高中英語語法講解與練習(xí)之動(dòng)名詞

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載高中英語語法之動(dòng)名詞定義：動(dòng)名詞是一種兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞特征的非限定動(dòng)詞。它可以支配賓語，也能被副詞修飾。動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。解釋：動(dòng)詞的ing形式如果是名詞，這個(gè)詞稱動(dòng)名詞。特征：動(dòng)詞原形+ing構(gòu)成，具有名詞，動(dòng)詞一些特征一、動(dòng)名詞的作用動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。1、作主語Readingisanart.讀書是一種藝術(shù)。Climbingmountainsisreallyfun.爬山真是有趣Workingintheseconditionsisnotapleasurebutasuffer.在這種工作條件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。動(dòng)名詞作主語，有時(shí)先用it作形式主語，把動(dòng)名詞置于句末。這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用。如：Itisnouse/nogoodcryingoverspiltmilk.覆水難收Itisawasteoftimepersuadingsuchapersontojoinus.勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。Itwashardgettingonthecrowdedstreetcar.上這種擁擠的車真難。Itisfunplayingwithchildren.和孩子們一起玩真好。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.對(duì)這種事情不是開玩笑。動(dòng)名詞作主語的幾種類型動(dòng)名詞可以在句子中充當(dāng)名詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)亩喾N句子成分。在這里僅就動(dòng)名詞在句子中作主語的情況進(jìn)行討論。動(dòng)名詞作主語有如下幾種常見情況：1.直接位于句首做主語。例如：Swimmingisagoodsportinsummer.2.用it作形式主語，把動(dòng)名詞(真實(shí)主語)置于句尾作后置主語。動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)，不太常用it作先行主語，多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后。例如：Itisnousetellinghimnottoworry.常見的能用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。注意：important，essential，necessary等形容詞不能用于上述結(jié)構(gòu)。3.用于“Therebe”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：Thereisnosayingwhenhe'llcome.很難說他何時(shí)回來。4.用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：Nosmoking(=Nosmokingisallowed(here)).（禁止吸煙）Noparking.（禁止停車）5.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語時(shí)，?？梢栽谇懊婕由弦粋€(gè)名詞或代詞的所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(——這時(shí)，名詞或代詞的所有格做動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語)。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語。例如：Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.6.例詞shoppingfishingcycling這些都是很常見的動(dòng)名詞二、動(dòng)名詞作主語與動(dòng)詞不定式作主語的比較動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動(dòng)名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動(dòng)作，不定式多用來表示特指或具體動(dòng)作。比較：Smokingisnotgoodforhealth.Itisnotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.注意：1)在口語中，用動(dòng)名詞作主語位于句首的較不定式多見。2)在“Itisnouse...”，“Itisnogood...”，“Itisfun...”，“Itisawasteoftime...”等句型中，通常用動(dòng)名詞作真實(shí)主語：Itisnouse/good/awasteoftimetalkingaboutthat.*Itisnouse/good/awasteoftimetotalkaboutthat.3)在疑問句中，通常用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語：Doesyoursayingthatmeananythingtohim?*Doesforyoutosaythatmeananythingtohim?4)在“Therebe”句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞，而不能用不定式作主語：Thereisnotellingwhatwillhappen.Itisimpossibletotellwhatwillhappen.5)當(dāng)句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要遵循前后一致的原則，主語和表語在形式上要求統(tǒng)一：Seeingisbelieving.*Toseeistobelieve.2、作賓語（1）作動(dòng)詞的賓語某些動(dòng)詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不能用不定式。常見的此類動(dòng)詞有：advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,giveup,cannothelp,imagine,include,keep,keepon,mind,miss,putoff,delay,practise,resist,suggest,dependon,thinkabout,setabout,succeedin,worryabout,burstout,insiston,can’tstand,beusedto,getusedto,devote…to…,lookforwardto,payattentionto,getdownto,escape等。如：Theywentonwalkingandneverstoppedtalking.他們繼續(xù)走，說個(gè)不停。Ifounditpleasantwalkingalongtheseashore.在海灘上走真是樂事。Markoftenattemptstoescapebeingfinedwheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.每當(dāng)馬克違反交通規(guī)則時(shí)，他常常企圖逃避罰款的處分。（2）作介詞的賓語Wearethinkingofmakinganewplanforthenextterm.我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。Shallwehavearestorgetdowntodoingourwork?