高中英語(yǔ)北師大版必修三UNIT 8 Period 7　Focus on Language-Verb -ing and -ed Forms

Period7FocusonLanguage—Verb-ingand-edForms感知以下句子，體會(huì)黑體部分在句子中作什么成分。1．Well，sayyouleavethetaprunning...2．Onecheered-upperson，onehappydog，onefloweringplant，andyou.3．DoyouwanttomakeRoots&Shootsrootedineveryone’sheart?4．Doyouwanttobeapartofacommunityforasharedfuture?1．句1：作賓補(bǔ)；2．句2：作定語(yǔ)；3．句3：作賓補(bǔ)；4．句4：作定語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和-ed形式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的兩種非常重要的形式，在句子中可以作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。一、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)1．動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，它們之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。Notknowingwhattodo，hewenttotheorganiserforhelp.(he和know之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系)由于不知道做什么，他去找組織者幫忙。Givenmoreattention，thefounderscouldhavedonebetter.(thefounders和give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系)如果對(duì)這些創(chuàng)始人多關(guān)注一些，他們本可以做得更好。2．動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和-ed形式作狀語(yǔ)的種類這兩種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式在句子中都可以作狀語(yǔ)，表示原因、時(shí)間、方式、伴隨、條件等。(1)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)在前面可以加一個(gè)表時(shí)間的連詞，如when，while等。Hearingthenews，theyimmediatelytookactiontostopthestudy.＝Whentheyheardthenews，theyimmediatelytookactiontostopthestudy.聽到這個(gè)消息后，他們立即采取行動(dòng)阻止了這項(xiàng)研究。Asked(＝Whenhewasasked)whyhelookedsobothered，heloweredhishead.當(dāng)他被問到為什么看上去如此擔(dān)心時(shí)，他低下了頭。(2)作原因狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)從句。Beingpoor，hecouldn’taffordabighouseinthatregion.＝Ashewaspoor，hecouldn’taffordabighouseinthatregion.因?yàn)楦F，他在那個(gè)地區(qū)買不起一所大房子。Blamed(＝Becausehewasblamed)byhisboss，hedecidedtochangehisjob.因?yàn)楸焕习遑?zé)備了，他決定換工作。(3)作條件狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句。Usingyourhead，youarelikelytofindanicewaytoovercomethedifficulty.＝Ifyouuseyourhead，youarelikelytofindanicewaytoovercomethedifficulty.動(dòng)動(dòng)腦筋，你很可能找到一個(gè)好的方法來克服困難。Grown(＝Iftheseseedsaregrown)inrichsoil，theseseedscangrowfast.如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長(zhǎng)得很快。(4)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于and連接的并列句。Hewalkeddowntheriver，thinkingaboutthecurrentproblems.＝Hewalkeddowntheriverandthoughtaboutthecurrentproblems.他沿著河流一邊走，一邊考慮著當(dāng)前的問題。Theorganiserenteredthehall，(andhewas)followedbyagroupofvolunteers.組織者進(jìn)入了大廳，后面跟著一群志愿者。(5)作讓步狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。Likingthecartoomuch，Ihavenoenoughmoneytobuyit.＝Although/Though/WhileIlikethecartoomuch，Ihavenoenoughmoneytobuyit.雖然我非常喜歡這輛車，但是我沒有足夠的錢買它。Offered(＝Although/Though/Whilehewasoffered)suchanicejob，Tomdidn’tfeelcontentedatall.雖然被提供那么好的工作，湯姆感到一點(diǎn)兒也不滿意。語(yǔ)法拓展：1．動(dòng)詞-ing形式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，是隨著謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的發(fā)生而產(chǎn)生的自然結(jié)果，其邏輯主語(yǔ)往往是前面整個(gè)句子所描述的情況，前面有時(shí)候可以加thus。不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，前面常加only。試比較：Theglassfelloffthetable，breakingintopieces.杯子從桌子上掉下來，摔成了碎片。Ihurriedtotheplayground，onlytofindthatthebrickshadbeenremoved.我匆忙趕到操場(chǎng)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)那些磚被搬走了。2．havingdone作狀語(yǔ)，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前。HavinglivedinBeijingformanyyears，heknowsthecitywell.因?yàn)樵诒本┳×撕芏嗄?，他?duì)這個(gè)城市很熟悉。注意：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。背著一個(gè)重重的大箱子，她被臺(tái)階絆倒，摔倒了。