2025版高考英語一輪復(fù)習第3部分人與自然主題群2環(huán)境保護主題語境1自然環(huán)境自然遺產(chǎn)保護教師用書教案

PAGE主題群二環(huán)境愛護主題語境(一)自然環(huán)境、自然遺產(chǎn)愛護閱讀理解A(2024·浙江1月卷·B)Milwaukee，Wisconsin，isroadtestinganewwaytokeepwinterroadsice-free—byspreadingonthemcheesebrine，thesaltyliquidusedtomakesoftcheeses，likemozzarella.Wisconsin，alsocalled“America'sDairyland”，isfamousforitscheese.Thestateproduced2.8billionpoundsofcheeselastyear！Asaresult，therewasalotofleftovercheesebrine.Disposingof(處置)thebrinecanbeexpensive.Sowhatshouldcheesemakersdowiththewaste?Normally，townsuserocksalttode-icestreets.Thesaltlowerswater'sfreezingpoint，causingicetomelt(溶化)．Butusingcheesebrinecouldhelpbothcheeseproducersandcitiessavemoney，whilekeepingroadssafe.Cheesebrinehassaltinit，which，liketherocksalt，helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.Inadditiontosavingmoney，cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreeco-friendlyoption.Manypeoplesuspectthatalltherocksaltusedeverywinterisharmingtheenvironment.Rocksaltismadeofsodiumchloride，thesamecompound(化合物)inordinarytablesalt.Soundsharmless，right？Butwhileyouprobablyaddonlyasmallamountofsalttoyourfood，roadcrewsspreadabout20milliontonsofsaltonU．S.roadseveryyear!Thechemicalwashesoffroadsandgoesintotheground.Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater，harmplants，andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreetsbeforeaddingalayerofrocksalt，Milwaukeemaybeabletocutitsrocksaltuseby30percent.Cheesebrinehasadownsidetoo—asmellsimilartothatofbadmilk.“Idon'treallymindit，”EmilNorbytoldModernFarmermagazine.HeworksforoneofWisconsin'scountyhighwaycommissionsandcameupwiththeideaofusingcheesebrine.“OurroadssmelllikeWisconsin！”hesaid.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。在文章中，作者主要介紹了美國威斯康星州密爾沃基市變廢為寶，用cheesebrine(奶酪鹽水)來除冰。1．Whycancheesebrinehelpkeepwinterroadsice-free?A．Itissoft. B．Itcontainssalt.C．Itiswarm. D．Ithasmilkinit.B[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章第一段的“cheesebrine，thesaltyliquidusedtomakesoftcheeses”和第三段的“Cheesebrinehassaltinit，which，liketherocksalt，helpslowerwater'sfreezingpoint.”可知，因為奶酪鹽水含有鹽，所以可以被用來除冰。故答案選B項。]2．Whatisabenefitofusingcheesebrineonroads?A．Improvingairquality.B．Increasingsalesofrocksalt.C．Reducingwaterpollution.D．Savingthecheeseindustry.C[推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章第四段的“cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreeco-friendlyoption”和第六段的“Thereitcanpollutedrinkingwater，harmplants，andeatawaysoil.Byspreadingcheesebrineonstreets”可推斷，利用奶酪鹽水來除冰更加環(huán)保，比用其他化學制品更能夠削減對水的污染。故選C項。]3．Milwaukee'snewwaytode-icestreetsmaybeanexampleof________.A．barkingupthewrongtreeB．puttingthecartbeforethehorseC．robbingPetertopayPaulD．killingtwobirdswithonestoneD[推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章第三段的“Butusingcheesebrine...keepingroadssafe.”和第四段的“Inadditiontosavingmoney，cheesebrinecouldalsobeamoreeco-friendlyoption.”可知，利用奶酪鹽水來除冰是一箭雙雕的事情，既能夠省錢，做到廢物再利用，同時又能夠比其他化學制品更加環(huán)保。故答案選D項“killingtwobirdswithonestone”(一石二鳥)。]B(2024·天津卷·C)Howdoesanecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng))work？Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare？Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves？Tofindananswer，scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs，notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels，scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs，forinstance，consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食動物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(獵物)，thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies，theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies，itcansurvivetheextinction(滅亡)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare，theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable，wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s，scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean，wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale，whileonland，wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey，scientistssay，becauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(臨界點)，itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學模型，科學家們發(fā)覺了食物網(wǎng)方面的一些關(guān)鍵原則。4．Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?A．Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B．Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C．Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.D．Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.B[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段的“Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.”可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學模型，科學家們發(fā)覺了食物網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵原則。故選B。]5．Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator________.A．hasawidefoodchoiceB．caneasilyfindnewpreyC．stickstoonepreyspeciesD．canquicklymovetoanotherplaceC[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)其次段的“Whenapredator(掠食動物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(獵物)，thetwospeciesarestronglylinked”可知，當捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個物種是緊密相連的。故選C。]6．Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?A．Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B．Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C．Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D．Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.D[推理推斷題。依據(jù)第三段的“Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack”可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動物對它們沒有干脆攻擊的其他物種的種群數(shù)量有著驚人的限制，由此可推斷出，假如位于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的數(shù)量將發(fā)生意想不到的變更。故選D。]7．WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?A．Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B．Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C．Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D．Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.A[推理推斷題。依據(jù)第五段的“Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline”可知，人類過度的活動會將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，由此可推斷出，不受限制的人類活動極大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A。]8．Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?A．Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B．Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C．Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D．Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.D[細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)最終一段的“Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.”可知，預(yù)警系統(tǒng)提前發(fā)出信號以讓人們實行措施防止生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭到破壞。故選D。]