研究生英語(yǔ)綜合教程翻譯完全

Unit1:TraitsofTheKeyPlayersEverycompanyhasahandfulofstaffinagivenareaofexpertisethatyoucancountontogetthejobdone.每家公司都有少數(shù)幾個(gè)這樣的員工，在某個(gè)專業(yè)領(lǐng)域，你可以指望他們把活兒干好Thisispartofapeptalkintendedtosendheadhuntersintocompetitor’scompaniestotalktothemostexperiencedstaffaboutmakingachange.這是一段充滿了鼓動(dòng)性的談話，目的是把獵頭們派往競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的公司去游說(shuō)經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的員工們做一次職業(yè)變更。Weholdthemuptothestandardsweseeinourtoppeople.我們把他們和公司頂級(jí)員工表現(xiàn)出的特質(zhì)進(jìn)行對(duì)照。Ifitlooksliketheyhavethesesametraits,we’llplaceabetonthem.假如他們看起來(lái)有同樣特征的話，我們就在他們身上賭一把?！敝皇沁@樣有點(diǎn)兒冒險(xiǎn)。Yourjobasafutureemployeeistohelpthehiringmanagermitigatethatrisk.作為未來(lái)的一名員工，你的工作是幫助人事部經(jīng)理降低這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Youneedtohelpthemidentifyyouasaprospective“Keyplayer”.你需要幫助他們認(rèn)定你有潛力成為一名核心員工。Itdeservesrepeatingbecauseitisthesinglemostpublicdifferencebetweenacademiaandindustry.它之所以值得被反復(fù)談及，是因?yàn)檫@一特征是學(xué)術(shù)界和企業(yè)間最明顯的差別。Thebusinessenvironmentislesslone-wolfandcompetitive,sosignsofbeingcollaborativeandselflessstandout.企業(yè)的環(huán)境并不需要單打獨(dú)斗，爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝，所以表現(xiàn)出合作和無(wú)私精神的員工就脫穎而出了。Youcanmakeyourselfmoreattractivetocompaniesbyworkingtogetherwithscientistsfromotherlaboratoriesanddisciplinesinpursuitofacommongoal—anddocumentingtheresultsonyourresume.你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：為追求一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)和來(lái)自其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室和學(xué)科的科學(xué)家們合作——并且為你的個(gè)人履歷上的內(nèi)容提供事跡證明。Betterstill,developareputationinsideyourlabandwithpeopleyourlabcollaborateswithasapersonwhofostersandinitiatescollaborations—andmakesurethisqualitygetsmentionedbythosewhowilltakethosereferencephonecalls.更為有利的是，要在你實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)部，以及在和你們實(shí)驗(yàn)室合作的人們之間，培養(yǎng)一個(gè)良好聲譽(yù)：一個(gè)鼓勵(lì)并發(fā)動(dòng)合作的人——還要保證讓那些會(huì)接聽(tīng)調(diào)查電話的人們談及你的這個(gè)品質(zhì)。Hautheadsstrategyandbusinessdevelopmentforadivisionof3Mwithmorethan$2.4billioninannualrevenues.他在3M公司一個(gè)部門負(fù)責(zé)策略和商業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)工作，這個(gè)部門每年上繳的稅收高達(dá)24億多美元。Onewaythatcompanieswinisbygetting‘there’faster,whichmeansthatyounotonlyhavetomobilizeallofthefunctionsthatsupportabusinesstomovequickly,butyouhavetoknowhowtodecidewhere‘there’is!公司取勝的方法之一就是要更快地到達(dá)‘目的地’。這就是說(shuō)，你不僅要把所有能支持公司快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的功能都調(diào)動(dòng)起來(lái)，而且還得知道如何決定‘目的地’是哪里。Thisrequirementneedstorunthroughoutanorganizationandisnotexclusivetomanagement.這需要全公司各部門的運(yùn)作，而不僅僅是管理部門的工作。Heorshemustbeabletoembraceambiguityandstickhisorherneckouttodrivetoaconclusion.他或她必須能接納不確定因素并冒著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)做出結(jié)論，Thiscreatesadisconnectformanyscientistsbecausesuccessinacademiaisreallymoreaboutcareful,studiedresearch.