2021屆全國普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試上海英語模擬試卷1

2021屆全國普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試上海英語模擬試卷1學(xué)校_________

班級__________

姓名__________

學(xué)號__________一、用單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成短文1.Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.ExploringBeyondFollowingthecallofourrestlessgeneshasnotendedwellforallexplorers.TheBritishexplorerCaptainJamesCookdiedinafightwithHawaiianstenyearsafterhereceivedthepreciousmapfromTupaia.Hisdeath,somesay,broughttoaclose【小題1】WesternhistorianscalltheAgeofExploration.Yetithardly【小題2】（end）ourexploring.WehaveremainedenthusiasticaboutfillingintheEarth'smaps;reachingitsfarthestpoles,highestpeaks,anddeepesttrenches（海豹）;sailingtoitseverycornerandthenflyingofftheplanetentirely.WiththeNASARoverCuriositynow【小題3】（stir）usallasitexploresMars,somecountriesandprivatecompaniesarepreparingtosendhumanstotheredplanetaswell.Somevisionarieseventalkofhavingaspacecraft【小題4】（send）totheneareststar.NASA'sMichaelBarratt—adoctor,diver,andjetpilot;asailorfor40years;anastronautfor12—isamongthose【小題5】achetogotoMars.BarrattconsciouslyseeshimselfasanexplorerCookandTupaia."We'redoingwhat【小題6】did,"hesays."Itworksthiswayateverypointinhumanhistory.Asocietydevelopsanenablingtechnology,【小題7】it'stheabilitytopreserveandcarryfoodorbuildashiporlauncharocket."Notallofus【小題8】ridearocketorsailtheinfinitesea.Yet,【小題9】aspecies,we'recuriousenoughandinterestedenoughbytheprospecttohelppayforthetripandcheeratthevoyagersreturn.Yes,wehopetofindabetterplacetoliveoracquirealargerterritoryormakeafortune.Butwealsoexploresimply【小題10】（discover）what'sthere.二、選用適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或短語補(bǔ)全短文2.Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.appears

B.changing

C.dependent

D.dim

E.discovery

F.exclusively

G.reflect

H.review

I.sexually

J.underlying

K.vigorouslyUndercoverWingsThenocturnal（夜間活動）dot-underwingmoth（蛾）mayuseshape-shiftingpatternsonitswingsasawaytoattractmatesinthedark.InastudypublishedlastSeptemberinCurrentBiology,scientistsreportthe【小題1】onmales'forewingsofthreepatches（色斑）thatchangedarknessandsizewhenviewedfromparticularangles.Infemales,theentireforewingdarkens.Althoughbutterflyandmothspeciesthatareactiveduringthedayareknowntoemployvisualeffectstocommunicate,researchershadthoughttheirnocturnalcousinsreliedalmost【小題2】onchemicalsignalsbecauseofthelackoflight.Butthese【小題3】wingpatterns,nowfoundforthefirsttimeinanocturnalmoth,suggesttheinsectsmayalsousevisualsignals.Becauseonlythemaleshavethispattern,researcherssayitislikelya（n）【小題4】selectedmechanism.JenniferKelley,anecologistbasedattheUniversityofWesternAustralia,andhercolleaguesfirstnoticedthevisualphenomenonwhilelookingatmuseummothspecimens（標(biāo)本）foranotherproject."Assoonaswefiguredtheeffectwasangle-【小題5】,weknewthattounderstandhowitworks,wehadtounderstandthe【小題6】physics,"Kelleysays.ThegroupcontactedGerdSchr?der-TurkandBodoWilts,whoarephysicistsatMurdochUniversityinPerthandtheAdolpheMerkleInstituteinSwitzerlandrespectively.Togethertheresearchersfoundthatwhenthewingsareviewedfromabove,they【小題7】availablelightdirectly,likeadullmirror.Whenviewedfromanangle,however,theyletsomeofthelightthroughtorevealadeeperlayerofdarkness,which【小題8】aspatchesonthemale'swings.Iftheinsectsweretobeattheirwings【小題9】—acommonbehavioramongmalesapproachingpotentialmates—thepatcheswouldflashonandoff,creatingastrikingsignaleveninvery【小題10】light.三、完形填空3.