C(2024·北京卷·D)Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner，theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue，dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas，whilereducingitinotherspots，leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface，wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie，theyburycarboninthedeepocean，animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth，sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow，butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz，ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience，builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃，itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic，awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton，andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging，”shesaid，“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”Andwhydoesthatmatter？Phytoplanktonarethebaseofthefoodweb.Ifcertainkindsbegintodisappearfromtheocean，Dutkiewiczsaid，“itwillchangethetypeoffishthatwillbeabletosurvive.”Thosekindsofchangescouldaffectthefoodchain.Whatevercolourchangestheoceanexperiencesinthecomingdecadeswillprobablybetoogradualandunnoticeable，buttheycouldmeansignificantchanges.“It'llbeawhilebeforewecanstatisticallyshowthatthechangesarehappeningbecauseofclimatechange，”Dutkiewiczsaid，“butthechangeinthecolouroftheoceanwillbeoneoftheearlywarningsignalsthatwereallyhavechangedourplanet.”【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。一項新的探討表明，由于氣候變暖，世界海洋將會變得更藍、更綠。這一現(xiàn)象是因為一種叫作浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因為光線反射的作用，它們在海洋表面形成了五彩繽紛的圖案。但是浮游植物很簡潔受到海洋變暖趨勢的影響，氣候變暖會變更海洋的主要特征，并影響浮游植物的生長。9．Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?A．Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.B．Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.C．Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.D．Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.B[段落大意題。依據(jù)第一段“Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知，到本世紀末，一項新的探討表明，由于氣候變暖，假如不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會變得更藍、更綠。結(jié)合其次段“Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms，thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentration”可知，這種現(xiàn)象的核心是一種叫作浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光線的作用下在海洋表面形成了五彩繽紛的圖案。海洋的顏色從綠色到藍色不等，這取決于浮游植物的類型和濃度。由此可推斷出這兩段主要敘述了海洋生物是海洋顏色變更的緣由。分析選項可知B符合題意，故選B。]10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.A[詞義揣測題。依據(jù)畫線詞后的“Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunshineandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.”可知，氣候變暖會變更海洋的主要特征，并會影響浮游植物的生長。由此可推斷“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend”浮游植物很簡潔受到海洋變暖趨勢的影響?？芍狝項正確。]11．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.B．Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges.C．Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate.D．Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.D[推理推斷題。依據(jù)第四段“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters，suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener”，可知Dutkiewicz的模型預(yù)料，目前只有少量浮游植物的藍色區(qū)域可能會變得更藍。但是在一些水域，比如北極，氣候變暖會使浮游植物的生長條件更加成熟，而這些水域會變得更綠了。由此可推斷，浮游植物的生長條件更加成熟，浮游植物就更多了，這些水域會變得更綠了。分析選項可知D項符合題意。]12．Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A．Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges.B．Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain.C．Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans.D．Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton.C[主旨大意題。第一段提出文章的主旨“Bytheendofthecentury，ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.”