這就讓許多科學(xué)家感到不適應(yīng)，因?yàn)閷W(xué)術(shù)上的成功其實(shí)是依靠認(rèn)真而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)难芯俊uttingyourneckonthelinelikethisisaskillsetthatallemployerslookforintheirbestpeople.像這樣敢冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是一套技能組合，是所有雇主在他們最好的員工身上所尋找的東西。Anotherimportantpieceofrisktoleranceisacandidate’sdegreeofcomfortwithfailure.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)容忍度的另外一個(gè)要點(diǎn)是求職者對(duì)失敗的承受度。Everyoneknowshowtotalkaboutsuccesses—ortheyshouldifthe’reinajobsearch—butfarfewerpeoplearecomfortabletalkingaboutfailure,andfewerstillknowhowtobringlessonsandadvantagesbackfromthebrink.大家都知道如何談?wù)摮晒Α蛘弋?dāng)他們?cè)趯ふ夜ぷ鞯臅r(shí)候應(yīng)該知道。但很少有人樂(lè)意談?wù)撌。儆腥酥廊绾螐氖〉倪吘壩〗逃?xùn)和獲得經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Iaskedhimaboutthiskeytraitbecauseinhisnewbusinessrole,interpersonalabilitiesmakethediferencebetweensuccessandfailure.我向他咨詢這個(gè)重要特征，是因?yàn)樵谒男聵I(yè)務(wù)角色中，人際溝通能力在成功和失敗之間發(fā)揮著很大的作用。Thescientistwhoistransitioningintothebusinessworldmustprioritizehisorherrelationshipassetsabovetheirtechnicalassets.想轉(zhuǎn)行到企業(yè)界的科學(xué)家們必須優(yōu)先考慮他們的社會(huì)關(guān)系資源而不是技術(shù)資源。Tosuddenlybevaluedandmeasuredbyyourmasteryofhumanrelationshipscanbeaveryscarypropositionforapersonwhohasbeenvaluedandmeasuredonlybyhismasteryofthings.對(duì)一個(gè)以前一直根據(jù)專業(yè)知識(shí)水平被評(píng)價(jià)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，突然之間要根據(jù)他的人際交往能力來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)他，真是十分令人恐懼。Indeed,thekeyplayersI’vemetwhoworkatthebenchinindustryhavesucceededingreatmeasurebecausethey’vebeenabletoworkwithabroadvarietyofpersonalities,upanddowntheorganization.事實(shí)上，我所遇見(jiàn)的在企業(yè)工作的核心費(fèi)工們之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因?yàn)樗麄兡軌蚺c公司上下各種各樣的人共事。Unit2ArtoftheTableChinesecuisineisabrilliantfacetofChineseculture,whichisprovenbythefactthatChineserestaurantsarefoundsatteredeverywherethroughouttheworld.中國(guó)美食是中國(guó)文化一道絢爛的風(fēng)景線，這點(diǎn)從世界各地隨處可見(jiàn)的中餐館可以窺見(jiàn)。(para1)Inadditiontothesetraditionalcuisines,theculinaryindustryinChinahasundergonegreatchanges,asalmosteveryplacehasitsownlocalspecialties,andasthedifferentcuisinesgathertogetherinbigcities,suchasBeijing.(para2)除了這些傳統(tǒng)菜系，中國(guó)的烹飪業(yè)也經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化：每個(gè)地方都形成了自己的特色菜，不同菜系匯集于諸如北京這樣的大城市。Sichuan,knownasNature’sStorehouse,isalsoastorehouseofcuisine.Here,eachandeveryrestaurantprovidesdeliciousyeteconomicalculinaryfare.(para3)被譽(yù)為“天府之國(guó)”的四川也是個(gè)美食之都。在那里的任何一家餐館都能找到既可口又經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的美食。Asoneoftheearliestportsopentoforeigntrade,theprovincehasdevelopedaculinaryculturewithitsowncharacteristicsthathasexertedafar-reachinginfluenceonotherpartsofChinaaswellasthroughouttheworldwhereitisthemostcommonlyavailableChinesecuisine.(para4)它還是最早對(duì)外開(kāi)放的通商口岸之一。廣東的餐飲文化獨(dú)具特色，對(duì)中國(guó)其他地方乃至全世界產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。