我們休息呢還是開始干活？（3）作形容詞的賓語Themusiciswellworthlisteningtomorethanonce.這種曲子很值得多聽?zhēng)妆?。Wearebusypreparingforthecomingsportsmeet.我們正為馬上到來的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)忙著做準(zhǔn)備。3、作表語動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語動(dòng)名詞與主語通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。Yourtaskiscleaningthewindows.你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。(Cleaningthewindowsisyourtask.)WhatIhatemostisbeinglaughedat.我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。(BeinglaughedatiswhatIhatemost.)4、作定語動(dòng)名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：awalkingstick＝astickforwalking=astickwhichisusedforwalkingawashingmachine=amachineforwashing=amachinewhichisusedforwashingareadingroom=aroomforreading=aroomwhichisusedforreadingameasuringtape=atapeformeasuring=atapewhichisusedformeasuringsleepingpills=pillsforsleeping=pillswhichisusedforsleeping二、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語帶有邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如：Hercomingtohelpencouragedallofus.他來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。(=Thatshecametohelpencouragedallofus.)Jane’sbeingcarelesscausedsomuchtrouble.簡(jiǎn)的粗心惹來了不少麻煩。(=ThatJanewascarelesscausedsomuchtrouble.)What’stroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughfood.煩擾他們的是食物不足。(=What’stroublingthemisthattheyhavenotenoughfood.)在口語中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替，但在句首作主語時(shí)不能這樣來代替。如：Wouldyoumindmy/meusingyourcomputer?用下你的電腦介意嗎？Thefatherinsistedonhisson’s/hissongoingtocollege.爸爸堅(jiān)決要求兒子上大學(xué)。Mary’s(不可用Mary)beingillmadehermotherupset.瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。His(不可用Him)smokingmadehisfamilyangry.他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語：a.無命名詞Thebabywasmadeawakebythedoorsuddenlyshutting.這個(gè)嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門聲吵醒。b.有生命名詞但表示泛指意義Haveyoueverheardofwomenpractisingboxing?你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎？c.兩個(gè)以上的有生命名詞并列Doyourememberyourparentsandmetellingaboutthis?你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎？三、動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)如下：主動(dòng)語態(tài)、被動(dòng)語態(tài)、一般式writing、beingwritten、完成式havingwritten、havingbeenwritten其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、動(dòng)名詞一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常是一般性動(dòng)作，即不是明確地發(fā)生在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，或是與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Ihatetalkingwithsuchpeople.我討厭與這樣的人說話。Beingcarelessisnotagoodhabit.粗心不是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。2、動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。如：Idon’trememberhavingmethimbefore.我記不得以前見過他。Thankyouforhavingtakingsomuchtroubletohelp.謝謝你費(fèi)力幫忙。3、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語同時(shí)也是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。（1）它的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其前發(fā)生。如：Idon’tlikebeinglaughedatinpublic.在公共場(chǎng)合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。（2）它的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前。如：Iamverypleasedatyourhavingbeenhonouredwithamedal.我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎(jiǎng)牌。（3）在某些動(dòng)詞，我們常用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，這似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的習(xí)慣。如：Excusemeforbeinglate.我來晚了請(qǐng)你原諒。Idon’trememberevermeetingsomewhere.我記不得原來在什么地方見過。Thankyouforgivingussomuchhelp.謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。（4）在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得累贅，尤其是在口語中。如：Iforgetoncebeingtaken(havingbeentaken)tothecityzoo.我曾被帶到過這個(gè)動(dòng)物園，可我忘了。