仁愛版初中英語語法全解

一．中學(xué)英語語法一．名詞I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名.地名.人名，團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people,police,cattle,staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)),forces(軍隊(duì)),times(時(shí)代),spirits(情緒),drinks(飲料),sands(沙灘),papers(文件報(bào)紙),manners(禮貌),looks(外表),brains(頭腦智力),greens(青菜),ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)womensingers,menservantsIII.名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1.’s所有格的構(gòu)成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法：1表示時(shí)間today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry4表示工作群體theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定詞組abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時(shí)：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名詞化的詞：thestruggleoftheoppressed

二．冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a,an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWestudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定詞組中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容詞之后Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.II.定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于樂器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”theGreens,theWangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代inthe1990’11用于表示單位的名詞前Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前Hepattedmeontheshoulder.III.零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名詞前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone./

Whosepurseisthis?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前bytrain,byair,byland7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horsesareusefulanimals.三．代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they賓格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代詞形容詞性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名詞性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代詞myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代詞this,that,these,those,such,some5疑問代詞who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代詞one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1.one,some與any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?

Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.

Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.

Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no：no等于notany，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:

1)other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.

2)another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).

Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和either

all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.

AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.

Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.

四．形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1)形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2以-able,-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置theonlypersonawake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)abridge50meterslong5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6形容詞短語一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII.副詞副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副詞soon,now,early,finally,once,recently5頻度副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,never2地點(diǎn)副詞here,nearby,outside,upwards,above6疑問副詞how,where,when,why3方式副詞hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really7連接副詞how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副詞almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather8關(guān)系副詞when,where,whyIII.形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。1.同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“themore…themore…”句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比較級(jí)來表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。

五．介詞I.介詞分類：1簡單介詞about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2合成介詞inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短語介詞accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4雙重介詞fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論),including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like,unlike,near,next,oppositeII.常用介詞區(qū)別：1表示時(shí)間的in,on,atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的since,fromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始3表示時(shí)間的in,afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示“在…上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿過”的through,acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關(guān)7表示“關(guān)于”的about,onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了…還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in,withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以…地位或身份”，like為“象…一樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置六．動(dòng)詞I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：

現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask進(jìn)行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成進(jìn)行have/hasbeenaskinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskingshould/wouldhavebeenasking2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已經(jīng)看過，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2)一般過去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只說明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。Ihavereadthatbook.我讀過那本書了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在讀那本書。4.一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：

將來時(shí)用法例句1will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto+動(dòng)詞原形含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.II.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成

常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/areasked6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/werebeingasked2一般過去時(shí)was/wereasked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/hasbeenasked3一般將來時(shí)shall/willbeasked8過去完成時(shí)hadbeenasked4過去將來時(shí)should/wouldbeasked9將來完成時(shí)will/wouldhavebeenasked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/arebeingasked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/maybeasked注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：Itisbelievedthat…

Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…

Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…

Itmustbeadmittedthat…

Itishopedthat…下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.下面詞或短語沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等七．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問式與簡答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中常用）可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定句或疑問句中）cannot/cannot/can’tdoCan…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t.couldcouldn’tdomay可以（問句中表示請(qǐng)求）可能，或許（表推測(cè)）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）maynotdoMay…do…?Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)）mustnot/mustn’tdoMust…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thaveto.haveto只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化）don’thavetodoDo…h(huán)avetodo…?Yes,…do.

No,…don’t.oughtto應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn’ttodoOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t.shall將要，會(huì)用于一三人稱征求對(duì)方意見用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等shallnot/shan’tdoShall…do…?Yes,…shall.

No,…shan’t.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）本該（含有責(zé)備意味）shouldnot/shouldn’tdoShould…do…?will意愿，決心請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問句中would比較委婉willnot/won’tdoWill…do…?Yes,…will.

No,…won’t.wouldwouldnot/wouldn’tdodare敢（常用于否定句和疑問句中）darenot/daren’tdoDare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t.need需要必須（常用于否定句和疑問句中）neednot/needn’tdoNeed…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t.usedto過去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再）usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodoUsed…todo…?Yes,…used.