Agoodnamecanmakethedishmoreinteresting;however,somenamesaresoeccentricthattheymayconfusepeople,bothChineseandforeigners.Ifyouonlytranslatethenamesliterallywithnoexplanation,youcouldmakeafoolofyourself.(para6)一個(gè)好名字能使這道菜更有意思；但有些菜名太怪異了，聽(tīng)起來(lái)讓人一頭霧水，不要說(shuō)外國(guó)人難以理解，就是中國(guó)人往往也不是很清楚。你要是望文生義，準(zhǔn)得鬧出笑話來(lái)。Thiseccentricname,however,hashadverygoodpromotionaleffects,andhasbeenusedeversince.Goubuliisnowatime-cherishedbrandnameinTianjing.(para8)可就是這個(gè)有點(diǎn)怪里怪氣的名字，反倒起了很好的廣告作用，這個(gè)名字一直沿用到了今天。如今“狗不理”已經(jīng)成為天津的老字號(hào)。Itissaidthat,whenhewasinchargeofthedrainageworkfortheWestLake,SuDongporewardedworkerswithstewedporkinsoysauce,andpeoplelaternameditDongpoMeat,tocommemoratethisgiftedandgenerouspoet.IntheeyesofChinese,whatisimportantabouteating,especiallyatfestivals,istoeatinawarmatmosphere.Oftentheyoungandoldstillsitinorderofseniority,andtheeldersselectfoodfortheyoungwhiletheyoungmaketoaststotheelders.(para12)在中國(guó)人看來(lái)，吃最重要的，尤其在過(guò)節(jié)時(shí)，莫過(guò)于是吃飯時(shí)的溫馨氣氛。吃飯時(shí)，年長(zhǎng)的和年少的按照年齡大小依次坐好，在歡樂(lè)祥和的氣氛中，說(shuō)說(shuō)笑笑。AhostessorhostinChinawillapportionthebestpartsofthedishestoguests.(para13)在中國(guó)，主人會(huì)把最好的萊分給客人。Suchacustomisstillpopular,especiallyamongtheeldergeneration,asawayofecpressingrespect,concernandhospitality.(para13)這種習(xí)俗用來(lái)表達(dá)尊敬、關(guān)懷和好客之意，至今在老一輩的中國(guó)人中還是很流行。Atapartyorabanquet,everyonefirsttakesintoconsiderationtheneedsofthegroup;withtheeatingprocessalsobeingatimetoshowhumilityandconcernforothers.(para14)無(wú)論在聚會(huì)還是在宴席上，人們首先考慮大家的需求，把吃飯當(dāng)成是謙卑有禮和關(guān)懷他人的場(chǎng)合。Unit3:WhyHarry’sHotInherwildestdreams,shedidn’tthinkherHarryPotterbookswouldappealtomorethanahandfulofreaders.她做夢(mèng)也沒(méi)有想到會(huì)有那么多人對(duì)她的書感興趣。Withafirstprintingof5.3millioncopiesandadvanceorderstopping1.8million,HarryPotterandtheGobletofFire,thefourthinstallmentoftheseries,promisestobreakeverybooksellingrecord..《哈里波特》系列叢書的第四冊(cè)《哈利波特與火焰杯》初版530萬(wàn)冊(cè)，加上高達(dá)180萬(wàn)冊(cè)的訂單，有望創(chuàng)造新的暢銷書銷售記錄Whenthebookfinallywentonsaleat12:01a.m.Saturday,thousandsofchildreninBritainandNorthAmericarushedtoclaimtheircopes.當(dāng)這本書終于在星期六午夜12：01面市時(shí)，在英國(guó)和北美，成千上萬(wàn)的孩子爭(zhēng)相購(gòu)買。TheonlysournoteinallthesongsofjoyoverthisphenomenonhascomefromsomeparentsandconservativereligiousleaderswhosayRowlingadvocateswitchcraft.在對(duì)“哈利波特”現(xiàn)象的一路歡歌中，出現(xiàn)的唯一一個(gè)不和諧音符來(lái)自干一些父母和保守的宗教領(lǐng)袖，他們認(rèn)為羅琳在宣揚(yáng)巫術(shù)。ButperhapsthemostcuriousthingaboutthePotterphenomenon,especiallygiventhatitisallaboutbooks,isthatalmostnoonehastakenthetimetosayhowgood—orbad—thesebooksare.但是對(duì)于“哈利波特”現(xiàn)象最讓人感到好奇的事情可能是幾乎沒(méi)有人會(huì)花時(shí)間去討論這些書有多好或者多糟，尤其是當(dāng)這些評(píng)論僅僅涉及書本身的時(shí)候。WhatmydaughterreallywantedtoknowwashowwellJ.K.RowlingstacksupagainstthelikesofRobertLouisStevensonorMdeleineL’Engle.我女兒真正想知道的是：與羅伯特?路易斯?史蒂文森和馬德琳?英格這一類人相比較，羅琳到底有多棒。IcouldhavetoldherthatIthoughttheywerebeautifullycraftedworksofentertainment,theliteraryequivalentofStevenSpielberg.我本可以告訴她我認(rèn)為這些書是精心構(gòu)思的通俗作品，是堪比史蒂文·斯皮爾伯格之電影的文學(xué)作品。