Whenyouarestuckonaproblem,sometimesitisbesttostopthinkingaboutit—consciously,anyway.Researchhasshownthattakingabreakoranapcanhelpthebraincreate_________toasolution.Nowanewstudy_________ontheeffectofthisso-calledincubation（潛伏期）byusingsoundcuestofocusthesleepingmindonatargetedproblem.Whenhumanssleep,partsofthebrainreplaycertainmemories,strengtheningandtransformingthem.Aboutadecadeagoresearchersdevelopedatechnique,calledtargetedmemoryreactivation（TMR）,aimedatfurtherenhancing_________memories:whenasoundbecomesassociatedwithamemoryandislaterplayedduringsleep,thatmemorygets_________.InastudypublishedlastNovemberinPsychologicalScience,scientiststestedwhether_________thememoryofapuzzleduringsleepmightalsoimproveproblem-solving.About60participantsvisitedthelaboratorybeforeandafteranightof_________.First,they_________spatial,verbalandconceptualpuzzles,withadistinctmusiccliprepeatinginthebackgroundforeach,untiltheyhadworkedonsixpuzzlestheycouldnotsolve.Overnighttheyworeelectrodes（電極）todetectslow-wavesleep,whichmaybeimportantformemoryenhancement—andadeviceplayedthesounds_________tothreeofthesixunsolvedpuzzles.Thenextday,backatthelab,theparticipantsattemptedthesixpuzzlesagain.（Eachrepeatedtheexperimentwithadifferentsetofpuzzlesthefollowingnight.）Alltold,thesubjectssolved32percentofthesound-stimulatedpuzzlescomparedwith21percentofthe_________puzzles.Theresearchers"verybravelywentforquitecomplextasksthatinvolvedalotofcomplexprocessing,andremarkablytheyfoundthesereallystrongeffectsinalloftheir__________."saysPennyLewis,apsychologistatCardiffUniversity,whowasnotinvolvedintheresearch."Thesearesupercoolresults.Nowweneedtogooutandtrytounderstandthembyfirstlyreplicating（復(fù)制）themandsecondlytryingto__________thecomponentprocessesthatareactuallybeinginfluenced."Beyondprovidingnewevidencethathumansrestructurememorieswhilesleeping,theresearchmayhave__________implications."Inafuturisticworld,maybeTMRcouldhelpususesleeptoworkonourproblems,"saysleadauthorKristinSanders,whowasagraduatestudentatNorthwesternUniversityduringthestudy.Sleep-monitoringtechnologyisincreasinglyaccessible—andevenwithoutdevices,prospectivesolverscanfocusonimportantproblemsbefore__________.Still,sleepisnot__________;peopleneedtodotheirhomeworkandloadtheirheadswiththepuzzlepiecesinvolved."I'mnotgoingtosolvecancerwiththistechnique,"Sanderssays,"becauseIamtotally__________cancerresearch."【小題1】A．a(chǎn)pplicationsB．commitmentC．a(chǎn)ttentionD．pathways【小題2】A．countsB．expandsC．insistsD．passes【小題3】A．treasuredB．selectedC．devotedD．shortened【小題4】A．dimmedB．storedC．reactivatedD．researched【小題5】A．neglectingB．examiningC．erasingD．revisiting【小題6】A．sleepB．experimentC．trainingD．relaxation【小題7】A．createdB．solvedC．a(chǎn)ttemptedD．classified【小題8】A．a(chǎn)ssignedB．transformedC．explainedD．introduced【小題9】A．unsettledB．untargetedC．unstatedD．untested【小題10】A．puzzlesB．brainsC．processesD．tasks【小題11】A．workoutB．turntoC．takeonD．bringabout【小題12】A．individualB．conceptualC．practicalD．collective【小題13】A．dinnerB．dawnC．bedD．schooling【小題14】A．significantB．magicC．fixedD．possible【小題15】A．dependentonB．curiousaboutC．interestedinD．ignorantof四、閱讀選擇4.

