高考英語閱讀理解專項技巧主旨大意課件

高中英語閱讀理解技巧主旨大意考察方向題型技巧點撥01PARTONE考察方向主旨大意題考察方向點擊添加標(biāo)題選項特點正確選項的特征：1.涵蓋性強：覆蓋全文或全段。2.范圍恰當(dāng)：既不太大，也不太小。3.精確性強：不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩。點擊添加標(biāo)題干擾項特點點擊添加標(biāo)題干擾選項的特征：1.以偏概全：選項內(nèi)容原文中有提及，但只是細(xì)枝末節(jié)，不能代表全文的整體意思，犯了以局部代替整體，用片面的觀點看待整體問題的錯誤。2.斷章取義：孤立地取原文中的一句或幾句話的意思，而不顧全篇文章的主旨或中心思想，引用與原意不符或歪曲了原文所表達意思。3.主題擴大：選項所述內(nèi)容或?qū)υ膬?nèi)容進行過度歸納、概括，或?qū)κ虑榘l(fā)生的范圍過分?jǐn)U大，超出了文章實際所表述的內(nèi)容。4.張冠李戴：選項所述內(nèi)容弄錯了事實和對象，把此人的事情或觀點錯加到彼人身上，或把此事物的特性錯加到彼事物上。5.無中生有：所述內(nèi)容或是憑空捏造的信息，或是生活常識，或是普遍接受的真理，但都脫離了原文，在文中找不到支持的依據(jù)。6.因果倒置：凡事有因才有果，有果必有因。選項混淆了事物間的因果關(guān)系，或?qū)⒛骋唤Y(jié)果產(chǎn)生的原因作為結(jié)果，或?qū)⒔Y(jié)果作為原因。解題技巧：抓主題句。點擊添加標(biāo)題位于段首：一般而言，以演繹法撰寫的文章，主題句往往在文章的開頭，即先點出主題，然后圍繞這一主題作具體的陳述。判斷第一句是否為主題句，可具體分析段落的首句與第二，三句的關(guān)系；如果從第二句就開始對第一句進行說明，論述或描述，那第一句就是主題句。有些段落，在主題句后面有明顯引出細(xì)節(jié)的信號詞，如forexample,anexampleof;first,second,next,last,finally;tobeginwith,also,besides;one,theother;some,others等。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用上述信號詞來確定主題句的位置。主題句-段尾點擊添加標(biāo)題位于段尾：有些文章會在開頭列舉事實,然后通過論證闡述作者的核心論點。因此，如果第一句話不是概括性的或綜合性的話，最好快速讀一讀段落的最后一個句子，看看它是否具備主題句的特征。如果它具備主題句的特征，段落的主題思想就很容易確定了。一般說來，當(dāng)一種觀點不易向人解釋清楚或不易被人接受時，主題句便會到段落的末尾才出現(xiàn)。學(xué)生可以充分利用引出結(jié)論的信號詞。如so，therefore，thus，consequently；inconclusion，inshort；inaword,tosumup等來確定主題句的位置在段尾。當(dāng)無明顯的此類信號時，學(xué)生可在段落的最后一句話前面添加一個引出結(jié)論的信號詞，以確定其是否是主題句。主題句-段中點擊添加標(biāo)題位于段中：有時段落是先介紹背景和細(xì)節(jié)，接著用一句綜合或概括性的話概括前面所說的內(nèi)容或事例，然后再圍繞主題展開對有關(guān)問題的深入討論。這種文章的主題句往往會在段落中間出現(xiàn)。歸納起來主要有兩種情況：先提出問題，然后給予回答(主題句)，最后給予解釋；或者，先提出問題，然后點出主題思想(主題句)，最后給予解釋。主題句-首尾呼應(yīng)、無明確主題句首尾呼應(yīng)：主題句在段落的開頭和結(jié)尾兩個位置上先后出現(xiàn)，形成前呼后應(yīng)的格局。這兩個主題句敘說的是同一個內(nèi)容，但用詞不盡相同，這樣不但強調(diào)了主題思想，而且顯得靈活多變。這兩個句子并非簡單重復(fù)，后一個主題句或?qū)υ撝黝}作最后的評述，或?qū)σc作一概括，或使之引申留給讀者去思考。無明確主題句：找關(guān)鍵詞（出現(xiàn)頻率較高）,歸納總結(jié)。點擊添加標(biāo)題02PARTTWO抓主題句技巧點撥主題句-文首（2018·新課標(biāo)卷I）Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcentres,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation.Especiallyglbalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish.SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot.wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Languages:theAmericasabout1,000.Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6.000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31.Whatistheminideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.