可知，到本世紀末，一項新的探討表明，由于氣候變暖，假如不盡快的話，世界上的海洋將會變得更藍、更綠。再結(jié)合第三段“Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth...”可知，“浮游植物很簡潔受到海洋變暖趨勢的影響，變暖變更了海洋的關(guān)鍵特征，并能影響浮游植物的生長”?？芍疚闹饕f明氣候變更對海洋及其植物的影響。故選C。]完形填空(2024·全國卷Ⅰ)Everyyearabout40,000peopleattempttoclimbKilimanjaro，thehighestmountaininAfrica.They1withthemlotsofwaste.The2mightdamagethebeautyoftheplace.Theglaciers(冰川)aredisappearing，changingthe3ofKilimanjaro.Hearingthesestories，I'm4abouttheplace—otherdestinationsaredescribedas“purer”naturalexperiences.However，Isoon5thatmuchhaschangedsincethedaysofdisturbingreportsof6amongtonsofrubbish.Ifinda7mountain，withtoiletsatcampsandalongthepaths.Theenvironmentalchallengesare8buttheeffortsmadebytheTanzaniaNationalParkAuthorityseemtobe9.ThebestofaKilimanjaro10，inmyopinion，isn'treachingthetop.Mountainsare11asspiritualplacesbymanycultures.This12isespeciallyevidentonKilimanjaroas13gothroughfiveecosystems(生態(tài)系統(tǒng))inthespaceofafewkilometers.Atthebaseisarainforest.Itendsabruptlyat3,000meters，14landsoflowgrowingplants.Furtherup，theweather15—lowcloudsenvelopthemountainsides，whicharecoveredwiththickgrass.I16twelveshadesofgreenfromwhereIstand.Above4,000metersisthehighland17：gravel(礫石)，stonesandrocks.18youclimbintoanarctic-likezonewith19snowandtheglaciersthatmaysoondisappear.DoesKilimanjaro20itsreputationasacrowdedmountainwithlinesoftouristsruiningtheatmosphereofpeace？Ifoundtheoppositetobetrue.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章講解并描述了非洲乞力馬扎羅山的環(huán)境污染以及當?shù)貦C構(gòu)努力治理之后環(huán)境的改觀狀況。該語篇能激發(fā)深化思索，關(guān)注自然和生態(tài)，探究人與自然的和諧相處之道。1．A.keep B．mixC．connect D．bringD[依據(jù)第一句“Everyyearabout40,000peopleattempttoclimbKilimanjaro...”可知，每年大約有4萬人試圖攀登乞力馬扎羅山，所以他們攀登的時候帶來(bring)了許多垃圾。]2．A.stories B．buildingsC．crowds D．reportersC[聯(lián)系上文中的“about40,000people”可知，這些人群(crowds)有可能破壞這個地方的美。]3．A.position B．a(chǎn)geC．face D．nameC[聯(lián)系上文中的“Theglaciersaredisappearing”可知，冰川的消逝正在變更乞力馬扎羅山的面貌(face)。]4．A.silent B．skepticalC．serious D．crazyB[聯(lián)系下文“otherdestinationsaredescribedas‘purer’naturalexperiences”可知，其他目的地被描述為“更純粹的”自然體驗，所以作者對乞力馬扎羅山被嚴峻破壞的報道表示懷疑(skeptical)。beskepticalabout對……表示懷疑。]5．A.discover B．a(chǎn)rgueC．decide D．a(chǎn)dvocateA[聯(lián)系下文的“muchhaschanged”可知，作者發(fā)覺(discover)了乞力馬扎羅山的變更。]6．A.equipment B．grassC．camps D．stonesC[聯(lián)系下文中的“withtoiletsatcamps”可知，這里報道的是營地(camp)。]7．A.remote B．quietC．tall D．cleanD[聯(lián)系上文However(然而)及下文“withtoiletsatcampsandalongthepaths(營地和路邊都有廁所)”可推知，作者看到的是干凈的(clean)山。]8．A.new B．specialC．significant D．necessaryC[上文提到乞力馬扎羅山有眾多游客，而且有許多垃圾，還有令人心煩的諸多報道，由此可知，這里面臨的環(huán)境挑戰(zhàn)是重大的(significant)。]9．A.payingoff B．spreadingoutC．blowingup D．fadingawayA[聯(lián)系前文的“withtoiletsatcampsandalongthepaths”可知，坦桑尼亞國家公園管理局所做的努力好像正在奏效(payoff)。]10．A.atmosphere B．experienceC．experiment D．sightB[聯(lián)系下文reachingthetop可知，作者認為乞力馬扎羅山最好的爬山體驗(experience)并不是登頂。]11．A.studied B．observedC．explored D．regardedD[聯(lián)系空后的“bymanycultures”可知，山在許多文化中被看作是(regard)靈魂之地。]12．A.view B．qualityC．reason D．purposeA[結(jié)合上文的“文化觀”，再聯(lián)系下文的“gothroughfiveecosystems”可知，這種“經(jīng)驗五種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)”的景色(view)在乞力馬扎羅山表現(xiàn)尤為明顯。]13．A.scientists B．climbersC．locals D．officialsB[聯(lián)系上文的“Everyyearabout40,000peopleattempttoclimbKilimanjaro...”可知，爬山的人(climbers)可以經(jīng)驗五種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。]14．A.holdingonto B．goingbacktoC．livingupto D．givingwaytoD[聯(lián)系上文的“Itendsabruptlyat3,000meters”可知，熱帶雨林在3000米處突然中止，取而代之的是生長著低矮植物的土地。