Carryingalargeandheavybox，shetrippedonastepandfell.(√)Carryingalargeandheavybox，herfoottrippedonastepandfell.(×)二、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和-ed形式作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)多表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行或主動(dòng)，也可指事物的用途，與它所修飾的詞往往構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系；動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)多表示被動(dòng)或完成，與它所修飾的詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式或-ed形式作定語(yǔ)往往前置，動(dòng)詞-ing或-ed短語(yǔ)往往后置。Theyoungmanworkinginthatinstituteismybrother.(主動(dòng))那個(gè)在研究院工作的年輕人是我的哥哥。Nooneisallowedtospeakaloudinthereadingroom.(用途)閱覽室里不準(zhǔn)大聲說話。Chinaisadevelopingcountry，wheremostpeopleareleadingacontentedlife.(進(jìn)行)中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，這里的大部分人都過著滿意的生活。Theretiredmanisveryinterestedinrecyclingthesematerials.(完成)那個(gè)退休的人對(duì)回收利用這些材料非常感興趣。Theoldmanissweepingthefallenleavesonthepathatthemoment.(完成)老人此刻正在清掃這條小路上的落葉。Whoweretheso-calledguestsinvitedtoyourflatlastnight？(被動(dòng))昨晚被邀請(qǐng)到你公寓的那些所謂的客人是誰(shuí)呀？Theinjuredwerenotbotheredtowalkintheyard；theypreferredtolieinbed.(被動(dòng))這些傷者懶得在院子里散步，他們更愿意躺在床上。語(yǔ)法拓展：1．不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語(yǔ)不表示被動(dòng)，而表示完成，如：aretiredworker＝aworkerthathasretired一名退休工人thefallenleaves＝theleavesthathavefallen落葉adevelopedcountry＝acountrywhichhasdeveloped一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家2．過去分詞(done)、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(beingdone)與動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(tobedone)作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別意義形式語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)done被動(dòng)完成beingdone被動(dòng)進(jìn)行tobedone被動(dòng)尚未發(fā)生Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisanewinstituteforthatuniversity.去年建造的大樓是那所大學(xué)的一個(gè)新研究院。Thebuildingbeingbuiltnowisanewinstituteforthatuniversity.現(xiàn)在正在建造的大樓是那所大學(xué)的一個(gè)新研究院。Thebuildingtobebuiltnextmonthisanewinstituteforthatuniversity.下個(gè)月將要建造的大樓是那所大學(xué)的一個(gè)新研究院。三、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)意義，過去分詞則表示已經(jīng)完成的被動(dòng)意義。-ing形式表示主動(dòng)，動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，賓語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在分詞所表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。IheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday.昨天我經(jīng)過她的房間時(shí)，聽到她正在唱一首英文歌曲。-ed形式表示被動(dòng)，動(dòng)作已完成，賓語(yǔ)是過去分詞所表示動(dòng)作的承受者。IheardtheEnglishsongsungmanytimes.我多次聽到有人唱這首英文歌。分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)常用于以下幾種情況：1．位于感官動(dòng)詞后，如see，hear，feel，watch，find，notice等。Wesawthesmogfillingthewholecityinthatwinter.那個(gè)冬天，我們看到整個(gè)城市都被霧霾籠罩著。WhenIfoundhimstrugglingforachancetogoabroad，Ifeltalittlesurprised.我發(fā)現(xiàn)他為了一個(gè)出國(guó)機(jī)會(huì)在奮斗時(shí)，我有點(diǎn)驚訝。Iopenedthemagazine，onlytofindtheadvertisementcutout.我打開雜志，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)廣告被剪掉了。Whensheheardherhusbandaffectedbyadeadlydisease，shewasworriedabouthim.當(dāng)她聽說丈夫感染了致命疾病時(shí)，她非常擔(dān)心他。2．位于使役動(dòng)詞后，如make，have，get，keep，leave等。Theyoungconductorwasalittleshy，soitwashardtogethimtalking.這位年輕的指揮有些害羞，讓他開口講話是很難的。Hisformerwiferushedoutofthehouse，leavinghislittlesoncrying.他的前妻沖出了房子，留下他的小兒子在那里哭泣。Theclockdoesn’twork，soyou’dbetterhavethebatterychanged.那座鐘停擺了，你最好把電池?fù)Q一下。Shestillcouldn’tmakeherselfunderstoodinEnglish.她仍然不能用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己的意思。3．用于with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中。