P.L.Travers,theauthoroftheMaryPoppinsbooks,putitbestwhenshewrote,“Youdonotchopoffasectionofyourimaginativesubstanceandmakeabookspecificallyforchildren,for—ifyouarehonest—youhave,infact,noideawherechildhoodendsandmaturitybegins.Itisallendlessandallone.《歡樂(lè)滿人間》的作者帕梅拉·林登·特拉弗斯概括得精辟至極。她寫到，“你不能把你想象的東西砍掉一部分然后寫成一本專給孩子看的書，坦白地說(shuō)，因?yàn)槭聦?shí)上你根本無(wú)從知道童年究竟是什么時(shí)候結(jié)束，而成人期又是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始的。它們相互連接、渾然一體?！盧owlingarticulatesjusthowdefenselesseventhebravestchildrenoftenfeel.羅琳清楚表達(dá)出，即便是最勇敢的孩子也經(jīng)常會(huì)表現(xiàn)得那么無(wú)助?！癗otuntilI’drereadwhatI’dwrittendidIrealizethatthat(指代什么)hadbeentakenentirely—entirely—fromhowIfeltaboutmymother’sdeath.”Rowlingsaid.直到我自己重讀我寫過(guò)的東西，我才意識(shí)到這個(gè)情節(jié)完完全全——完完全全地——來(lái)自于我對(duì)于母親去世的感覺(jué)，ButIdon’tthinkthebookswouldhavetheirbroadappealiftheywereonlyexcitingtalesofmagicaladventure,andIknowadultswouldnotfindthemsoenticing.但是我認(rèn)為，如果這些書只是一些有關(guān)魔幻之旅的有趣的故事，那么它們就不可能有這么廣泛的吸引力。而且我知道，那樣的話成人就不會(huì)被它吸引。Thatquibbleaside,Rowling’snovelsareprobablythebestbookschildrenhaveeverencounteredthathaven’tbeenthrustuponthembyanadult.除了這些吹毛求疵的意見(jiàn)，羅琳的書可能是孩子們所接觸到的最好的書，而且閱讀這些書也不是家長(zhǎng)強(qiáng)加的任務(wù)。Unit4LoveandMarriageChildrenwhoareraisedinimpersonalenvironments(orphanages,somefosterhomes,orunlovingfamilies)showemotionalandsocialunderdevelopment,languageandmotorskillsretardation,andmentalhealthproblems.在人情冷漠的環(huán)境中(如孤兒院，某些寄養(yǎng)家庭，或缺乏關(guān)愛(ài)的家庭)長(zhǎng)大的孩子會(huì)出現(xiàn)情感和社會(huì)性發(fā)育不良，語(yǔ)言和運(yùn)動(dòng)技能遲緩，以及精神健康問(wèn)題Amongotherthings,peoplewholikethemselvesaremoreopentocriticismandlessdemandingofothers.從別的方面來(lái)說(shuō)，自我喜歡的人更樂(lè)于接受批評(píng)，對(duì)別人的要求也不那么苛刻。Loveislikeanavalanchewhereyouhavetorunforyourlife.愛(ài)像雪崩，你必須快跑才能活命。4、Lovehasbeenasourceofinspiration,wrywitticisms,andevenpoliticalactionformanycenturies.幾百年來(lái)愛(ài)都是靈感、俏皮的揶揄、甚至是政治活動(dòng)的來(lái)源。5、Manyresearchersfeelthatlovedefiesasingledefinitionbecauseitvariesindegreeandintensityandacrosssocialcontexts.許多研究者覺(jué)得愛(ài)沒(méi)有一個(gè)唯一的定義，它有程度和強(qiáng)度之分，并且跨越了社會(huì)背景。Love,especiallylong-termlove,hasnothingincommonwiththeimagesofloveorfrenziedsexthatwegetfromHollywood,television,andromancenovels.愛(ài)，特別是長(zhǎng)久的愛(ài)，和我們從好萊塢、電視、或愛(ài)情小說(shuō)中獲得的對(duì)愛(ài)和狂熱的性愛(ài)的印象完全不同。7、Somepartnerstaketurnsstirringtheoatmeal.有些伴侶們輪流來(lái)“攪燕麥粥”Empiricalstudiesshowthatculturalnormsandvalues,notfate,bringpeopletogether.實(shí)證研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，是文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和價(jià)值觀而非命運(yùn)，將人們連系在一起。9、Inearlyadolescence,peernormsinfluencetheadolescent’sdecisionsaboutacceptableromanticinvolvement(“Youwanttodatewho?!”)青少年早期，同伴們的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也會(huì)影響青少年決定哪些情感關(guān)系是可以接受的(“你想和誰(shuí)約會(huì)?”)。10、Oncedesirediminishes,disappointedloverswonderwherethe“spark”intheirrelationshiphasgoneandmayreminisceregretfully(andlongingly)about“thegoodolddays”.一旦欲望消失了，失望的戀人就會(huì)詫異原來(lái)他們關(guān)系中的“火花”去哪兒了，他們可能會(huì)很遺憾地(而且渴望地)懷念“過(guò)去的美好時(shí)光”。