givewayto意為“被……代替”，符合語境。]15．A.changes B．clearsC．improves D．permitsA[上文介紹了五種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的兩種，再聯(lián)系下文的“l(fā)owcloudsenvelopthemountainsides”可知，在這里氣候又發(fā)生了變更(change)。]16．A.match B．imagineC．count D．a(chǎn)ddC[聯(lián)系空后的“twelveshadesofgreen”可知，作者數(shù)出了(count)12種綠色。]17．A.village B．desertC．road D．lakeB[聯(lián)系冒號后的“gravel，stonesandrocks”可知，4000米以上是荒漠(desert)。]18．A.Obviously B．EasilyC．Consequently D．FinallyD[上文介紹了從山下到山上的五個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，所以這里說最終(finally)爬到了一個像北極圈一樣的區(qū)域。]19．A.permanent B．littleC．fresh D．a(chǎn)rtificialA[聯(lián)系上文的“climbintoanarctic-likezone”可知，攀登者到了一個像北極圈的地方，所以這里是指常年積雪。permanent意為“永久的，永恒的”，符合語境。]20．A.enjoy B．deserveC．save D．a(chǎn)cquireB[聯(lián)系下文的“Ifoundtheoppositetobetrue.”可知，作者在這里自問自答：乞力馬扎羅山真的應(yīng)當獲得(deserve)游客擁擠、環(huán)境破壞的名聲嗎？我想答案是否定的。]Ⅰ.寫出所給單詞的漢語意思1．leftovern．剩菜2．disposev．處理3．suspectv．懷疑4．downsiden．負面5．commissionn．委員會6．ecosystemn．生態(tài)系統(tǒng)7．tinyadj.微小的8．globaladj.全球的9．nutrientn．養(yǎng)分物10．throughoutprep.遍及11．multipleadj.數(shù)量多的；多種多樣的12．chainn．&v.鏈；束縛13．shaden．陰涼Ⅱ.依據(jù)所給漢語寫出英文單詞1．weakadj.虛弱的2．stableadj.穩(wěn)固的3．a(chǎn)ttackv．進攻4．climaten．氣候5．processn．過程6．a(chǎn)ttemptn．&v．試圖7．ruinv．摧毀Ⅲ.依據(jù)所給提示寫出派生單詞1．saltn．鹽→saltyadj.含鹽的2．optionn．選擇→optionaladj.可選擇的3．environmentn．環(huán)境→environmentaladj.環(huán)境的4．survivev．幸存→survivaln．幸存5．originn．起源→originaladj.最初的6．organn．器官→organismn．有機體7．a(chǎn)ppearv．出現(xiàn)→appearancen．出現(xiàn)，外貌8．spiritn．精神→spiritualadj.精神上的Ⅳ.依據(jù)所給漢語寫出慣用習語1．in_addition_to除了2．for_instance例如3．rather_than而不是4．one_another_相互[即時演練]單句語法填空1．ThearrivalofthissouthAmericanpredatorthreatenedthesurvival(survive)ofnativespecies.2．Davidturnedaroundandwalkedoffin_theoppositedirection.3．Intimeofwar,lotsofmoneywillbespentondefenceandmanymeasureswillbetakentodefendacountryfrombeing_attacked(attack)．4．Therewasnosignalinthatcountryvillageandallmyattempts(attempt)contactyoufailed.5．Theearthquakediddamagetotheareawheremanyhousesfelldownandmanypeopleweretrappedinruins.6．Chargedwithactingdishonestlyinherbusiness，shewas_inlowspirits.Ⅰ.熟詞生義(寫出句中黑體詞的漢語意思)1．IcounttwelveshadesofgreenfromwhereIstand._色度2．Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.起作用Ⅱ.似易實難(將句中黑體詞部分譯成漢語)1．Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.[譯文]一項新的探討表明，到本世紀末，假如不是更早的話，由于氣候變暖，世界海洋將會變得更藍、更綠。2．Furtherup,theweatherchanges—lowcloudsenvelopthemountainsides,whicharecoveredwiththickgrass.[譯文]再往上，天氣變更無常——低云覆蓋著山坡，山坡上覆蓋著厚厚的青草。Ⅲ.困難晦澀(分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)并譯成漢語)1．Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isroadtestinganewwaytokeepwinterroadsice-free—byspreadingonthemcheesebrine,thesaltyliquidusedtomakesoftcheeses,likemozzarella.[分析]這是一個簡潔句。主語是城市名Milwaukee,Wisconsin，謂語部分是isroadtestinganewwaytokeepwinterroadsice-free是不定式作定語修飾way。破折號后的內(nèi)容說明說明anewway,thesaltyliquid是cheesebrine的同位語，usedtomakesoftcheeses后置定語修飾liquid。[譯文]威斯康星州的密爾沃基市正在路上測試一種防止冬季道路結(jié)冰的新方法——通過往路面上撒奶酪鹽水，就是那種用來制作松軟奶酪，比如莫澤雷勒奶酪的鹽水。2．Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.[分析]本句主句結(jié)構(gòu)在后半句，即theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover，前面的if從句是條件狀語從句，that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾anotherspecies，when引導(dǎo)狀語從句，修飾canmoveonto...。[譯文]而且，假如掠食者在一種獵物快要滅亡時，能夠轉(zhuǎn)移到另一種更簡潔找到的獵物上去，那么這種轉(zhuǎn)變就能讓原先的獵物種群得以復(fù)原。1．a(chǎn)rrangementn．支配；籌備；約定(1)arrangement表示“支配，籌備”時可以用作可數(shù)名詞，也可以用作不行數(shù)名詞；表示“約定，協(xié)定”一般是可數(shù)名詞。