No,…use(d)n’t.Did…usetodo…?Yes,…did.

No,…didn’t.II.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must,may,might,could,can表示推測(cè)：以must為例。must+do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must+bedoing推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must+havedone是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”語氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t語氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.（推測(cè)某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(語氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問句和否定句中)III.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”，而can無法表達(dá)此意。Beableto有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2.usedto和would:

usedto表示過去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3.need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo八．非謂語動(dòng)詞I.非謂語動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非謂語前加notforsb.todosth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone

具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語過去分詞done

動(dòng)名詞doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb’sdoing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語

II.做賓語的非謂語動(dòng)詞比較：情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞或短語mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,considercan’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto兩者都可以意義基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need,want,require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regrettodo（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）goontodo（接著做另外一件事）goondoing（接著做同一件事）trytodo（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）trydoing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）meantodo（打算做，企圖做）meandoing（意識(shí)是，意味著）can’thelptodo（不能幫忙做）can’thelpdoing（忍不住要做）III.非謂語動(dòng)詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別：

常見動(dòng)詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make現(xiàn)在分詞

notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.過去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.IV.非謂語動(dòng)詞做定語的區(qū)別：

區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進(jìn)行式表示與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.動(dòng)名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的任何關(guān)系Shallwegototheswimmingpool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成V.非謂語動(dòng)詞做主語和表語的區(qū)別：

區(qū)別舉例不定式多表示一個(gè)特定的具體的將來的動(dòng)作，做主語時(shí)可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表語有時(shí)可和主語交換位置，而且意義不變，并且還能用what來提問主語或表語。Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主語時(shí)常用)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的功能區(qū)別不大，然而它更接近于名詞，表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者泛指習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有時(shí)也可以用it做形式主語，做表語時(shí)可以和主語互換位置。Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob.分詞無名詞的性質(zhì)，不能做主語。但是有形容詞的性質(zhì)，可以做表語，多表明主語的特征性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)等，可被very,quite,rather等副詞修飾。現(xiàn)在分詞多含有“令人…”之意，說明主,語的性質(zhì)特征，多表示主動(dòng)，主語多為物。過去分詞一般表示被動(dòng)或主語所處的狀態(tài)，含有“感到…”之意，主語多是人。Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常見分詞有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)九．定語從句I.定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在從句中做賓語時(shí)，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人，物定語Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人，物主語，賓語Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主語，賓語Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人，物主語，賓語Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhichwhere地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhichwhy原因原因狀語Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhichII.that與which,who,whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說明例句只用that的情況1．

先行詞為all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代詞時(shí)。2．

先行詞被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修飾時(shí)3．

先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4．

先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)5．

先行詞被theonly,thevery修飾時(shí)6．

句中已經(jīng)有who或which時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?只用which,who,whom的情況1．

在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2．

在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3．

先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which,先行詞為those,one,he時(shí)多用who。Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.III.as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和thesame修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHeisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.IV.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開。TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號(hào)分開，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時(shí)也不能省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.十．名詞性從句種類作用常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞例句主語從句在復(fù)合句中做主語，相當(dāng)于名詞，一般置謂語之前，也可用it作形式主語，主語從句放主句之后that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,whereverWhetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.表語從句在復(fù)合句中做表語，相當(dāng)于名詞，位于系動(dòng)詞之后Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.賓語從句在復(fù)合句中做賓語，相當(dāng)于名詞Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.同位語從句放在名詞之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具體內(nèi)容Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.

