新高考英語二輪復習題型歸納與變式演練專題09 閱讀理解之推斷題（解析版）

專題09閱讀理解之推斷題（解析版）推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。解答該類型題目時一定要從整體上把握語篇內容，在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁，透過字里行間，去體會作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在進行推斷時，要據(jù)文推理、合情推理，不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。推理判斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章提供的事實和線索進行邏輯推理，推測作者未明確提到的事實或某事件發(fā)展的趨勢。推理判斷能力是閱讀理解能力的重要組成部分，因而也是閱讀理解部分重點考查的能力之一。每年每套題通常會有4～6題。一、思維導圖推斷隱含意義思維導圖二、方法點撥(一)推理判斷題題干常用詞一般來說，推理判斷題題干中主要包括下面的詞語：knowabout,learnfrom,infer,imply,suggest,conclude,purpose,attitude,probably,mostlikely等。(二)推理判斷題正確選項特征推理判斷題中的正確選項是依據(jù)文章的事實或證據(jù)推斷出的符合邏輯的結論或觀點，正確選項一般具有以下特征：1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內容，一步即可推得。2．選項中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對概念。如only,never,all,absolutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點模糊，會用一些相對能夠留有一些余地的詞匯，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。(三)推理判斷題干擾選項特征1．曲解文意：即推測意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別。推理判斷題中有些選項來自文章中的某一句或某幾句話，命題者可能會利用里面的詞設計出干擾項，看似表達文章的意思，其實是借題發(fā)揮，是對原文意思的曲解。2．張冠李戴：即把文章中作者的觀點與其他人的觀點混淆在一起。題干問的是作者的觀點，選項中出現(xiàn)的卻是其他人的觀點；題干問的是其他人的觀點，選項中卻出現(xiàn)了作者的觀點。3．偷梁換柱：干擾項用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結構和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個單詞，造成句意的改變。4．無中生有：這種類型的干擾項往往是基本的生活常識或普遍認可的觀點，但在文章中并無相關的信息支撐點。其次，這種干擾項也有可能與設置的問題毫不相干。5．魚目混珠：魚目混珠類型的干擾項常出現(xiàn)在詞句理解類試題的選項中，即利用某個詞或句子的字面含義代替其在文章特定語境中的具體含義。6．擴縮范圍：為了準確、嚴密地表達文章內容，命題者特別注意對文意范圍的限定，有時通過加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等詞語對文意加以限制?！皵U縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項中通過改變或去掉限制性詞語，將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變，從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法。Part4：推斷題解題技巧（思維導圖+真題演練）例子1Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(裝置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.…32．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A．Theyareenvironment-friendly.B．Theyarenobetterthantheold.C．Theycostmoretouseathome.D．Theygooutofstylequickly.[解題示范]題干信息Whatdoestheauthorthinkof：作者態(tài)度newdevices：新設備文體特點科技說明文：一項研究新舊設備耗能的報告。原文查找That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.信息整合①做同樣的事情舊設備耗能高(consumemuchmoreenergy)②舊設備不利于環(huán)境保護(badnewsfortheenvironment)③舊設備更浪費錢財(ourwallets)信息推斷上面舊設備的缺點是在和新設備相比較(thanthenewerones)得出的結論，故新設備可以克服以上缺點。選項分析A．新設備是環(huán)保的(Theyareenvironment-friendly)；屬于正確信息推斷。B．新設備并不比舊設備好(Theyarenobetterthantheold)；屬于“無中生有”型錯誤。C．新設備在家中使用的費用更高(Theycostmoretouseathome)；屬于“無中生有”型錯誤。D．新設備很快就過時了(Theygooutofstylequickly)；屬于“曲解文意”型錯誤。得出結論由以上信息分析可知，A項正確。例子2We'veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.…32．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.[解題示范]細研題干定題型由題干可知本題是對文章局部(第一段)進行深層理解的考查。細讀語段明大意地點公共場合：①電梯中；②在銀行排隊中；③飛機上人物①專注地盯著自己的手機；②苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中甄別選項定答案細研干擾項A項為原文中的事實，不是推斷出的內容。B項，文中提及的這些行為是否“合適”原文中沒有提及，屬于“無中生有”型錯誤。D項在原文中沒有提及，屬于“無中生有”型錯誤。斷定答案該段提到在公共場合中，周圍都是人的情況下，人們只是專注地盯著自己的手機，或者苦苦掙扎于令人不自在的沉默中，從中可以推斷出文章首段描述了陌生人之間缺少交流的現(xiàn)象。故選擇C項。例子3[1]ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia'sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.[2]Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物質).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(櫻桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.[3]Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.[4]Ifyouhavea_juicer,_youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.27．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook. B．Ahealthmagazine.C．Aresearchpaper. D．Atravelbrochure.[解題示范]細研題干定題型文章出處題。文章內容本文介紹了豐收的七月給我們帶來的多種漿果和核果，并告訴我們這些果實富含的營養(yǎng)成分和可以制作成各種美食。