IconfessIhesitatedwhentheeditorinchiefofTheNewYorkTimesMagazinetoldmeinlate2014thatIwouldbeeditinganewfront-of-bookcolumncalledLetterofRecommendation,aboutstuffpeoplereallylike.Thecolumnwasthebrainchildofourstaffwriter,SamAnderson,heexplained.Samfiguredthattherewasnoshortageofplacestofindoutwhatwritershatebutfewspacesforwriterstotalkaboutwhattheylove.Wewouldpushagainstthistrend,900wordsaweek,40-somethingtimesperyear.Thereasonformyhesitationwasasimple,unfortunatefactaboutwriting.Writingaboutthingsyouhateiseasy:notjustfun,butgenerative.Thecriticismtendstoentertain,evenifyoudisagree,buttheodedoesn't.Thewriterlytoneiswell-suitedtoourage,butit'shardnottoseeitasacollectivedefensemechanism—asifrevealingyourtruefeelingsexposesyourunmentionablesecretstothepublic.Obsessions（喜歡）,meanwhile,areinseparablefromourpeculiaritiesaspeople—wecometolovethingsforoftenweirdreasons.Whenthecolumnreallyworks,it'sasrevealingabouttheauthorasitisitssubject.Onewriter,amaninhislate30s,forexample,recommendedPedialyte,whichhedrinkstobalancetheeffectsofbothdrinkingandexercise,andtocheathiswaybacktoyouth.IprobablyseesomewherebetweenthreeandfiveLetterofRecommendationpitchesaday.It'sagreatspotfortryingoutnewwritersinthemagazine,soItrymybesttokeepupwithalltheemail,butIoftenfail.（Ifeelgenuinelyterribleaboutthiseverydayofmylife.）Determiningwhichtoassigninvolvesseeinghowitmeetsthevariouscriteriawe'vesettledonovertheyears.Wedon'tlikethecolumntobetimely—everythingelseintheworldistimely.Butontheotherhand,weneedtoputaheadlineonthethingthatpeoplemightreasonablyrecognize,stopandreadabout.Thereshouldbeapersonalangletotherecommendation,butalsosomeuniversallyrecommendableaspect.Butthenagain,itshouldn'tbetoorecommendable;thisisn'tacolumnforlifehacks.Therecommendationitselfshouldbeattractivelyunexpected—"sideways,"aseditorsareperhapstoofondofsaying—butreally,it'sjustanexcusetocutbrilliantwritersloosetoamuseorinspireus.【小題1】SamAndersonproposedacolumncalledLetterofRecommendationbecausehefound________.A．thefashiontrendwasnoteasytopushagainstB．therewasashortageofgoodqualitycolumnsC．writerscouldhardlyfindaplacetosharetheirlikesD．hisbrainchildcouldsometimesincreasereadership【小題2】Theword"ode"（inparagraph2）isclosestinmeaningto________.A．praiseB．blameC．hesitationD．determination【小題3】Whyisthewriterinhislate30smentionedinparagraph2?A．Togiveanexampleofthewriterlytone.B．Tohighlightthewaythatthecolumnselectswriters.C．Toshowhowacollectivedefensemechanismworks.D．Toillustratehowwritersrevealthemselvesinthecolumn.【小題4】Thewriterhopesthatinthecolumn,________.A．therecommendeditemsarequitefamiliartoreadersB．therecommendeditemsshouldfollowthelatesttrendC．readerscanlearnaboutlifeskillsfromtherecommendationsD．readerswillfindtherecommendationsbeyondtheirexpectation5.