Withsomanypeoplelookingather，theyoungperformerfeltnervous.這么多人看著她，這位年輕的表演者感到很緊張。Withalltheproblemssettled，hefeltrelieved.所有問題都解決了，他感到如釋重負(fù)。注意：make后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，而只用過去分詞表被動(dòng)。Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimselfheard.他提高了嗓門，以便讓別人聽到他的聲音。四、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和-ed形式作表語(yǔ)1．作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式包括現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)，往往具有形容詞的性質(zhì)，說明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征等；動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)多表示抽象或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，一般說明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。Thenewswasworryingthatsomanyaccidentsoccurredlastweek.上周發(fā)生了那么多事故，這消息令人擔(dān)憂。Myhobbyiscollectingallkindsofpostersonthewall.我的愛好是收集墻上的各種海報(bào)。2．動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ)，主要表示主語(yǔ)的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)，含有被動(dòng)的意義。①過去分詞作表語(yǔ)，多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)或所具備的特征，多位于系動(dòng)詞之后，這些系動(dòng)詞有be，remain，feel，seem，look，become等。Whentheorganiserleftthemeetingroom，somemembersremainedseatedthere.當(dāng)組織者離開會(huì)議室時(shí)，一些成員還坐在那里。Whentheyarrivedinthatregion，theyfoundthattheywerelost.他們到達(dá)那個(gè)地區(qū)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己迷路了。②有些過去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往已經(jīng)具備了形容詞的性質(zhì)。Wewereamazedatthestoryofthatmanwithstrongdetermination.我們聽到那位具有強(qiáng)大毅力的人的故事時(shí)，感到大為驚奇。完成下面語(yǔ)段，盡可能多使用現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。以中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化為主題的英語(yǔ)演講比賽定于下周在我校舉行。比賽令人興奮，所以我已經(jīng)報(bào)名并且完成了以中國(guó)茶為中心的演講草稿。然而，我有點(diǎn)擔(dān)心，因?yàn)槲也皇呛艽_定我能否讓別人理解我的意思。您能抽些時(shí)間把我的草稿看一看并糾正、潤(rùn)色一下嗎？細(xì)節(jié)在附件中。AnEnglishspeechcontest1.themedontraditionalChinesecultureisscheduledfornextweekinourschool.Itis2.soexcitingthatIhavesignedupandfinishedaspeechdraft3.centeredonChinesetea.However，Iam4.alittleworried，forIamnotquitesurewhetherIhave5.mademyselfunderstood.Wouldyoubekindenoughtosparesometimetogothroughmydraftand6.haveitcorrectedandpolished?Thedetailsareintheattachment.Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1．Frightened(frighten)bythefiercedog，thelittlegirlbegantocry.2．Theboyfeltmoreuneasywiththewholeclassstaring(stare)athim.3．Theorganiserstoodthere，surrounded(surround)byagroupofstudents.4．Itwassocoldthathefoundithardtogettheoldcarrunning(run)．5．Whatmadethecomposersadwasthathehadhisbikestolen(steal)lastnight.6．Likeancientsailors，birdscanfindtheirwayusing(use)thesunandthestars.7．Theretired(retire)teacheroftenmakesaproposaltoprotecttheenvironment.8．Asweallknow，Chinaisadevelopingcountrybelonging(belong)tothethirdworld.9．Theoldman，havingworked(work)abroadfortwentyyears，isonthewaybacktohismotherland.10．Clearlyandthoughtfullywritten(write)，thebookinspiresconfidenceinstudentswhowishtoseektheirownanswers.Ⅱ.單句寫作1．太陽(yáng)在空中閃耀，發(fā)出光和熱。Thesunshinesbrightlyinthesky，givingofflightandheat.2．因?yàn)槌两诶L畫中，約翰沒有注意到夜晚臨近了。Absorbedinpainting，Johndidn’tnoticeeveningdrawingnear.3．剛才被警察問詢的那個(gè)人對(duì)這場(chǎng)斗爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行了不同的描述。Themanquestionedbythepolicejustnowgaveverydifferentdescriptionsofthefight.4．如果一個(gè)廚師被發(fā)現(xiàn)在廚房里吸煙，會(huì)立即被解雇。Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.Ⅲ.