（5）動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式同形，但無進(jìn)行意義，being不可省略。如：Sheisafraidofbeingtakentothepublic.她怕被領(lǐng)到大眾面前。四、常見題型：1）動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)2）在動(dòng)名詞和不定式中，作為介詞的賓語是動(dòng)名詞3）動(dòng)名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞，通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語例：Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon.A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you’recalling（Key：C；換成yourcalling也對(duì)）4）有些詞后只能接動(dòng)名詞admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can’thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...5）另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法it’snogood;it’sno/little/hardlyany/use;it’snot/hardly/scarcelyuse;it’sworthwhile;spendmoney/time;there’sno;there’snopointin;there’snothingworsethan;what’stheuse/point...6）有些詞后面加不定式和動(dòng)名詞均可remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意義截然不容。例：remembertodo/doing：①Irememberedtoposttheletters.（指未來/過去未來將要做的動(dòng)作）②Irememberedposting/havingpostedtheletters.（我記得做過這個(gè)動(dòng)作）forget與remember的用法類似。regret的用法：①Iregrettoinformyouthat…（我很遺憾地通知你……）②Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.（為了“二十年前的離開”而遺憾。）tryto（努力）與try+–ing（試驗(yàn)）：①Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.②Trypracticingfivehoursaday.五、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的同與不同動(dòng)名詞它在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，都是在動(dòng)詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現(xiàn)代語法中，這兩種形式同視為"-ing形式"。這兩種形式的另一個(gè)相同之處是：它們都是由動(dòng)詞變化而成的，它們都保留了動(dòng)詞的某些特征，它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語，而構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。例如：Speakinginthepublic,hewillsurelybeverycheerful.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作狀語）他在公眾場(chǎng)所講話時(shí)總是興高采烈的。Shehatesspeakinginthepublic.（動(dòng)名詞短語，作賓語）她不喜歡在公眾場(chǎng)所講話。區(qū)別：1?動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動(dòng)詞之后作表語,區(qū)別方法是:①作表語的動(dòng)名詞與主語指的是同一件事,此時(shí)系動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于“是”,通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變,例如:Myhobbyisswimming.可改為Swimmingismyhobby.(可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換)②現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質(zhì),不能與主語互換位置,例如:Thestoryisinteresting.不可改為:Interestingisthestory.2?動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于:動(dòng)名詞修飾名詞時(shí)主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時(shí)性質(zhì)?狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作等?試比較:①aswimmingboy和aswimmingsuit前者的意思是“一個(gè)正在游泳的男孩”,即aboywhoisswimming,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming表示被修飾名詞boy的動(dòng)作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即asuitforswimming,動(dòng)名詞swimming表示suit的用途?②asleepingchild和asleepingcar前者的意思是“一個(gè)正在睡覺的孩子”,即achildwhoissleeping,現(xiàn)在分詞sleeping表示被修飾名詞child正處于的狀態(tài);而后者的意思是“臥車(被用來睡覺的車廂)”,即acarwhichisusedforsleeping,動(dòng)名詞sleeping表示car的用途?1）Markoftenattemptstoescape____wheneverhebreakstrafficregulations。A）shavingsbeenfinedB）tohavebeenfinedC）tobefinedD）beingfined2）Mywifesaidinherletterthatshewouldappreciate____fromyousometime。A）tohaveheardB）tohearC）forhearingD）hearing3）Thethieftookawaythewoman‘swalletwithout____。A）beingseenB）seeingC）himseeingD）seeinghim4）Peopleappreciate____withimbecausehehasagoodsenseofhumor。（CET－41998，1）A）toworkB）tohaveworkedC）workingD）haveworking5）I‘veenjoyed____totalkwithyou。A）tobeableB）beingableC）tobeenableD）ofbeingable6）Noonecanavoid____byadvertisements。A）tobeinfluencedB）beinginfluencedC）influencingD）shavingsinfluence7）Theyareconsidering____beforethepricesgoup。A）ofbuyingthehouseB）withbuyingthehouseC）buyingthehouseD）tobuythehouse8）Hethoughtthat____。