LilyStudyingabroadisanareathatisbecomingincreasinglyinterestingforresearchers,asmorestudentsarechoosingtodoasemester,ayearorevenadegreeinanothercountry.Inmyresearch,Isetouttoestablishwhetheryoungpeopleattendingacourseabroadacquiremoreglobalawarenessthanstudentsenrolledonsimilarcoursesintheirhomecountry,Usingacomparativestudyof50Canadianundergraduates,halfofwhomstudiedabroadforvaryinglengthsoftime,therewereshowntobeconsideringgainsinglobalawarenessandthesewerenotonlynotedbythestudentsthemselvesbutalsotheirtutors.ThomasMyresearchprojectaskedtenstudentsstartingayearofstudyabroadtokeepadailyrecordoftheirexperiences.Havingbegunthediaryamonthbeforeleavinghometheycontinueditforamonthaftertheyreturned.Theprimaryreasonforstudyingabroadinallcaseswastopolishtheirlanguageskill.Thestudentswereallowedtowriteasfreelyastheywishedbywereaskedtoincludecommentsontheirlanguagelearningexperienceaswellasonthestrategiestheyusedtocopewithlivinginanewculture.Analysingthediaries,wefoundremarkablysimilarpatterns.Alltheparticipantsdemonstrateagradualrecognitionandacceptanceofdifferenceinotherculturesandanewobjectivityabouttheirowncultureasaresultoftheirexperience.JasmineThispaperreportsonsomeresearchcarriedoutlastyearintowhystudentschooseaperiodofstudyabroad,theirreasonsforselectingaspecificdestination,theirbehaviourwhenabroadandtheextenttowhichtheexperiencematchestheirexpectations.Havingadministeredaquestionnaireto1,000internationalstudentsstudyingatanumberofuniversitiesinAustralia,wegot696responses.Aninitialanalysisoftheresponseshasrevealedsomeinterestingdatasuggestingthatthekeyfactoraffectingalltheareaswewereinvestigatingwastheindividual'spersonalityandstudyinterests.Countryoforiginand'genderprovedlesssignificantthanexpected.JimmyThisresearchlookedatthecareerpathsof35youngbusinesspeoplewhohadspentpartoftheiruniversitycourseataforeigneducationalinstitutioninordertoascertainwhetherthosepeoplehadacquiredgreatercross-culturalperspectivesthroughtheirexperienceofstudyabroad.Concernedaboutthelackofculturalawarenessoftheirstaff,agroupofUSbusinesscorporationsproposedtheresearch.Theresultsarelessconclusivethanexpected,buttheydosuggestthataperiodofstudyinaforeigncountrymayhelpstudentstodevelopthecross-culturalawarenessthatUSemployerscurrentlyseek.【小題1】Thepassageismainlyaboutfourresearchers'findingson________.A．thereasonsforyoungstudentstostudyabroadB．theimpactandeffectsofstudyinginanothercountryC．thetrendofmorestudentsfurtheringtheirstudyabroadD．theinterestofstudentswhooncestudiedinanothercountry【小題2】________usedthesubjects'personalaccountastheresearchmaterial.A．LilyB．ThomasC．JasmineD．Jimmy【小題3】Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A．Mostoftheresearchersfoundthestudentsglobalawarenessincreased.B．Alloftheresearcherstookareservedattitudetowardsstudyingabroad.C．Noneoftheresearchersthoughtgenderplayedaroleinstudents'choice.D．Onlyoneoftheresearchersdidresearchonthesubjects'careerdevelopment.6.