閱讀理解(2023·浙江杭州高一期末)“Abeautifulfieldofflowerscanbearathernoisyplace.It’sjustthatwecan’thearthesounds.”ScientistsatTelAvivUniversityhaveconductedasix-yearexperiment，provingthatplantsmakenoiseincertainstressfulsituations.Plantsproduceahighfrequency(頻率)clickingsound，andwhenshortofwater，ordamaged，theclicksbecomefarmoreregular.Theyalsomadedifferentsounds，dependingonwhethertheywerethirstyorinjured.“Eachplantandeachtypeofstressisrelatedtoaspecificsound，”saidProfessorLilachHadany，wholedtheresearchstudy.Focusingparticularlyontomatoes，wheatandcorn，theplantswereplacedinasoundproof(隔音的)roomandrecordedbymicrophones.Someplantswerestarvedofwater，otherscut，andacontrolgroupwasleftundamaged.Theresearchersusedanalgorithm(算法)toseparatethenoises，successfullytellingthedifferencebetweenthesoundsdependingonwhethertheyweredryorcut.Thealgorithmdidthisinagreenhousesettingwhichincludedfarmoresurroundingsounds，butitwasstillabletorecognizetheparticularcriesforhelpoftheplants.Onaverage，thehumanearcanhearsoundsuptoaround20kHz，whilethesoundsproducedbyplantsareinthe40－80kHzregion，farbeyondourhearing.“Thesoundsmadebyplantscan’tbeheardbyhumansbutcanprobablybeheardbyvariousanimals，suchasbats，miceandinsects，”Hadanytellsus.Thoughthishasyettobeproven，it’spossiblethatthesecreaturesusethisinformationtochoosewhichplantstoeat.AstudyledbyRedaHassanienofChinaAgriculturalUniversityinBeijingyearsago，alsoprovedthatplantsreactedtosoundwaves，withsomeplantsgreatlyincreasingtheiryield.Whileevidenceshowsthatplantscanreacttosounds，there’snoevidencetodaythattheycanactuallyhearthem.語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了科學(xué)家通過實(shí)驗(yàn)證明植物在某些緊張的情況下會(huì)發(fā)出聲音。1．Whatcanweknowfromthesix-yearexperiment?A．Plantsofdifferenttypesmakethesoundofthesamefrequency.B．Plantsproducemoreregularsoundincertainstressfulsituations.C．Plantsmakesoundswithamuchlowerfrequencywhenstressed.D．Plantsmakethesoundofthesamefrequencywhateverthesituation.答案B解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段可知，植物在某些緊張的情況下會(huì)發(fā)出聲音。結(jié)合第二段第一句可知，這項(xiàng)為期六年的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明植物在緊張的情況下會(huì)發(fā)出有規(guī)律的聲音。故選B。2．Whatisthealgorithmusedforintheresearch?A．Torecordthesounds.B．Tocontrolthesounds.C．Toproducethesounds.D．Toidentifythesounds.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第二句可知，該算法用來分離噪聲，以辨別植物發(fā)出的聲音。故選D。3．Whathasbeenprovenbyscientistsaccordingtothepassage?A．Plantscanheareachother’scryforhelp.B．Animalscanhearthesoundsmadebyplants.C．Plantscanmakesoundsandrespondtosoundwaves.D．Animalsdecidewhattoeatbasedonthesoundsplantsmake.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句以及最后一段中的“...alsoprovedthatplantsreactedtosoundwaves，withsomeplantsgreatlyincreasingtheiryield.”可知，植物可以發(fā)出聲音并對(duì)聲波作出反應(yīng)。故選C。4．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?A．SoundsThatWeCan’tHearB．BeautifulSongsfromPlantsC．PlantsReacttoDifferentTypesofStressD．PlantsTalk，EspeciallyWhenStressed答案D解析標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第一段并結(jié)合全文可知，文章主要介紹了科學(xué)家通過實(shí)驗(yàn)證明植物在某些緊張的情況下會(huì)發(fā)出聲音。所以“植物會(huì)說話，尤其是在緊張的時(shí)候”作為文章標(biāo)題最為合適。故選D。Ⅳ.語(yǔ)法填空1．(see)fromouterspace，Earthisablueplanet，duetothefactthattheoceancoversover70percentofitssurface.Accordingto2.newstudypublishedinthejournalScience，theoceanplaysagreatroleinslowingdownglobalwarming.3.TheNewYorkTimesreported，itis“animportantbuffer(緩沖物)”．Theoceanscanabsorb93percentoftheheat4.(trap)bythegreenhousegaseswhichhumansreleaseintotheatmosphere.Andtheother7percent5.(absorb)bytheair，landandicecaps，accordingtoan6.(analyse)．“Iftheoceanwasn’tabsorbingasmuchheat，thesurfaceofthelandwouldheatupmuch7.(fast)thanitisrightnow，”saidProfesso