Unit5YogaInAmericaYogastretchesareusedbyphysicaltherapistsandprofessionalsportsteams,andthebenefitsofyogaarebeingtoutedbymoviestarsandFortune500executives.(para1)瑜伽已被廣泛應(yīng)用于身體治療和專業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)的日常訓(xùn)練，做瑜伽的好處也被電影明星和《財(cái)富》雜志世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)的總裁們爭(zhēng)相吹捧。Iyengaryogaputsstrictemphasisonformandalignment,andusestraditionalhathayogatechniquesinnewmannersandsequences.(para2)艾揚(yáng)格瑜伽十分注重姿勢(shì)的精準(zhǔn)，它采用新的方式和順序練習(xí)傳統(tǒng)瑜伽。Ashtangayogacanbeamorevigorousroutine,usingaflowinganddance-likesequenceofhathaposturestogeneratebodyheat,whichpurifiesthebodythroughsweatinganddeepbreathing.(para2)阿斯湯加瑜伽有著更精準(zhǔn)的要求，練習(xí)者要用舞蹈般流暢的動(dòng)作來(lái)練習(xí)傳統(tǒng)瑜伽，從而使身體發(fā)熱，并通過(guò)出汗和深呼吸來(lái)凈化自己的身體。Yogaachievesitsbestresultswhenitispracticedasadailydiscipline,andyogacanbealife-longexerciseroutine,offeringdeeperandmorechallengingpositionsasapractitionerbecomesmoreadept.(para3)每天練習(xí)瑜伽會(huì)達(dá)到最好的效果，隨著動(dòng)作越來(lái)越熟練，你就可以加大強(qiáng)度和難度，這樣瑜伽就能成為你相伴終生的日常鍛煉方式了。Yogacanalsoprovidethesamebenefitsasanywell-designedexerciseprogram,increasinggeneralhealthandstamina,reducingstress,andimprovingthoseconditionsbroughtaboutbysedentarylifestyles.(para5)瑜伽還能帶來(lái)和精心設(shè)計(jì)的練習(xí)一樣的效果，使人增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)、煥發(fā)活力，并幫助人們舒緩壓力和久坐帶來(lái)的疲勞。Modernpsychologicalstudieshaveshownthatevenslightfacialexpressionscancausechangesintheinvoluntarynervoussystem;yogautilizesthemind/bodyconnection.(para7)現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)研究表明，即使細(xì)微的表情變化也會(huì)引起神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的自主改變；而瑜伽正是身體和心靈的絕妙結(jié)合。Yogacanbeperformedbythoseofanyageandcondition,althoughnotallposesshouldbeattemptedbyeveryone.(para8)雖然有些姿勢(shì)并不適合所有人練習(xí)，但是任何年齡段的人在任何條件下都能練習(xí)瑜伽。Yogaisnotacompetitivesport;itdoesnotmatterhowapersondoesincomparisonwithothers,buthowawareanddisciplinedonebecomeswithone’sownbodyandlimitations.(para10)瑜伽不是競(jìng)技體育；練瑜伽不需要和別人比，練瑜伽的目的是提高自己的覺(jué)悟和身心自律能力。Manyyogisareamazedathowrapidlyyaga’spopularityhasspreadinAmerica,consideringthelegendthatitwaspasseddownsecretlybyhandfulsofadherentsformanycenturies.(para11)許多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，瑜伽只是在極少信徒的言傳身教中得以流傳，而今它在美國(guó)快速普及，這使許多瑜伽師感到很驚異。However,ongoingresearchintopmedicalschoolsisshowingyoga’seffectivenessforoverallhealthandforspecificproblems,makingitanincreasinglyacceptablehealthpractice.(para12)然而，越來(lái)越多的來(lái)自頂尖醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究結(jié)果表明，瑜伽對(duì)全身健康和特殊病癥都有好處，這也使越來(lái)越多的人接受這項(xiàng)健康的運(yùn)動(dòng)。Unit6HereIsNewYorkOnanypersonwhodesiressuchqueerprizes,NewYorkwillbestowthegiftoflonelinessandthegiftofprivacy.(para1)紐約將孤寂與獨(dú)處當(dāng)作贈(zèng)禮，賜予所有向往這份奇特禮物的人們。NewYorkistheconcentrateofartandcommerceandsportandreligionandentertainmentandfinance,bringingtoasinglecompactarenathegladiator,theevangelist,thepromoter,theactor,thetrader,andthemerchant.(para2)紐約集藝術(shù)、商業(yè)、體育、宗教、娛樂(lè)和金融于一城，城內(nèi)拳擊手、傳教士、推銷員、演員、經(jīng)紀(jì)人、商人齊聚一堂，同場(chǎng)競(jìng)技。