Whenantibiotics（抗生素）firstbecameavailable,farmersusedthemfreely.Nowscientistsknowthattheoveruseofantibioticscancultivatedrug-resistantbacteriathataredangeroustohumanhealth.Amongdebatesoverwhatkindsofrestrictionsshouldbeputinplace,figuringouthowantibiotic-resistantbacteriaevolveandmaketheirwaytohumansremainsanareaofintenseinterest.JoHandelsmanistracingonesuchpathwaythat,assheputsit,travelsfrom"farmtotable."Handelsman,amicrobiologistwhoisnowassociatedirectorforscienceattheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy,lookedintodairycows,whichareoftentreatedwithantibioticsandproducemanure（排泄物）thatfarmersuseontheircrops.Inadditiontonutrients,thatfertilizermayharborantibiotic-resistantbacteria—aproblembecausethebacteriacancomeintocontactwithplantsthatarefinallyshippedtosupermarketsandsometimeseatenraw.Tofindouthowthoseantibiotic-resistantbacteriacometoexist,HandelsmanandhercolleaguesatYaleUniversityaddedmanurefromanearbyConnecticutfarmtoraisedbedsofsoilin2013.Inthiscase,themanurespecificallycamefromcowsthatwerenottreatedwithantibiotics.Theresearchersunexpectedlyfoundthatthereweremoresoilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswhentheyweregrownwiththemanurethanwhentheyweregrownwithsyntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizer—eventhoughthecowsweredrug-free.Previousresearchhasfoundthatmanurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainsresistantbacteria,butthecow-pieresultssuggesttherearemorefactorspromotingresistancebesidesantibioticuse.Somethingaboutmanureitselfmayencouragenaturallyresistantbacteriatoincrease.Thefindingsshouldnot,however,givetheimpressionthatresistanceiseverywhere,notesLancePrice,amicrobiologistatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity（whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy）."Wecancontrolthis.There'sveryclearevidencethatwhenweturnofftheantibiotictap,webringdowndrug-resistantbacteria,"saysLance.Nextonthefarm-to-tableschedule,Handelsmanwilltestwhetherradishesgrowninsoiltreatedwithcowmanurearecapableoftakingupresistantgenesfrombacteriathroughtheirvascularsystem（循環(huán)系統(tǒng)）."Theyhaveveins（血管）justlikeus,"shesays."Wedon'thaveanyevidenceyetthatthey'retakingupthebacteria,butit'sareallyinterestingpossibility."【小題1】WhatdoesJoHandelsman'sresearchfocuson?A．Howantibioticsmakesitswayontoourtable.B．Whatrestrictionsshouldbeputtoantibioticsuse.C．Howantibiotics-resistantbacteriareachhumanbeings.D．Whatdamagetheoveruseofantibioticsdoestohumans.【小題2】WhatdidJo'sresearchfind?A．Drug-freecowsproducedmanurewithantibiotic-resistantbacteria.B．Syntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizerdidmoregoodtotheenvironment.C．Soilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswereincreasingwithtime.D．Manurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainedfewerresistantbacteria.【小題3】LancePriceisquotedinthepassageinorderto________.A．providemoreevidencethatdrug-resistancebacteriaaredangerousB．suggestanotherpossibleexplanationtotheantibioticsproblemsC．emphasizetheimportanceoffeedingcowswithnoantibioticsD．showthattheresearchfindingsmaynotbethatworrisome【小題4】WhichofthefollowingstatementsisJomostlikelytoagreewith?A．Itisverylikelythatwidespreadresistancetoantibioticsisnotinevitable.B．Plantsgrowninsoilfertilizedwithcowmanuremaycontaindrug-resistantgenes.C．Thereispossibilitythatradishestakeupresistantgeneswherevertheyareplanted.D．Thevascularsystemplaysakeyroleinguardingradishesagainstbacteria.五、六選四7.