文章語氣第一段介紹了七月是水果豐富的季節(jié)；第二段介紹了各種莓類所含的營養(yǎng)成分；第三、四段介紹各種水果搭配的食用方法。在這一過程中作者使用了客觀的語氣，通俗易懂的方法，形象地說明了水果搭配的技巧。確定答案本文是向大眾介紹飲食方法，跟健康有關，應該出自健康雜志。所以B項正確。三、高考真題2022年6月新高考1卷B篇Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.【答案】24.B【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了我們日常生活中的食物浪費現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費而采取的努力?！?4題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關注那些被浪費的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但隨著時間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買了太多東西；我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過講述芝麻菜的故事來表明我們有時會無意間浪費食物。故選B。2022年6月新高考1卷C篇Theelderlyresidents(居民)incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostopthemfeelinglonely.Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aseriousillnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewherehensareinuse.Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:“IusedtokeephenswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwenttoschool.”“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensoutanddownthereagainatnighttoseethey’vegonetobed.”“It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,andthecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject,said:“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.D.Topromotetheelderlypeople’swelfare.29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills. B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory. D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswellreceived. B.Itneedstobemorecreative.C.Itishighlyprofitable. D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.【答案】28.D29.B31.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文。主要講述了旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況的項目。【28題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity(慈善組織)toreducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople’swellbeing(該項目由當?shù)匾患掖壬茩C構構想，旨在減少孤獨，改善老年人的健康狀況)”可知，這個項目的目的是為了提高老年人的幸福。故選D?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段““It’sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I’menjoyingthecreativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.”(有不同的關注點很好。人們把自己的孩子帶進來看母雞，居民們也來外面坐著看它們。我喜歡創(chuàng)造性的活動，做一些有用的事情的感覺很好)”可推知，RuthXavier通過該項目獲得了一種成就感。故選B?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.(居民們非常歡迎該項目的想法和創(chuàng)意會議。我們期待這個項目能給這里的人們帶來好處和樂趣)”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:“Wearehappytobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”(“諾丁山路徑”的負責人林恩·劉易斯說:我們很高興能參與這個項目。它將通過共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性活動真正幫助我們的居民聯(lián)系起來)”可知，該項目的反響很好。故選A。2022年6月新高考1卷D篇years.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C【解析】本篇是一篇說明文。主要介紹因為飲食的改變導致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語言中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語音。【35題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小組成員StevenMoran說:“自從人類出現(xiàn)以來，我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語音都是生物變化和文化進化等復雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物。”）”可知，StevenMoran認為語音是一個復雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項。2022年6月全國甲卷B篇Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee. B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys. D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.【26題詳解】推理判斷題。通過文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.(根據(jù)研究人員的說法，下一步是嘗試弄清楚鳳頭鸚鵡是完全依靠視覺線索，還是也使用觸覺來選擇它們的形狀)”可推知，后續(xù)測試的目的是了解鳳頭鸚鵡在測試中是否使用觸覺。故選D。