B.PeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguagesC.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages

D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文。文章講述了隨著社會的發(fā)展人類語言越來越少及其原因?！敬鸢浮緾【解析】主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的主題句Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.可知，語言的產(chǎn)生和消失進行了幾千年，但最近時代語言產(chǎn)生的少，消失的太多。故選C。加標(biāo)題主題句-文尾點擊添加標(biāo)題ThefamousAmericangorilla(大猩猩)expertDianeFosseyhadacompletelynewwaytostudygorillas—shepretendedtobeoneofthem.Shecopiedtheiractionsandwayoflife—eatingplantsandgettingdownonherhandsandkneestowalkthewayagorilladoes.Itwasanewrelationship.DianeFosseywasmurderedinRwandain1985andherstorywasmadeintothepopularfilmGorillasintheMist.ItwasalongwayfromKingKong,whichisaboutagorillaasamonster(afrighteninganimal),andhelpedtoshowanewidea:therealmonsterisman,whilethegorillaistobeadmired.Todaytherearethoughttobearound48,000lowlandgorillasandmaybe400—450mountaingorillasinthewild.FromtheCongoinWestAfrica,toRwandaandUgandafurthereast,theyareendangeredbyhuntingandbythecuttingdownoftheirforesthomes.Sometimeago,IfoundinmyletterboxalittlemagazinefromtheWorldWideFundforNature.Ithadtwophotossidebyside.Onewasofayounggorilla.“Thisisaspeciesofmammal(哺乳類動物),”saidthewordsbelowit.“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”Theotherphotoshowedahumanbaby.Thewordsalsoread,“Thisisaspeciesofmammal,”butthenwenton:“Itisthemostdestructive(破壞性的)onearth.Wemustretrainitforitsowngood.”56.Thetextmainlytalksabout________.A.DianeFossey

B.thegorillasinRwandaC.theprotectionofthegorillas

D.thefilmGorillasintheMist【答案】C【解析】文章第一段談到DianeFossey對大猩猩的研究；第二段談到根據(jù)她的事跡所拍攝的影片；第三段談到了大猩猩數(shù)量減少的原因；最后一段談到保護大猩猩的宣傳的措施。前面三段都是為最后一段做鋪墊的，從最后一段的“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”可知，最主要的目的還是要人們保護大猩猩。首尾呼應(yīng)點擊添加標(biāo)題Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后兩次提到“長曲棍球在加拿大很受歡迎”，顯然選項D最符合短文的主題。沒有明確的主題句點擊添加標(biāo)題【2019·全國卷II，C】MarianBechtelsitsatWestPalmBeach’sBarLouiecounterbyherself,quietlyreadinghere-bookasshewaitsforhersalad.Whatisshereading?Noneofyourbusiness!LunchisBechtel’s“me”time.AndlikemoreAmericans,she’snotalone.Anewreportfound46percentofmealsareeatenaloneinAmerica.Morethanhalf(53percent)havebreakfastaloneandnearlyhalf(46percent)havelunchbythemselves.Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore,74percent,accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.“Iprefertogooutandbeout.Alone,buttogether,youknow?”Bechtelsaid,lookingupfromherbook.Bechtel,whoworksindowntownWestPalmBeach,haslunchwithcoworkerssometimes,butlikemanyofus,toooftenworksthroughlunchatherdesk.Alunchtimeescapeallowshertokeepabossfromtappingherontheshoulder.Shereturnstoworkfeelingenergized.“Today,Ijustwantedsometimetomyself,”shesaid.Justtwoseatsover,AndrewMazoleny,alocalvideographer,isfinishinghislunchatthebar.Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe’sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction(交流).“Ireflectonhowmyday’sgoneandthinkabouttherestoftheweek,”hesaid.“It’sachanceforself-reflection.Youreturntoworkrechargedandwithaplan.”Thatfreedomtochooseisonereasonmorepeopleliketoeatalone.Therewasatimewhenpeoplemayhavefeltawkwardaboutaskingforatableforone，butthosedaysareover.Now,wehaveoursmartphonestokeepuscompanyatthetable.“Itdoesn’tfeelasaloneasitmayhavebeforealtheadvancesintechnology,”saidLaurieDemerit,whosecompanyprovidedthestatisticsforthereport.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thetrendofhavingmealsalone.