WashingthedishescanhelpyoulivelongerinlateryearsEvenasmallincreaseinlightactivity,suchaswashingdishesoralittlegentlegardening,mighthelplowertheriskofanearlydeathamongolderadults,researcherssay.“Itisimportantforelderlypeople,whomightnotbeabletodomuchmoderateintensityactivity,thatjustmovingaroundanddoinglightintensityactivitywillhavestrongeffectsandisbeneficial,”saidUlfEkelund,aprofessorandfirstauthorofthestudyattheNorwegianSchoolofSportSciences.However,thestudyfindsthatthereismore“bangforyourbuck”ifyouengageinintenseactivitycomparedwithlightactivity.【小題1】PublishedintheBMJ,thelatestresearchinvolvedareviewofeightstudiesencompassingatotalofmorethan36,000peoplewithanaverageageofalmost63years.Participantswerefollowedforfivetosixyears;2,149deathswererecorded.Crucially,allofthestudiesinvolvedmonitoringthephysicalactivityofindividualswhohadactivitytrackers.【小題2】Foreachstudyparticipantsweresplitintofourequal-sizedgroups,basedonthetotalamountoftimespentactive,andtheriskofdeathassessed,takingintoaccountfactorssuchasage,gender,bodymassindex,andsocioeconomicstatus.Thiswasthenrepeatedforanamountofactivityatdifferentlevelsofintensity.Theresultswereanalysedtogethertogiveanoverview.【小題3】Theresultsheldfordifferentintensitiesofactivity.Theteamsaidthestudysupportedthemessage“sitlessandmovemoreandmoreoften.”【小題4】Itonlylookedatthesituationformiddleageandolderadults,mostofwhomlivedintheUSorEurope,andsomeoftheeffectcouldbeduetothosepeoplewithahigherriskofdeathbeinglesslikelytoengageinphysicalactivity.Physicalactivitylevelsalsowereonlymeasuredoveroneperiodoftime.A．Itissaidthathigherlevelsofanyphysicalactivityhelpkeepoffanearlygrave.B．Thestudiesdidnotrelyonself-reporting,which,theexpertsnoted,couldbeunreliable.C．Thelateststudybacksuppreviousresearchsuggestingreducingtimespentsittingstillisbeneficial.D．However,thestudyhadlimitations.E．Ashortperiodofintenseactivityisviewedasbeneficialasmuchlongerperiodsoflesseractivity.F．Theteamfoundagreatervolumeofactivityoverallwaslinkedtoalowerriskofdeath.六、概要寫作8.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizeinnomorethan60wordsthemainideaofthepassageandhowitisillustrated.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.TheUsefulBeanDoyouknowwhatthecommonfactorinbeefood,vinylplastic,andtofuis?Itisthesoybean.Somepartofthesoybeanisusedintheseproductsaswellasmanyotheredible（可以食用的）andnonedibleproducts.Thesoybeanisalsoconsideredtobeoneofthemultipurposeandhardyplants.Itcangrowinlow-qualitysoil.Throughoutthelifeoftheplant,areleaseofnutrientsthroughoutplantrootsmakessoilmorefertile.Soybeansarealsoveryhighinprotein.Withitshardiness,soilbenefits,high-proteincontent,andvarioususes,somepeoplebelievethesoybeanwillbecomethegreatestweaponagainstworldhunger.Therearethreestandardprocedurestakenfromthesoybeanplant—oil,protein,andwholesoybeans.Oilisusedforediblepurposessuchascookingoilandsaladdressing.Industriesmakenonedibleuseofsoybeanoilbyaddingtoantistaticsprays,printerink,andshampoo.Onesignificantnonedibleuseofsoybeanoilisthemakingofvinylplastics.Vinylisusedtomakeeverythingfromcreditcardsandgardenhosestocomputerparts.Proteinfromthesoybeanisalsousedinedibleandnonedibleproducts.Edibleusesfortheproteinincludebabyfoodsandhypoallergenicmilk.Evenanimalsbenefit:beefoodandfishfoodcontainproteinfromthesoybean.Someindustriesusetheproteinfornonediblepurposessuchascosmetics,adhesives,yarn,andwater-basedpaints.Itemsmadeusingwholesoybeansarethemostcommonlyrecognizedproductofthesoybeanplant.Wholesoybeansareusedtomakefoodforpeopleandanimals.Grocerystorescarryavarietyoffoodsmadewithwholesoybeans.Someoftheseitemsarepancakeflour,coffee,soymilk,soysauceandtofu.Astheversatility（多用途）andhardinessofthisbeangainspopularity,moreusesofsoybeanproductswillcertainlybediscovered.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________七、漢譯英（整句）9.在他看來，值得投資的是體驗，而不是物品。（worth）(漢譯英）10.這位心理學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，我們擁有的物品帶給我們的滿足感會隨著時間消逝。（wear）(漢譯英）11.最好請人審閱一下你的文章，看看自己的想法是否有