(2)arrangev.籌備；支配；整理；布置；排列；改編arrangetodosth.支配做某事arrange(forsb./sth.)todosth.支配(……)做某事arrangesth.forsb.為某人支配某事makearrangementsfor支配好makeanarrangement做出支配beinterestedinflowerarrangement喜愛插花arrangethingsfromsmalltolarge依據(jù)從小到大來整理物品arrangemusicalcompositions改編音樂作品[基礎(chǔ)練習]——單句語法填空①Nobelarrangedinhiswillto_give(give)thelargestpartofhismoneytoestablishtheNobelprizes.②Areyouhappywiththatarrangement(arrange)?③IhavearrangedforTomto_pick(pick)uptheexpertsattheairport.[實力提升]——句式升級一般表達：Sinceeverythinghasbeenarrangedwell,theeveningpartywillbeginat8o'clockasplanned.高級表達：With_everything_arranged_well，theeveningpartywillbeginat8o'clockasplanned.(with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))[名師點津](1)表示“支配某人做某事”用arrangeforsb.todosth.而不用arrangesb.todosth.。(2)makearrangements(forsth./forsb.todosth.)中的arrangement常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。2．keyn．鑰匙；鍵；關(guān)鍵adj.關(guān)鍵的(1)多與介詞to搭配，后跟名詞或者動名詞，表示“……的鑰匙”或者“……的關(guān)鍵”。(2)和介詞to搭配的詞還有answer,solution,approach等。thekeysteptomakelifehealthy使生活健康的關(guān)鍵步驟makeanoteofthekeypointsinclass在課堂上登記要點[基礎(chǔ)練習]——單句語法填空①Havingstruggledformanyyears,hewasfinallyadmittedtoakeyuniversity.②Nearlyalloftheyoungpeopleinterviewedbelievedthathardworkwasthekeytosuccess(succeed)．[實力提升]——完成句子獲得重點高校錄用被一些父母視為通往勝利之路的關(guān)鍵所在。Gainingadmissiontoa_key_universityisseenasa_key_to_future_successforsomeparents.3．concentrationn.用心；集中(1)concentratevt.&viconcentrateon/upon用心于……concentrate...on/upon...把……用心于……(2)concentratedadj.決心要做的；濃縮的；集中的concentrateonone'sstudies用心學習havetoconcentrateonsolvingtheproblem必需集中精力解決這個問題demandourconcentration要求我們集中留意力concentratedorangejuice濃縮橙汁[基礎(chǔ)練習]——單句語法填空①Shehasturneddownseveralinvitationstostaratshowsinordertoconcentrateonherstudies.②Drivingrequiresconcentration(concentrate)andspeakingonthephonedistractsadriver'sattentionfromtheroad.[實力提升]——完成句子/句式升級①一般表達：Becauseheconcentrated_his_attention_on(專注于)playingnetworkgames,hedidn'tnoticethekitchenwasonfire.②高級表達：With_his_attention_concentrated_onplayingnetworkgames,hedidn'tnoticethekitchenwasonfire.(with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))③高級表達：Concentrating_his_attention_onplayingnetworkgames,hedidn'tnoticethekitchenwasonfire.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語)4．buryvt.安葬；掩埋；隱藏；使沉醉；使用心beburiedin＝buryoneselfin埋頭于；用心于beburiedinthought深思buryhisfaceinhishands雙手掩面buriedtreasure埋藏的財寶buryhimselfinthestudyofChinesehistory埋頭于中國歷史的探討[基礎(chǔ)練習]——單句語法填空①Thegirlwassittingonthebenchinthepark,burying(bury)herheadinthebookinherhands.②Hestoodonthesidewalkwithhishandsburied(bury)inthepocketsofhisdarkovercoat.③WhenIenteredtheroom,Ifoundhimburying(bury)hisfaceinhishands.[實力提升]——完成句子/句式升級由于他埋頭于書本，他沒留意到其他人已經(jīng)離開了。①一般表達：Becauseheburied_himself_in/was_buried_inhisbook，hedidn'tnoticethatalltheothershadleft.②高級表達：Burying_himself_in_his_book，hedidn'tnoticethatalltheothershadleft.(現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語)③高級表達：Buried_in_his_book，hedidn'tnoticethatalltheothershadleft.(過去分詞作狀語)[名師點津]表示“埋頭于；致力于”的短語還有：bedevotedto＝devoteoneselftobeabsorbedinconcentrateonfocusonfixone'sattentiononoccupyoneselfindoing/with＝beoccupiedwithburyoneselfin/beburiedinsth.putone'sheartinto5．ruinn．[U]毀壞；毀滅；崩潰[C](pl.)廢墟；遺跡v．(使)破產(chǎn)；(使)墮落；毀滅(1)inruins成為廢墟(2)ruinoneself毀掉自己；自取滅亡ruinone'shealth/fame毀壞某人的健康/聲譽ruinthetablecloth弄臟了那塊桌布ruinourfriendship破壞了我們的友情theruinofcivilization文明的毀滅financialruin破產(chǎn)theruinsofRome古羅馬遺跡[基礎(chǔ)練習]——單句語法填空①Thecropswereruined(ruin)bythelatefrost.