NewYorkblendsthegiftofprivacywiththeexcitementofparticipation;andbetterthanmostdensecommunitiesitsucceedsininsulatingtheindividual(ifhewantsit,andalmosteverybodywantsorneedsit)againstallenormousandviolentandwonderfuleventsthataretakingplaceeveryminute.(para4)紐約城賜予人們獨(dú)處孤居之禮的同時(shí)，也奉上一份參與的興奮；同其他人口稠密的社區(qū)相比，紐約能更好地將個(gè)人與每時(shí)每刻在他周圍發(fā)生的重大的、猛烈的、奇妙的事件隔離開(kāi)來(lái)(只要他需要，而幾乎每個(gè)人都想要或需要這種隔離)。ImentiontheseeventsmerelytoshowthatNewYorkispeculiarlyconstructedtoabsorbalmostanythingthatcomesalong(whether1,000-footlineroutoftheEastora20,000-manconventionoutoftheWest)withoutinflictingtheeventofitsinhabitants;sothateveryeventis,inasense,optional,andtheinhabitantisinthehappypositionofbeingabletochoosehisspectacleandsoconservehissoul.(para5)我提到這些，僅僅為了表明紐約城是一座建構(gòu)奇特的城市，這里發(fā)生的事件包羅萬(wàn)象(城東1,000英尺長(zhǎng)的班輪也好，城西2萬(wàn)人的集會(huì)也罷)，但種種事件卻又未被強(qiáng)加到每個(gè)居民身上。因此，從某種意義上說(shuō)，每個(gè)事件都有可供選擇的余地，居民們大可隨心所欲地選擇心儀的場(chǎng)景來(lái)體味，保護(hù)其靈魂免受侵害。ThequalityinNewYorkthatinsulatesitsinhabitantsfromlifemaysimplyweakenthemasindividuals.(para6)在將居民同其周邊生活隔離開(kāi)來(lái)的同時(shí)，紐約也會(huì)弱化他們作為個(gè)體的存在。Butwhateveritmeans,itisaratherraregift,andIbelieveithasapositiveeffectonthecreativecapaccitiesofNewYorkers—forcreationisinpartmerelythebusinessofforgoingthegreatandsmalldistractions.(para7)但無(wú)論如何，這都是非常希罕的禮物，而且我也相信這給紐約客的創(chuàng)造力帶來(lái)了積極的影響——因?yàn)樵谝欢ǔ潭壬希瑒?chuàng)造就是將大大小小令人分心的事物拋之腦后的過(guò)程。AlthoughNewYorkoftenimpartsafeelingofgreatforlornnessorforsakenness,itseldomseemsdeadorunresourceful;andyoualwaysfeelthateitherbyshiftingyourlocation10blocksorbyreducingyourfortunebyfivedollarsyoucanexperiencerejuvenation.(para8)盡管紐約常常帶給人一種強(qiáng)烈的失落感或被遺棄感，但她卻很少顯得死氣沉沉或乏味無(wú)趣，你總會(huì)生出如下想法：只需變換一下位置，搬到10個(gè)街區(qū)以外，或者稍稍破一下財(cái)，花掉5美元，你就能立刻重獲生機(jī)，神采奕奕。ButinNewYorkthechancesareendless.Ithinkthatalthoughmanypersonsareherefromsomeexcessofspirit(whichcausedthemtobreakawayfromtheirsmalltown),some,too,areherefromadeficiencyofspirit,whofindinNewYorkaprotection,oraneasysubstitution.(para8)但在紐約，這種機(jī)會(huì)卻是無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的。在我看來(lái)，盡管有不少人來(lái)到紐約是因?yàn)樗麄兓盍^(guò)剩，無(wú)法宣泄(這促使他們背井離鄉(xiāng)，來(lái)到紐約)，同時(shí)，也不乏一些人是因?yàn)榫駞T乏才來(lái)到紐約，在這里尋求庇護(hù)或某種輕而易舉就能得到的替代品。Unit9:TheHousingCrisisGoesSuburbanButthesarcityofaffordablehousingisadeepenignationalcrisis,andnotjustforinner-cityfamiliesonwelfare.但是，廉價(jià)房稀缺是一場(chǎng)日益加深的民族危機(jī)，而不僅僅是依靠福利為生的城市家庭的危機(jī)。TherealestateboomofthepastdecadehasproducedwindfallsforAmericanswhoownedbeforeitbegan,butaffordablehousingisnowaseriousproblemformorelow-andmoderate-incomeAmericansthantaxes,SocialSecurityorgasprices.在過(guò)去10年里，房地產(chǎn)迅猛發(fā)展，這使得在此之前就已經(jīng)購(gòu)置房產(chǎn)的美國(guó)人大賺特賺了一把，但現(xiàn)在廉價(jià)房對(duì)中、低收入的美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，是一個(gè)比稅收、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、汽油價(jià)格更嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題。Rooseveltsignedhousinglegislationin1934and1937,providingmortagages,governmentapartmentsandconstructionjobsforworkersdownontheirluck.1934年和1937年，羅斯福簽署了住房立法，提供抵押貸款、政府公寓，并為那些窮困潦倒的工人提供建筑工作。Butforthepasttwodecades,theonlynewfederalhousinginitiativehasbeenHOPEVI,aClintonadministrationprogramthathasdemolished80,000unitsoftheworstpublichousingandbuiltmixed-incomedevelopmentsintheirplace.但在過(guò)去20年中，唯一的聯(lián)邦住房新提案就是HOPEVI，也就是克林頓政府拆毀80,000單位的最差公共住房，重建混合收入寓所來(lái)取而代之。Overall,thenumberofhouseholdsreceivingfederalaidhasflatlinedsincetheearly1990s,despiteanexpandingpopulationandaballooningbudget.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，自90年代初以來(lái)，接受聯(lián)邦援助的家庭數(shù)已經(jīng)降到最低，盡管人口不斷增加、預(yù)算不斷膨脹。Itsoundsodd,butthevictimsoftoday’shousingcrisisarenotpeoplelivingin“theprojects”,butpeoplewhoaren’teventhatlucky.這聽(tīng)起來(lái)奇怪，但如今住房危機(jī)的受害者不是那些已經(jīng)享受“救助計(jì)劃”的人，而是那些沒(méi)那么幸運(yùn)去享受這個(gè)計(jì)劃的人。Thetimelimitsincludedinwelfarereform10yearsagowerecontroversial,butstudiessuggestthey’vehelpedmotivaterecipientstogetoffthedole.人們對(duì)10年前福利改革中所涉及的時(shí)限問(wèn)題有爭(zhēng)議，但研究表明，這些時(shí)限有助于激勵(lì)受助人擺脫對(duì)福利的依賴。Andunlikewelfare,housingaidisnotafederalentitlement,sotakingitawayfromonefamilyafterafewyearswouldprovideabreakforanequallydeservingfamily.和福利不同的是，住房救濟(jì)金不是聯(lián)邦所賦予的權(quán)利，因此幾年后對(duì)一個(gè)家庭停止供給意味著給另一個(gè)同樣需要救濟(jì)的家庭一個(gè)喘息的機(jī)會(huì)。Othersreducetheirrentsbyovercrowding,whichstudieslinktohighercrimerates,pooreracademicperformanceandpoorerhealth;LosAngelesalonehas620,000homeswithmorethanonepersonperroom.其他人為了減少租金，居住條件極為擁擠，研究表明，擁擠的居住條件與高犯罪率、學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)差、以及健康狀況不佳緊密相關(guān)；僅洛杉磯就有62萬(wàn)戶家庭多人共居一室。Thiscreatesallkindsoflousyoutcomes—childrenwhodon’tgettoseetheirparents,workerswhocan’tmakeendsmeetwhengaspricessoar,exurbansprawl,roadscloggedwithlong-distancecommutersemittinggreenhousegases.這造成各種不良結(jié)果——孩子們看不到父母；當(dāng)汽油價(jià)格飆升、城市向外擴(kuò)張、道路上堵滿了長(zhǎng)途通勤的打工者、他們的汽車排放著溫室氣體，勞動(dòng)者根本就入不敷出。Theonlyaffordabilityideaswithanytractionatthenationallevelarenotreallyhousingideas;forexample,onewaytomakehousingmoreaffordabletoworkerswouldbetoraisetheirincomes—throughhigherminimumwages,lowerpayrolltaxesoranexpandedEarnedIncomeTaxCredit.唯一的用國(guó)家力量促進(jìn)支付能力的辦法并不是有關(guān)住房的辦法；例如，有一個(gè)方法可以讓勞動(dòng)者更能夠負(fù)擔(dān)得起住房費(fèi)用，那就是提高他們的收入——通過(guò)提高最低工資、降低工資稅或擴(kuò)大收入稅收抵免等方式。Thereisoneclearsolutiontotheaffordable-housingcrisis:arealestatecrash.解決廉價(jià)房危機(jī)的一個(gè)明確辦法：房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)崩潰。Butwhileaneasingofpricescouldbedevastatingforlower-incomeOwnswithriskymortgages,itprobablewouldn’tbringhomeownershipwithinreachformanyOwn-Nots.但是對(duì)于使用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)貸款的低收入房屋所有人來(lái)說(shuō)放松價(jià)格可能是毀滅性的，另一方面對(duì)于無(wú)房者來(lái)說(shuō)，它也不會(huì)帶來(lái)居者有其屋的結(jié)果。HomeownshipisoftendescribedastheAmericandream,butthesedaysmanyworkerswouldsettleforadecentrentalthatwon’tbankrupttheirfamilies.居者有其屋通常被稱為是美國(guó)夢(mèng)，但如今許多勞動(dòng)者為了使他們的家人不至于破產(chǎn)，寧愿租一所體面的房子居住。