2022年6月全國甲卷D篇Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口號),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解決).”O(jiān)ntheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A.Itislosingitstraditions. B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation. D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.Modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.【答案】34.A35.A【解析】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。文章通過作者和悉尼人士的交流介紹了悉尼發(fā)展中面臨的問題。【34題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.(悉尼的官方歷史學家ShirleyFitzgerald告訴我，在20世紀70年代奔向現(xiàn)代化的過程中，悉尼把很多它的過去都拋在了一邊，包括許多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，ShirleyFitzgerald認為悉尼匆忙奔向現(xiàn)代化，正在失去它的傳統(tǒng)。故選A項。【35題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.(另一方面，同時既年輕又古老也有它的魅力。當我遇到一位深思熟慮的年輕商人Anthony時，我考慮到了這一點)”以及最后一段“Heisright(他說得沒錯)”可推知，作者贊同Anthony的觀點，認為一座城市可以同時既年輕又古老。故選A項。2022年6月全國乙卷B篇Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.InWickenden’sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls’decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed(牽涉)drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy’sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism(堅忍)ofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothyWoodruff,onherhorse,lookingdownfromahilltop:“Whenthesunslippedbehindthemountains,itshedarosyglowallaroundthem.Thenafullmoonrose.Thesnowwasmarkedonlybysmallanimals:foxes,coyotes,mice,andvaryinghares,whichturnedwhiteinthewinter.”25.Whatcanwelearnaboutthegirlsfromparagraph3?A.Theyenjoyedmuchrespect. B.Theyhadaroomwithabathtub.C.Theylivedwiththelocalkids. D.Theysufferedseverehardships.27.Whatisthetext?A.Anewsreport. B.Abookreview. C.Achildren’sstory. D.Adiaryentry.【答案】25.D27.B【解析】這是一篇書評。本文簡要介紹了DorothyWickenden的書籍并對其進行了評價?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,andlikethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.(他們和一個當?shù)丶彝?，哈里森一家一起搬進去，和他們一樣，幾乎沒有隱私，很少洗澡，早上醒來時被子上覆蓋著一層雪。)”以及“Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.(在春天，雪被泥替代覆蓋在冰上。)”可知，女孩們的生活條件非常艱苦，她們飽受磨難。故選D項?！?7題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy’sreturntoAuburn.(這本書以Rosamond和Dorothy回到奧本結束。)”以及最后一段“Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicismofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.(Wickenden是個很好的講故事的人。大地的遼闊和人們的堅忍使她創(chuàng)作出了一些美麗的作品。)”可知，本文簡要介紹了Wickenden的書籍內容，并對其進行了評價，所以文本是一篇書評。故選B項。2022年6月全國乙卷C篇Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.28.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines. B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones. D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.30.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A.Toprovideearlywarning. B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.CToearnprofitsforthecrews. D.Toacceleratetransportation.【答案】28.B30.A【解析】本文是一篇說明文。應用今天的“空中之眼”的技術，無人機能在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時又能幫助鐵路運營商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元?！?8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.(無人機已經(jīng)被用于檢查高壓電線。他們完全可以做同樣的事情來檢查鐵路線路和鐵路基礎設施的其他重要方面，如鐵路軌道和換乘點的正確位置)”可推知，無人機在高空工作的能力使無人機應用于鐵路線路成為可能。故選B。【30題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.(帶有先進傳感器和人工智能的非常小的無人機可以像副駕駛一樣在火車前面行駛。憑借他們的預見能力，他們可以發(fā)出任何問題的信號，以便快速行駛的火車能夠及時做出反應。)”可知對于無人機期待的功能是提前發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。故選A。2022年6月全國乙卷D篇Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities(設施)andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.35.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashort-sighteddecision. B.Itisasuccessstory.C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers. D.Itupsetscustomers.【答案】35.B【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了英國政府對軟飲料征收的糖稅來解決兒童以及青少年的健康問題，同時該收入用于學校體育?