②WhentheyreturnedtoRockawaythenextday,theyfoundtheirneighborhoodinruins.[實力提升]——完成句子/句式升級地震之后整個城市成了一片廢墟，這讓我們徹夜未眠。①一般表達：Thewholecitylayin_ruinsaftertheearthquakeanditmadeusawakeallnight.②高級表達：Thewholecitylayinruinsaftertheearthquake,which_made_us_awake_all_night.(非限制性定語從句)Ideally，thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.志向狀況下，該系統(tǒng)會告知我們何時調(diào)整人類活動，以避開生態(tài)系統(tǒng)崩潰，或者甚至可以讓我們把一種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從臨界點復(fù)原過來。[句型公式]ideally譯為“志向狀態(tài)下；完備地”。在本句中是一種評注性副詞，一般放在句首，是對后面整個句子的評述。(1)常見副詞作評注性狀語的有：personally,honestly,frankly,obviously,clearly,briefly,luckily,fortunately,naturally,actually等(2)常見短語作評注性狀語的有：happilyforsb.,generallyspeaking,whatisworse,worsestill,strangelyenough,notsurprisingly等。(3)非謂語動詞短語也可以用作評注性狀語，如：judgingfrom,exactlyspeaking,tobehonest,tomakemattersworse,totellthetruth,tobesure等。(4)介詞短語可以用作評注性狀語的有：ofcourse,from...pointofview,inshort,inbrief,inaword,toone'ssurprise,asamatteroffact等。[基礎(chǔ)練習]——單句語法填空①To_behonest，weadmiredthewayhedealtwiththeproblem.②Fortunately(fortunate),afterabriefstayinhospital,Benwaswellenoughtobeallowedtoleaveandlaterthefamilymetupfordinner.[實力提升]——完成句子Generally/Generally_speaking/In_general_(一般來說),theharderanathletetrainsbeforeamatch,themorepossiblyhe/shewillwin.夯基固本·學問落實Ⅰ.用所給詞的正確形式填空1．Inadditiontoimproving(improve)creativity,learningmusicalsodevelopmanyskillsthatwillcontinuetobeusefultoyourchildrenthroughouttheirlives.2．Thoughtheideamaybedead，itisfarfrombeing_buried(bury)．3．Whatevershesayswillnotmakeanydifferencetoourarrangements(arrange)．4．To_ruin(ruin)Tom'sfame，thewomanliedtothepolice.5．Shefeltwelldisposed(dispose)towardsthelittleboy.Ⅱ.在空白處填入一個適當?shù)脑~1．Infact，thekeytoeasymorningwake-upliesinresettingyourbodyclock.2．Inadditiontomyweeklywage，Igotalotoftips.3．Imagine，forinstance，thatyoulostyourbankcard.4．Tobeeffective，youneedtoidentifyyourstrengthsandconcentrateonthem.5．IthinkIwillhaveacolddrinkratherthancoffee.強技提能·學問應(yīng)用Ⅰ.完形填空AsourEarth'stemperaturewarmsupbecauseofclimatechange，itishavingunexpectedeffectsonourworld'sforests.Whentemperaturesrise，treesclosetheirskinsto1thelossofwater，andthis，inturn，slowsdownthe2ofphotosynthesis(光合作用)．Asaresult，thesetreesareshorterandgrowslowly，aswellashavea3deathrate.Climatechangealsoincreasesthe4ofdroughtsandwildfires.Afterwildfires，ittakesawhilefortheforestsystemsto5，andinsomecases，theforestsare6permanently.Treesthatarestressedarealso7toattacksbybacteria(細菌)．Intropicalforests，vinesthatusethetreesas8canoftenchokethetreesandrobthemofnutrients.Finally，humanshave9theforestlandscapethroughlogging.Whentreesarereplantedonthesoil，theywillnevergrowaslargeasthe10treesthatwerecutdown.Astheseforestsdisappear，speciesthatoncecalledthem“home”areforcedtochange，11thevarietyofthosesystems.12，someendangeredspeciesareunableto13anddie.Old-growthforestsaredisappearinginallregionsofourworld.Whenforestsdie，youngerforeststhatarere-establishedinthesameareagrowbackweakerandsmaller14poorvegetation(植被)．Withtreesdyingincreasinglyandcontinuously，willfuturegenerations15outonthewondersofforests?【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，主要說明由于氣候變更，地球溫度上升，對森林產(chǎn)生了意想不到的影響。先是溫度上升導(dǎo)致樹木矮小，生長緩慢，死亡率高；其次，氣候變更也增加了干旱和野火的可能性。野火導(dǎo)致了森林的消逝，因此，以森林為“家”的物種被迫發(fā)生變更，甚至死亡。1．A.protect B．preventC．save D．freeB[考查動詞詞義辨析。句意：當(地球的)溫度上升時，樹木會將樹皮閉合，以防止水分流失，而這反過來又會減慢光合作用