B.Theimportanceofself-reflection.C.Thestressfromworkingovertime.

D.Theadvantageofwirelesstechnology.【語篇解讀】本文通過一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，很大比例的人選擇獨自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作氛圍，或者反思自己，但是獨自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢。31.A【解析】主旨大意題。本文通過一份調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，很大比例的人選擇獨自用餐，原因很多，比如逃離工作氛圍，或者反思自己，但是獨自用餐正慢慢成為一種趨勢，故選A。文章的中間點擊添加標(biāo)題TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance....67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】從文中第二段第一句話“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介紹“撒哈拉節(jié)”開幕式上的活動。答案選A。03PARTTHREE題型技巧題型1：段落大意題點擊添加標(biāo)題【題型1】段落大意題

【真題示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇節(jié)選)Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.WhatisParagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.答案：A點擊添加標(biāo)題【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,Paragraph2,is...mainlyabout第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(第二段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,第一段引出了“群體智慧”效應(yīng),并解釋什么是“群體智慧”效應(yīng),即大量人獨立做估計,如果把這些獨立估計平均起來,得到的平均數(shù)還是很準(zhǔn)確的。緊接著,第二段分析為什么會這樣,原因是有些人會高估,有些人會低估,如果足夠多的高估和低估做一下平均,高估和低估引起的誤差就會相互抵消,而最終導(dǎo)致一個比較準(zhǔn)確的結(jié)果。第二段的內(nèi)容其實是“群體智慧”效應(yīng)運作的一個深層次的邏輯,故選

B。

反思：解題時,考生很容易誤選A項。文章第二段中多次提到有關(guān)“估計”的概念,有的是“高估”,有的是“低估”,還有“精確估計”等,其目的是分析“估計的準(zhǔn)確性”,可見本段并不是介紹方法,故排除A項。段落大意技巧提示點擊添加標(biāo)題【技巧提示】概括段落大意。要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意,務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：如果該段是按總分結(jié)構(gòu)組織,主題句就在段首;如果按分總結(jié)構(gòu)組織,主題句就在段尾;如果按分總分的結(jié)構(gòu)組織,則主題句在中間;如果按總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)組織,我們可以很明顯地看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完全一致,正確答案就呼之欲出了;如果按并列式行文,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的段落一般會在一段中討論兩個平行的內(nèi)容,整個段落可以從中間處分開,前后是平行關(guān)系,這樣的段落結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)的答案通常也會是很明顯的并列關(guān)系;如果對比各事物,那么它們的共同點或不同點就是該段大意。揣摩段落大意。有時,作者可能不直接寫出主題句,而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者,這就需要讀者充分發(fā)揮想象力與判斷力,揣摩段落大意。題型2：文章大意點擊添加標(biāo)題

【真題示例】(2023年1月·浙江高考·B篇)

Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadyto

jumponthatbandwagon.

IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,asIwaslivingwithmyparents,andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband,asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.

Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson,sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.

Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom,soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品),Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften,soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.

Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges,youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou’redoing,whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard,yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice:Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.答案：C點擊添加標(biāo)題【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,thetext,is...mainlyabout第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.(第一段)I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.(第二段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提出問題的具體情形,第二段提出了問題解決的可能性,下文敘述了具體的做法,據(jù)此可知文章主要講述了作者如何在家庭中過零浪費的生活方式。故選C。

反思：解題時,考生很容易誤選A項。文章中涉及處理和家庭成員的關(guān)系,但是確實是圍繞著文章主題展開的,也就是作者如何讓家人能夠配合過一種零浪費的健康生活,這樣A項明顯是錯誤的,需要排除。文章大意技巧提示【技巧提示】用瀏覽法(skimming)找主題句:段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however、but、infact、actually等)時,該句很可能是主題句；首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨；作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點,通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語,一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞；表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等詞,通常是主旨。

題型3：標(biāo)題歸納點擊添加標(biāo)題【真題示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworki