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Chapter6

MakingCapitalInvestmentDecisions

KeyConceptsandSkills

Understandhowtodeterminetherelevantcashflows

forvarioustypesofcapitalinvestments

Beabletocomputedepreciationexpensefortax

purposes

Understandthevariousmethodsforcomputing

operatingcashflow

Evaluatespecialcasesofdiscountedcashflow

analysis

Incorporateinflationintocapitalbudgeting

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6-1

ChapterOutline

6.1增量現(xiàn)金流量:資本預(yù)算的關(guān)鍵

6.2TheBaldwinCompany:AnExample

6.3經(jīng)營性現(xiàn)金流的不同算法

6.4折現(xiàn)現(xiàn)金流分析的意向典型案例

6.5通貨膨脹與資本預(yù)算

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6-2

6.1IncrementalCashFlows

現(xiàn)金流量,而不是會(huì)計(jì)利潤

沉沒成本不屬于增量現(xiàn)金流

增量Incremental現(xiàn)金流才是關(guān)鍵

副效應(yīng)

稅收影響:我們所需要的是稅后的增量現(xiàn)金流

通脹的影響

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6-3

CashFlows—NotAccountingIncome

Considerdepreciationexpense.

?Youneverwriteacheckmadeoutto

“depreciation.”

?公司理財(cái)強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)金流而不是利潤

Muchoftheworkinevaluatingaprojectliesin

takingaccountingnumbersandgeneratingcashflows.

?通過會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)得到現(xiàn)金流數(shù)據(jù)

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凈利潤與現(xiàn)金流的比較

凈利潤是指企業(yè)當(dāng)期利潤總額減去所得稅后的金額,

即企業(yè)的稅后利潤?,F(xiàn)金流量是投資項(xiàng)目在其整個(gè)

壽命期內(nèi)所發(fā)生的現(xiàn)金流出和現(xiàn)金流入的全部資金

收付數(shù)量。

企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)利潤是以權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算出來的。

現(xiàn)金流量是以收付實(shí)現(xiàn)制為基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算出來的。

利潤表和現(xiàn)金流量表

為什么財(cái)務(wù)核算用凈利潤,而投資決策用現(xiàn)金流量

?核算角度、現(xiàn)金狀況

6-5

凈利潤到現(xiàn)金流量

現(xiàn)金流量表的間接法

?現(xiàn)金流量表間接法是以本期凈利潤為起算點(diǎn),調(diào)整不涉及

現(xiàn)金的收入、費(fèi)用、營業(yè)外收支以及有關(guān)項(xiàng)目的增減變動(dòng),

計(jì)算并列示經(jīng)營活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)金流量。

采用間接列報(bào)將凈利潤調(diào)節(jié)為經(jīng)營活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)金流量

凈額時(shí),主要需要調(diào)整四大類項(xiàng)目:

?(1)實(shí)際沒有支付現(xiàn)金的費(fèi)用(比如折舊,要調(diào)整);

?(2)實(shí)際沒有收到現(xiàn)金的收益(如交易性金融資產(chǎn)公允

價(jià)值變動(dòng));

?(3)不屬于經(jīng)營活動(dòng)的損益(如處置固定資產(chǎn)的損益,

處置獲益調(diào)減,處置虧損調(diào)增);

?(4)經(jīng)營性應(yīng)收應(yīng)付項(xiàng)目的增減變動(dòng)。

6-6

舉例:格力電器

6-7

舉例:特斯拉VS蔚來

6-8

例6-1相關(guān)現(xiàn)金流

W公司購買1百萬美元購買了一座大樓,此時(shí)全部現(xiàn)金流

出為100萬美元,假定采用20年直線計(jì)提折舊記賬,利潤

表上表現(xiàn)的會(huì)計(jì)成本為5萬美元,但不能用5萬美元來做資

本預(yù)算,因?yàn)閷?shí)際現(xiàn)金流出是100萬美元。

進(jìn)行資本預(yù)算時(shí),我們需要考察現(xiàn)金流,對(duì)現(xiàn)金流進(jìn)行估

計(jì)和折現(xiàn),沒有現(xiàn)金流支持的利潤是虛的,難以支持企業(yè)

運(yùn)營中的各項(xiàng)開支。

資本預(yù)算中,所運(yùn)用的現(xiàn)金流量應(yīng)該是因項(xiàng)目而產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)

金流的增量,也就是現(xiàn)金流的變化。

問題:那么,股票市場上用與利潤相關(guān)的指標(biāo),比如市盈

率、ROE等來對(duì)股票估值,合理嗎?他們?yōu)槭裁床皇褂矛F(xiàn)

金流相關(guān)的指標(biāo)呢?

6-9

IncrementalCashFlows

沉沒成本不屬于相關(guān)現(xiàn)金流

?沉沒成本已經(jīng)發(fā)生,不會(huì)因?yàn)槲覀兊耐顿Y決策

而改變,必須忽略。

?哪些是沉沒成本?

機(jī)會(huì)成本則是應(yīng)該考慮的

?僅僅因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)項(xiàng)目有一個(gè)正的凈現(xiàn)值,這并不意味著它

應(yīng)該被自動(dòng)接受,假定此時(shí)有另一個(gè)凈現(xiàn)值更高的項(xiàng)目

必須被放棄,那么我們就不應(yīng)該繼續(xù)下去。

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IncrementalCashFlows

副效應(yīng)(Sideeffects):新增項(xiàng)目對(duì)原有

項(xiàng)目的影響

?Erosion(侵蝕效應(yīng))isa“bad”thing.Ifour

newproductcausesexistingcustomersto

demandlessofourcurrentproducts,weneed

torecognizethat.

?Synergies(協(xié)同效應(yīng))resultthatcreate

increaseddemandofexistingproducts,we

alsoneedtorecognizethat.

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6-11

副效應(yīng)

新產(chǎn)品的研發(fā),往往會(huì)替代部分的老產(chǎn)品。產(chǎn)生侵

蝕效應(yīng),那么如何評(píng)估新產(chǎn)品的綜合效益?是否應(yīng)

該投產(chǎn)新產(chǎn)品?

?菲利普摩爾斯(紐交所:PM)投入IQOS電子煙,必然對(duì)原有

的傳統(tǒng)煙草市場產(chǎn)生侵蝕,它是否應(yīng)該推廣IQOS?

協(xié)同效應(yīng)一般指的都是正向的,所以會(huì)對(duì)原有項(xiàng)目

產(chǎn)生支持,但是當(dāng)新項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)負(fù)的收益項(xiàng)目時(shí),

是否應(yīng)該考慮投入?如何評(píng)估這個(gè)負(fù)的項(xiàng)目呢?

?某銀行計(jì)劃投資建設(shè)一個(gè)培訓(xùn)中心,每年會(huì)給銀行帶來一

定的現(xiàn)金負(fù)擔(dān),同時(shí)該培訓(xùn)中心對(duì)外營業(yè)的可能性也比較

小,那么,該如何評(píng)估這個(gè)項(xiàng)目呢?

6-12

EstimatingCashFlows

現(xiàn)金流的來源:

CashFlowfromOperations(OCF)

?Recallthat:

OCF=EBIT–Taxes+Depreciation(包括

amortization)

NetCapitalSpending

?Donotforgetsalvagevalue(aftertax,ofcourse).殘值

ChangesinNetWorkingCapital

?項(xiàng)目結(jié)束時(shí),我們可以獲得凈營運(yùn)資本的回報(bào)

先不考慮融資現(xiàn)金流

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關(guān)于凈營運(yùn)資本

凈營運(yùn)資本(networkingcapital):流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)與流

動(dòng)負(fù)債之差

公司經(jīng)營中,需要進(jìn)行凈營運(yùn)資本投資,主要包括:

?在產(chǎn)品銷售之前,購買原材料和其他存貨;

?為不可預(yù)測(cè)的支出在項(xiàng)目中保留作為緩沖的現(xiàn)金;

?發(fā)生了信用銷售,產(chǎn)生了應(yīng)收賬款

考慮一下凈營運(yùn)資本為負(fù)的情況

6-14

利息費(fèi)用

Laterchapterswilldealwiththeimpactthatthe

amountofdebtthatafirmhasinitscapitalstructure

hasonfirmvalue.

Fornow,itisenoughtoassumethatthefirm’slevel

ofdebt(and,hence,interestexpense)isindependent

oftheprojectathand.

暫時(shí)先不考慮利息費(fèi)用

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6.2TheBaldwinCompany

q已支付的市場調(diào)研成本:$250,000

q自有的土地和建筑物,當(dāng)前市場價(jià):$150,000

q保齡球機(jī)器設(shè)備:$100,000(depreciated

accordingtoMACRS5-year)

q新增的凈營運(yùn)資本:$10,000

q五年生產(chǎn)周期內(nèi)機(jī)器生產(chǎn)的保齡球個(gè)數(shù):5,000,

8,000,12,000,10,000,6,000

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TheBaldwinCompany

q第一年保齡球價(jià)格$20,以后每年價(jià)格增長2%

12345

數(shù)量5000800012000100006000

單價(jià)2020.420.8121.2221.65

營業(yè)收入

(千美元)100163.20249.70212.24129.89

q生產(chǎn)成本(operatingcost)第一年是每個(gè)$10,

以后每年每個(gè)增長10%

q每年的通貨膨脹率:5%

q營運(yùn)資本:初始是$10,000,按照營業(yè)收入的

10%變化計(jì)算

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TheBaldwinCompany

($thousands)(Allcashflowsoccurattheendoftheyear.)

Year0Year1Year2Year3Year4Year53萬賣掉,

后面解34%

Investments:釋本利得

計(jì)算過程

(1)Bowlingballmachine–100.0021.76*稅

(2)Accumulated20.0052.0071.2082.7294.24

depreciation

(3)Adjustedbasisof80.0048.0028.8017.285.76

machineafter

depreciation(endofyear)

(4)Opportunitycost–150.00按照營業(yè)收入的計(jì)算150.00

(warehouse)10%

(5)Networkingcapital10.0010.0016.3224.9721.220

(endofyear)

(6)Changeinnet–10.00–6.32–8.653.7521.22

workingcapital

(7)Totalcashflowof–260.00–6.32–8.653.75192.98

investment

[(1)+(4)+(6)]

?計(jì)算Δ投資:(1)+(4)加總

投資現(xiàn)金流

?計(jì)算Δ凈營運(yùn)資本:第(6)項(xiàng)

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6-18

TheBaldwinCompany

Year0Year1Year2Year3Year4Year5

Income:

(8)SalesRevenues100.00163.20249.70212.24129.89

Recallthatproduction(inunits)byyearduringthe5-yearlifeofthemachineis

givenby:

(5,000,8,000,12,000,10,000,6,000).

Priceduringthefirstyearis$20andincreases2%peryearthereafter.

Salesrevenueinyear2=8,000×[$20×(1.02)1]=8,000×$20.40=$163,200.

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TheBaldwinCompany

Year0Year1Year2Year3Year4Year5

Income:

(8)SalesRevenues100.00163.20249.70212.24129.89

(9)Operatingcosts50.0088.00145.20133.1087.85

Again,production(inunits)byyearduring5-yearlifeofthemachineisgiven

by:

(5,000,8,000,12,000,10,000,6,000).

Productioncostsduringthefirstyear(perunit)are$10,andtheyincrease

10%peryearthereafter.

Productioncostsinyear2=8,000×[$10×(1.10)1]=$88,000

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TheBaldwinCompany

Year0Year1Year2Year3Year4Year5

Income:

(8)SalesRevenues100.00163.20249.70212.24129.89

(9)Operatingcosts-50.00-88.00-145.20-133.10-87.85

(10)Depreciation-20.00-32.00-19.20-11.52-11.52

計(jì)算折舊

DepreciationiscalculatedusingtheModifiedYearACRS%

AcceleratedCostRecoverySystem(shownatright,120.00%

修正的加速成本回收系統(tǒng)).232.00%

Ourcostbasisis$100,000.319.20%

411.52%

Depreciationchargeinyear4

511.52%

=$100,000×(.1152)=$11,520.65.76%

Total100.00%

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TheBaldwinCompany

Year0Year1Year2Year3Year4Year5

Income:

(8)SalesRevenues100.00163.20249.70212.24129.89

(9)Operatingcosts-50.00-88.00-145.20-133.10-87.85

(10)Depreciation-20.00-32.00-19.20-11.52-11.52

(11)Incomebeforetaxes30.0043.2085.3067.6230.53

[(8)–(9)-(10)]

(12)Taxat34percent-10.20-14.69-29.00-22.99-10.38

(13)NetIncome19.8028.5156.3044.6320.15

計(jì)算凈利潤

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6-22

IncrementalAfterTaxCash

Flows(IATCF)

YearYear1Year2Year3Year4Year5

0

(1)

Sales

Revenues

$100.00$163.20$249.70$212.24$129.89

(2)

Operating

costs

-50.00-88.00-145.20-133.10-87.85

(3)

Taxes

-10.20-14.69-29.00-22.99-10.38

(4)

OCF

39.8060.5175.5056.1531.67

+

(5)

Total

CF

of

–260

–6.32–8.653.75192.98

Investment

(6)

IATCF–260

39.8054.1966.8559.90224.65

[(4)

+

(5)]

IATCF=OCF+CF

of

Investment

6-23

(公司)自由現(xiàn)金流量=(稅后凈營業(yè)利潤+折舊及攤銷)

???????????????????????????????????????????一

小結(jié)(資本支出+營運(yùn)資本增加)

凈利潤

經(jīng)營現(xiàn)金流

折舊

總的現(xiàn)金流要

Δ資素

折現(xiàn)投資現(xiàn)金流

Δ凈營運(yùn)資本

NPV

注:簡化了融資活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流

6-24

注意一下Δ凈營運(yùn)資本

Δ凈營運(yùn)資本在現(xiàn)金流量計(jì)算的時(shí)候?qū)儆谕顿Y現(xiàn)金

流,但是在會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表中,相關(guān)項(xiàng)目卻是屬于經(jīng)營活

動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流。

在現(xiàn)金流量表中,銷售商品、提供勞務(wù)收到的現(xiàn)金

包括本期銷售商品、提供勞務(wù)收到的現(xiàn)金,以及前

期銷售和前期提供勞務(wù)本期收到的現(xiàn)金和本期預(yù)收

的賬款,扣除本期退回本期銷售的商品和前期銷售

本期退回的商品支付的現(xiàn)金?,F(xiàn)金流量表中購買商

品接受勞務(wù)支付的現(xiàn)金包括:購買材料支付貨款;

支付的進(jìn)項(xiàng)稅額;償還應(yīng)付賬款;預(yù)付購貨款。

營運(yùn)資本的相關(guān)項(xiàng)目其實(shí)都在經(jīng)營活動(dòng)現(xiàn)金流里面

反映。

6-25

6.3AlternativeDefinitionsofOCF

Top-DownApproach(上頁從(1)到(4)的推算)

?OCF=Sales–Costs–Taxes

?Donotsubtractnon-cashdeductions

Bottom-UpApproach(21頁(13)+(10))

?Worksonlywhenthereisnointerestexpense

?OCF=NI+depreciation

=(銷售收入-現(xiàn)金成本-折舊)(1-T)+折舊

TaxShieldApproach

?OCF=(銷售收入-現(xiàn)金成本)(1–T)+折舊*T

?與上式等價(jià)

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幾點(diǎn)說明

稅盾法中,可以看到折舊的稅務(wù)好處,因?yàn)檎叟f是

在稅前的,所以可以獲得稅盾好處,具體金額是:

折舊*所得稅率,比如第一年的折舊是20,那么折

舊稅盾就是20*0.34=6.8千美元

折舊稅盾=折舊*所得稅率,原因:折舊額從凈利潤

中扣除,達(dá)到減稅效果,但實(shí)際現(xiàn)金并未減少。

本例子中,未采用債務(wù)融資,只按照考慮全股權(quán)融

資假設(shè)進(jìn)行,如果采用債務(wù)融資,對(duì)現(xiàn)金流沒有影

響,但是折現(xiàn)率(資金成本)會(huì)發(fā)生變化。

6-27

6.4折現(xiàn)現(xiàn)金流分析的一些典型特例

成本節(jié)約的投資

設(shè)定投標(biāo)價(jià)格

設(shè)備重置的一般性決策

?互斥方案的比較

?不同生命周期的投資:約當(dāng)年均成本法(EAC)

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I.成本節(jié)約的投資

(Cost-CuttingProposals)

如果增加投資可以減少成本,從而增加凈利潤

?但是,我們因此將不得不增加所得稅

投資增加引起的折舊會(huì)減少我們的所得稅稅基

需要比較這項(xiàng)投資的引起的成本和收益的變化,來

決定是否投資

?如果收益>成本,那么就投資

書上P114-115的例子

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I.成本節(jié)約的投資

設(shè)備成本:80000美元

每年節(jié)約:22000美元

5年生命周期,直線折舊,殘值為0,則每年折舊16000,

但5年后市場價(jià)值20000美元,稅率34%,折現(xiàn)率10%

是否需要升級(jí)設(shè)備?

升級(jí)的好處:升級(jí)設(shè)備后,第1年到第4年每年EBIT增加:

22000-80000/5=6000

增加的稅:6000*0.34=2040

綜合:稅后經(jīng)營現(xiàn)金流增加:6000+16000-

2040=19960(或者直接由22000-2040=19960)

第5年呢?

6-30

I.成本節(jié)約的投資

第5年設(shè)備殘值稅后:20000*(1-0.34)=13200

現(xiàn)金流狀況:

012345

經(jīng)營性現(xiàn)金流1996019960199601996019960

資本支出-8000013200

總現(xiàn)金流-800001996019960199601996033160

計(jì)算凈現(xiàn)值@10%:NPV=3860美元

結(jié)論:升級(jí)設(shè)備

如果設(shè)備殘值是0,結(jié)果會(huì)怎樣?NPV=-4335.90美元

6-31

II.SettingtheBidPrice(倒算問題)

FindthesalespricethatmakesNPV=0

?Step1:UseknownchangesinNWCandcapitalto

estimate“preliminary”NPV

?Step2:DeterminewhatyearlyOCFisneededtomake

NPV=0

?Step3:DeterminewhatNIisrequiredtogeneratethe

OCF

OCF=NI+Depreciation

?Step4:Identifywhatsales(andprice)arenecessary

tocreatetherequiredNI

NI=(Sales–Costs–Depreciation)*(1–T)

Sale=

NPV=0OCF=?NI=??

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II.設(shè)定投標(biāo)價(jià)格

背景:改裝卡車,然后銷售,每年5臺(tái)

加裝卡車裝卸平臺(tái):假設(shè)安裝卡車裝卸平臺(tái)每個(gè)

10000美元,每年需要租用設(shè)備花費(fèi)24000美元,

改裝所需人工和材料4000美元/車,每年成本合計(jì)

24000+(10000+4000)*5=94000美元

此外,還需要購買60000美元改裝設(shè)備,該設(shè)備采

用直線折舊法在4年內(nèi)殘值為0。4年后該設(shè)備預(yù)計(jì)

處理價(jià)格為5000美元。

購買存貨和其他運(yùn)營資產(chǎn)的花費(fèi)是40000美元,相

關(guān)的稅率為39%,如果我們需要獲得20%的投資回

報(bào)率,競標(biāo)價(jià)格應(yīng)為多少(銷售收入的倒算)?

6-33

II.設(shè)定投標(biāo)價(jià)格

?計(jì)算現(xiàn)金流:

01234

經(jīng)營性現(xiàn)金+OCF+OCF+OCF+OCF

凈營運(yùn)資本-4000040000

的變化

資本支出-600003050

總現(xiàn)金流-100000+OCF+OCF+OCF+OCF+43050

?計(jì)算凈現(xiàn)值為0時(shí)候的OCF

6-34

II.設(shè)定投標(biāo)價(jià)格

凈現(xiàn)值為0:

?為便于計(jì)算,統(tǒng)一到期初的OCF,使得OCF以外的金額消

減為期初的現(xiàn)值,即:100000-43050/1.2^4=79239美元。

01234

總現(xiàn)金流-79239+OCF+OCF+OCF+OCF

?因此:OCF=PMT(0.2,4,-79239)=30609美元

?所以,當(dāng)每年的經(jīng)營性現(xiàn)金流為30609美元時(shí),NPV=0

下一步,計(jì)算NPV=0時(shí)的凈利潤,然后是銷售額

6-35

II.設(shè)定投標(biāo)價(jià)格

先計(jì)算凈利潤

?經(jīng)營性現(xiàn)金流=凈利潤+折舊,折舊=60000/4=15000美元

?凈利潤=30609-15000=15609美元

銷售額?

成本94000

折舊15000

稅費(fèi)(39%)?

(15609/0.61=25589)

?因此:凈利潤15609=(銷售額-94000-15000)*(1-39%)15609,得到

銷售額=15609/0.71+94000+15000=134589美元

?所以,當(dāng)每年的銷售額為134589美元時(shí),NPV=0

所以,要求每輛卡車的售價(jià)至少是

134589/5=26918美元。

6-36

InvestmentsofUnequalLives

約當(dāng)年均成本法(EquivalentAnnualCost,EAC)

TherearetimeswhenapplicationoftheNPVrulecan

leadtothewrongdecision.Considerafactorythatmust

haveanaircleanerthatismandatedbylaw.Thereare

twochoices:

?The“Cadillaccleaner”costs$4,000today,hasannual

operatingcostsof$100,andlasts10years.

?The“Cheapskatecleaner”costs$1,000today,has

annualoperatingcostsof$500,andlasts5years.

Assuminga10%discountrate,whichoneshouldwe

choose?

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InvestmentsofUnequalLives

CadillacAirCleanerCheapskateAirCleaner

CF0–4,000CF0–1,000

CF1–100CF1–500

F110F15

I10I10

NPV–4,614.46NPV–2,895.39

Atfirstglance,theCheapskatecleanerhasahigherNPV.

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InvestmentsofUnequalLives

時(shí)間卡迪拉克便宜貨

0-4000-1000

1-100-500

2-100-500

3-100-500

4-100-500

5-100-500

6-100

7-100

8-100

9-100

10-100

($614.46)($1,895.39)

NPV($4,614.46)($2,895.39)

6-39

InvestmentsofUnequalLives

ThisoverlooksthefactthattheCadillaccleanerlasts

twiceaslong.

Whenweincorporatethedifferenceinlives,the

Cadillaccleanerisactuallycheaper(i.e.,hasahigher

NPV).

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EquivalentAnnualCost(EAC)

約當(dāng)年均成本法

TheEACisthevalueofthelevelpaymentannuitythat

hasthesamePVasouroriginalsetofcashflows.

?Forexample,theEACfortheCadillacaircleaneris

$750.98.

?TheEACfortheCheapskateaircleaneris$763.80,thus

weshouldrejectit.

?計(jì)算約當(dāng)?shù)默F(xiàn)金流,一般采用年金PMT現(xiàn)金流,然后進(jìn)行

比較

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6-41

CadillacEACwithaCalculator

CF0–4,000N10

CF1–100I/Y10

F110PV–4,614.46

I10PMT750.98

NPV–4,614.46FV

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6-42

CheapskateEACwithaCalculator

CF0–1,000N5

CF1–500I/Y10

F15PV-2,895.39

I10PMT763.80

NPV–2,895.39FV

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Noreproductiono

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