十一。狀語從句種類連接詞注意點(diǎn)時(shí)間狀語when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly主句表示將來意義時(shí)，從句須用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；while引導(dǎo)的從句中動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的；until用在肯定句中主句動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的，而否定句中主句動(dòng)詞為短暫性的。地點(diǎn)狀語where,wherever

原因狀語because,as,since,nowthatbecause語氣最強(qiáng)，since較弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。條件狀語if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat從句中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不可用將來時(shí)，常用一般時(shí)代替目的狀語sothat,inorderthat,forfearthatsothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞結(jié)果狀語so…that,such…that

比較狀語than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore

方式狀語asif,asthough,asasif和asthough引導(dǎo)的從句一般用虛擬語氣。讓步狀語though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,wheneveras在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式；although和though用正常語序，可和yet連用，但不可和but連用十二。倒裝句種類倒裝條件例句完全倒裝here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副詞開頭的句子表示強(qiáng)調(diào)Outrushedthechildren.表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語作狀語位于句首Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.強(qiáng)調(diào)表語，置于句首，或?yàn)楸３志渥悠胶釶resentatthemeetingwere1,000students.部分倒裝never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.only和修飾的狀語放于句首OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.notonly…butalso連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.neither…nor…連接并列的句子，前后都倒裝NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.so…that,such…that中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時(shí)前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.so,neither或nor表示前句內(nèi)容也適用于另外的人或事。Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中Mayyoubeingoodhealth!省略if的虛擬條件WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.十三。虛擬語氣類別用法例句If引導(dǎo)的條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反從句動(dòng)詞：過去式（be用were）主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.與過去事實(shí)相反從句動(dòng)詞：had+過去分詞主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.與將來事實(shí)相反從句動(dòng)詞：過去式/should+動(dòng)詞原形/were+不定式主句動(dòng)詞：should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.其它狀語從句asif引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去完成式Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.inorderthat/sothat引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞用can/could/may/might/would等+動(dòng)詞原形Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.賓語從句demand,suggest,order,insist后接的從句中動(dòng)詞為should+動(dòng)詞原形Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和should/would+動(dòng)詞原形表示與現(xiàn)在，過去和將來情況相反IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.

主語從句在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.其它句型中Itistimethat…句型中動(dòng)詞用過去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形It’shightimethatweleft.wouldrather所接的從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或者過去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Ifonly句型中動(dòng)詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強(qiáng)烈的愿望Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!十四。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.

Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19.

Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.

IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.

Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.

OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24.

“Heworksparticularlyhard.”

“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.

十五。動(dòng)詞搭配1.addto增加，增進(jìn)

add…to把…加進(jìn)…

addup相加

addupto總計(jì)，所有這一切說明

1)Idon'tthinkthesefactswill________anything.

2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary.

3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.

4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________.

(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脫離，掙脫，改掉

breakdown出毛病，身體(精神)衰弱，分解，拆開

breakoff暫停，中斷

breakin強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入，插話

breakinto闖入breakintopieces成為碎片

breakout爆發(fā)

breakup搗碎，驅(qū)散，瓦解，學(xué)期結(jié)束，拆散

breakthrough突破

1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_______

______thepoliceandranintothewoods.

2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.

3)Don'tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.

4)Whydon'tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?

5)Whendoesschoolbreak________?

6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.

(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)3.bringup撫養(yǎng)，嘔吐，提出

bringabout造成

bringout拿出，出版

bringin引入，引進(jìn)，掙錢

bringback使回想起

bringdown使下降，使倒下

1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars.

2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.

3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays.

4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding?

5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan.

6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.

7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.

8)Nextmonththeywill

bring________aneweditionof

thebook.

(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.callon號(hào)召，拜訪（某人）

callat拜訪、參觀（某地）

callfor去叫某人,要求,需要

callup使回憶起,征召入伍

callin召集，請(qǐng)某人來

callout大喊，高叫

calloff取消，不舉行

1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.

2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight.

3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.

4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn'tanswer.

5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.

(in,for,at,out,off)5.comeabout發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)

comedown下跌，落，降，傳下來

comein進(jìn)來

comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)

comeon來臨/快點(diǎn)

comeout出版，結(jié)果是

comealong一道來，趕快

cometo達(dá)到(anend/anagreement/astop)蘇醒，合計(jì)，總共是

comeover