貿(mào)易組織和非政府組織定期對話的目的是加強合作，提高非政府組織對世界貿(mào)易組織活動和基于規(guī)則的多邊貿(mào)易體制作用的認識。(awarenessof)TheregulardialoguesbetweentheWTOandnon-governmentalorganization(NGO)aimstoenhancecooperationandincreaseNGO’sawarenessofWTOactivitiesandtheroleoftherule-basedmultilateraltradingsystem.Role-playResearchwork:SearchonlinewithyourclassmatesfortheanswerstothefollowingquestionsabouttheWTO.1.WhatisthefullnameoftheWTO?2.Whenwasitestablished?Andwhatwasitspredecessor?3.Howmanymemberstatesdoesithave?4.Whereisitsheadquarters?5.Whatisitsmajorfunction?6.Whatarethemajorprinciplesitupholds?7.HowarethedisputesbetweenmembersoftheWTOusuallysolved?(1)TheWTOistheabbreviationfortheWorldTradeOrganization.(2)Theorganizationwasofficiallyestablishedon1January1995,replacingitspredecessortheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).(3)Todayithas164memberstates.(4)ItsheadquartersisinGeneva.(5)ThemajorfunctionoftheWTOistoregulateinternationaltrade.(6)Indoingsoitupholdsanumberofprinciplessuchasnon-discrimination,reciprocity,bindingandenforceablecommitments,transparency,safetyvalues.(7)WithintheWTO,memberstatesareencouragedtosolvetheirdisputesthroughconsultations;andifthatdoesnotwork,thecasemaybebroughttoanumberofpanelsappointedbytheWTO,whichmakeafinalrulingonit.ReferenceKeytoRole-playTextBBRICSBuildingaFairerWorld第一單元4QuestionsonTextB1.WhatroledoestheBRICSplayintheglobalgovernancesystem?2.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenthegoaloftheG20andtheBRICS?3.WhyaredevelopingcountriesinterestedinjoiningtheBRICS?4.WhatshouldtheBRICSdotosustainamoreprosperousfuture?5.WhatchallengeswilltheBRICSencounterontheroadofpromotingtheworldeconomicdevelopment?QuestionsonTextBWhatroledoestheBRICSplayintheglobalgovernancesystem?--TheBRICSaddsmorediversifiedvoicestotheglobalgovernancesystemwithacombinedGDPofmorethan25percentoftheworld’stotalintheyearof2021.BRICScountrieshavebecomethemainenginesofglobaleconomicgrowth,contributingover40percentofglobalgrowthonaveragefrom2009to2019.BRICScountrieswouldbetheprimarydriversofglobaleconomicgrowthwiththevaryinggrowthprospects.QuestionsonTextB2.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenthegoaloftheG20andtheBRICS?--G20’sshort-termgoalistocopewiththeimpactoftheglobalcrisis,whiletheBRICS’slong-termgoalistobuildafair,sustainable,equitableanddemocraticglobalgovernancesystem.QuestionsonTextB3.WhyaredevelopingcountriesinterestedinjoiningtheBRICS?--DevelopingcountriesareinterestedinjoiningtheBRICSbecausetheyhaverecognizedthesignificanceoftheBRICScooperationmechanism,thatisfromaunipolarsystemtoamoreequitableandimpartialmultipolarsystem.QuestionsonTextB4.WhatshouldtheBRICSdotosustainamoreprosperousfuture?--TheBRICSshouldstrikeabalanceinthefollowingthreeareasifitwishestosustainamoreprosperousfuture:tobettercoordinatethedifferenteconomicperformancesandcooperationpreferences,toconducttheflexibilityandinstitutionalbuildingappropriately,tokeepthebalancebetweentheuniversalityoftheBRICScooperationagendaandtheeffectivenessofgovernance.QuestionsonTextB5.WhatchallengeswilltheBRICSencounterontheroadofpromotingtheworldeconomicdevelopment?--TheBRICSmechanismhasundergone10years’development,duringwhichtheacronymhasgrownfromaconceptinventedbyaneconomistfromGoldmanSachsintoamultilateralcooperativemechanism,exertingagreatinfluenceonworldpolitics,economicsandsecurityaffairs.Inrecentyears,influencedbymanyfactorsathomeandabroad,theBRICShastofacesomechallenges.Astherepresentativesofemergingeconomiesandtheleadingdevelopingcountries,theBRIC