A）theeffortdoingthejobwasnotworthB）theeffortwasnotworthindoingthejobC）itwasnotworththeeffortdoingthejobD）itwasnotworththeeffortbydoingthejob9）IfIhadremembered____thedoor，thethingswouldnothavebeenstolen。A）tolockB）lockingC）tohavelockedD）shavingslocked10）Yourshirtneeds____。You‘dbetterhaveitdonetoday。A）ironB）toironC）ironingD）beingironed11）Youcan‘thelp____commercials;everyfewminutestheprogramisinterruptedtogiveyouoneadvertisementoranother。A）tohearB）tobeheardC）hearingD）withhearing12）Mytransistorradioisn‘tworking。It____。A）needrepairingB）needstorepairC）needsrepairingD）needtoberepaired13）Itisnouse____menottoworry。A）youtellB）yourtellingC）foryoutohavetoldD）shavingstold14）Heisverybusy____hispapers。Heisfartoobusy____callers。A）towrite；toreceiveB）writing；toreceiveC）writing；receivingD）towrite；forreceiving15）Thesuspectatlastadmitted____stolengoodsbutdenied____them。A）receiving。。。sellingB）toreceive。。。tosellC）toreceiving。。。tosellingD）tohavereceived。。。tohavesold16）Sheapologizedfor____tocome。A）hernotbeingableB）herbeingnotableC）notbeingableD）thatshe‘snotableto17）Ireallyappreciate____tohelpme，butIamsurethatIcanmanagebymyself。A）youtoofferB）thatyouofferC）yourofferingD）thatyouareoffering18）Pleasestop____，boys，Ihavesomethingimportantto____you。A）saying。。。talkB）telling。。。sayC）talking。。。speakD）talking。。。tell19）Tony，wouldyougoandseeifSamhasanydifficulty____histaperecorder？A）tofixB）fixingC）forfixingD）fix20）“Whyisn‘tNancygoingtomeetus？”“It‘smyfault。Iforgotallabout____her?！盇）telephoningtoB）totelephoneC）totelephonetoD）thetelephoningto21）“Whywereyoulate？”“Ihadahardtime____upthismorning。”A）togetB）getC）gotD）getting22）Iremember____tohelpusifweevergotsintostrouble。A）onceofferingB）himonceofferingC）himtoofferD）toofferhim23）Johnregretted____tothemeetinglastweek。A）notgoingB）nottogoC）notshavingsbeengoingD）nottobegoing24）Itisdifficulttogetused____inatentaftershavingsasoft，comfortablebedtolieon。A）sleepB）tosleepingC）sleptD）tosleep25）Hegivespeopletheimpression____manypoems。A）ofshavingswrittenB）tohavewrittenC）ofbeingwrittenD）towrite26）Doyoufeellike____outorwouldyourather____dinnerathome？A）going。。。tohaveB）togo。。。tohaveC）togo。。。havingD）going。。。have27）Priorto____theformalspeech，firsthewillintroducehimself。A）deliveringB）deliverC）beingdeliveringD）beingdelivered28）Idon‘tmind____bybus，butIhate____inqueues。A）totravel。。。standingB）shavingstraveled。。。standingC）traveling。。。tostandD）traveling。。。standing29）Whatabout____doublequantitiesofeverythingtoday？Wehavehardlytimetogo____nextweek。A）buying。。。toshopB）buy。。。shoppingC）buying。。。shoppingD）tobuy。。。shopping30）Wehadsometrouble____thehouseandnobodyseemed____swheresitwas。A）infinding。。。knowingB）finding。。。toknowC）tofind。。。knowingD）tofind。。。toknow31）Wecan‘timagine____intheentranceexamination，forshehasneverbeentoschool。A）shesucceedingB）hersucceedingC）shesucceedD）hertosucceed32）Idon‘tlike____atme。A）themlaughingB）theirlaughC）themlaughD）themtohavelaughed33）Wesuggested____inhotelsbutthechildrenwereanxious____out。A）sleeping。。。tocampB）sleeping。。。campingC）tosleep。。。tocampD）tosleep。。。camping34）Ihavenoobjection____theeveningwiththem。A）tospendB）tospendingC）ofspendingD）spending35）After____forthejob，youwillberequiredtotakealanguagetest。A）beinginterviewedB）interviewedC）interviewingD）shavingsinterviewed36）Thematchwascancelledbecausemostofthemembers____amatchwithoutastandardcourt。A）objectedtoshavingsB）wereobjectedtohaveC）objectedtohaveD）wereobjectedtohaving37）Jeandidnothavetimetogototheconcertlastnightbecauseshewasbusy____forherexamination。A）toprepareB）tobepreparedC）preparingD）beingprepared38）Itisnogood____remembergrammaticalrules。Youneedtopractisewhatyouhavelearned。A）tryingtoB）totrytoC）trytoD）triedto39）After____himbetter，Iregretted____himunfairly。A）gettingtoknow。。。tojudgeB）gettingtoknow。。。tohavejudgedC）gettingtohaveknow。。。judgingD）gettingtoknow。。。havingjudged40）Heislookingforwardto____hisholiday