Unit10:TheRoleofTheAcademyinTimesofCrisisTodaytheacademyholdsahighlyprivilegedplaceinAmericansocietybecauseofalong-standingnationalconsensusaboutthevalueofeducation.今天，由于長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)美國(guó)人對(duì)教育價(jià)值的共識(shí)，大學(xué)在美國(guó)社會(huì)中占有得天獨(dú)厚的地位。ThatfaithisbasedonaconvictionthatthevitalityoftheUnitedStates,itscreativeanddiverseculturallife,itsstaggeringlyinventiveeconomy,itsnationalsecurityandtherobustnessofitsdemocraticinstitutionsowemuchtothequalityofitsinstitutionsofhighereducation.這一信念是在這樣一個(gè)深信不疑的基礎(chǔ)上確立的，即美國(guó)的活力、它富有創(chuàng)造性和多樣化的文化生活、它具有驚人獨(dú)創(chuàng)力的經(jīng)濟(jì)、它的國(guó)家安全以及它健全的民主制度——極大地依賴于其高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量。Oursociety’sconfidenceinitsinstitutionsofhighereducationisexpressedthroughthegenerousinvestmentsofthefederalandstategovernmentsinbasicandappliedresearch,investmentsthatwiselycouplesupportforresearchwithsupportforgraduateeducation.我國(guó)社會(huì)對(duì)高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)的信心通過(guò)以下幾點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)：聯(lián)邦政府和州政府對(duì)基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究給予大量投資，這些投資明智地將對(duì)研究的支持與對(duì)研究生教育的支持結(jié)合起來(lái)Inreturnforthisbroadsupport,societyrightfullyexpectscertainthingsfromus.Itexpectsthegenerationofnewideasandthediscoveryofnewknowledge,theexplorationofcomplexissuesinanopenandcollegialmannerandthepreparationofthenextgenerationofcitizensandleaders.社會(huì)當(dāng)然期望我們能有所作為以回報(bào)這種廣泛的支持。社會(huì)期望我們產(chǎn)生新思想，開(kāi)發(fā)新知識(shí)，以一種開(kāi)放和共同協(xié)作的方式探索復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題，培養(yǎng)未來(lái)一代公民和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。Themedievalimageoftheuniversityasanivorytower,withscholarsturnedinwardinsolitarycontemplation,immunizedfromthecaresoftheday,isanimagethathasbeensupersededbythemodernuniversityconstructednotofivory,butofahighlyporousmaterial,onethatallowsfreediffusioninbothdirections.中世紀(jì)大學(xué)的形象是一座象牙塔，學(xué)者們遠(yuǎn)離社會(huì)進(jìn)行孤獨(dú)的沉思，不關(guān)心窗外之事——這一形象已被現(xiàn)代大學(xué)所取代——現(xiàn)代大學(xué)不是象牙構(gòu)筑的，而是高度開(kāi)放的機(jī)構(gòu)，允許內(nèi)外自由交流。Thesearchfornewideasandknowledgeisnotandcannotbemotivatedbyutilitarianconcerns.Ratheritdependsontheabilitytothinkinnewandcreativeways.探索新思想和新知識(shí)不是依靠也不應(yīng)該依靠功利主義動(dòng)機(jī)，而是依靠以新穎的和創(chuàng)造性的方式進(jìn)行思考的能力。WhentheNobellaureateJohnNashdevelopedthemathematicalconceptsunderlyingnon-cooperativegametheoryasagraduatestudentatPrinceton,hecouldnotforeseethatthoseconceptswouldbeusedtodaytoanalyzeelectionstrategiesandthecausesofwarandtomakepredictionsabouthowpeoplewillact.當(dāng)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者約翰·納什在普林斯頓大學(xué)讀研究生時(shí)推動(dòng)了構(gòu)成“非合作博弈論”基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)學(xué)概念的發(fā)展時(shí)，他可能根本不會(huì)想到這些概念會(huì)在今天被用于分析選舉策略、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)起因及預(yù)測(cè)人的行為表現(xiàn)等方面。Wealsohavelearnedthatitisunwisetosearchonlyinpredictableplaces,fornewknowledgeoft