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools.（根據(jù)一位政府官員的說法，今天的數(shù)據(jù)顯示了糖稅的積極影響，它為學校的體育設施和健康飲食籌集了數(shù)百萬英鎊）”可推斷，糖稅政策的實施是一個成功的政策。故選B項。2022年6月北京卷B篇MynameisAlice.Earlylastyear,Iwastroubledbyananxietythatcrippled(削弱)myabilitytodoanything.Ifeltlikeastormcloudhungoverme.ForalmostayearIstruggledon,constantlystaringatthiswallthatfacedme.Myperfectionisttendencieswerethemainrootofthis:IwantedtobeperfectatwhateverIdid,whichobviouslyinlifeisnotpossible,butitconsumedme.Oneday,IattendedapresentationbywildlifeconservationistGrantBrownatmyhighschool.Hispresentationnotonlyawedandinspiredme,butalsohelpedemergeaninnerdesiretomakeadifferenceintheworld.Ijoinedapre-presentationdinnerwithhimandthatsmallersettingallowedmetoslowlybuildupmycouragetospeakone-on-onewithhim—anideathathadseemedcompletelyimpossible.Thisfirstcontactwaswheremystorybegan.Amonthlater,BrowninvitedmetoattendtheWorldYouthWildlifeConference.Lookingback,Inowseethatthiswouldbethefirstinaseriesoftimelyopportunitiesthatmyoldselfwouldhaveletpass,butthatthisnewandmoreconfidentAliceenthusiasticallyseized.ShortlyafterIreceivedhisinvitation,applicationstojointheYouthforNatureandtheYouthforPlanetgroupsweresentaroundthroughmyhighschool.Idecidedtocommittocompletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.Eachofthesenewstepscontinuedtogrowmyconfidence.27.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Practicemakesperfect. B.Patienceisacureofanxiety.C.Actionisworry’sworstenemy. D.Everythingcomestothosewhowait.【答案】27.C【解題導語】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述作者通過參加保護自然活動治愈好了自己的焦慮。27.【解析】推理判斷題。由第一段“Earlylastyear,Iwastroubledbyananxietythatcrippled(削弱)myabilitytodoanything.Ifeltlikeastormcloudhungoverme.”（去年年初，我被一種焦慮困擾，它削弱了我做任何事情的能力。）由文章第三段“Idecidedtocommittocompletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.Eachofthesenewstepscontinuedtogrowmyconfidence.(我決定完成申請，很快我就成為了一個不斷壯大的全球年輕人保護自然團隊的一員。每一步都讓我更加自信。)可知，文章主要講述作者通過參加保護自然活動治愈好了自己的焦慮。所以從文章中我們能學到行動是憂慮最大的敵人。故選C項。2022年6月北京卷C篇“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(營養(yǎng)不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof150biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofcommondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotknown.Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraph1to________.A.illustrateanargument B.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopic D.predicttheending30.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance. B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists. D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.【答案】28.C30.B【解題導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維。28.【解析】推理判斷題。由文章第一段““Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(“如果沒有饑餓，世界會是什么樣子？”這是Crystal教授會問學生的問題。她后來寫道，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難回答這個問題，因為想象一些不屬于現(xiàn)實生活的東西，并學習如何將其變成現(xiàn)實是一項罕見的技能。它被教授給藝術家和工程師，但很少教授給科學家。Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個全球運動。結果，一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應對全球挑戰(zhàn)的關鍵。)”可知，文章開頭提出問題是為了引出話題-系統(tǒng)思維的方法被視為應對全球挑戰(zhàn)的關鍵。故選C項。30.【解析】推理判斷題。由文章第一段“Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個全球運動。結果，一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應對全球挑戰(zhàn)的關鍵。)”可知，作者認為該系統(tǒng)能應用于解決挑戰(zhàn)。故選B項。2022年6月北京卷D篇Asquantumcomputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumcomputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.31.RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympathetic B.unconcerned C.doubtful D.excited【答案】31A【解題導語】本文是一篇議論文。主要論述了“量子計算真的會像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計算機科學家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