新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)第五單元課文語(yǔ)法

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)第五單元語(yǔ)法Lesson5Youth青年P(guān)eoplearealwaystalkingabout‘theproblemofyouth’.Ifthereisone—whichItakeleavetodoubt--thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings--peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyonedifferencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain--thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseemstometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.It'sasiftheywereinsomesensecosmicbeingsinviolentanlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,ill-mannered,presumptuousoffatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectforelders--asifmereagewereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong.(NCEBookFour)Classroom（compound）decision(derivation)shift（）上面每組句子表達(dá)的意思相同，但使用詞匯轉(zhuǎn)用的句子在表達(dá)功能上明顯簡(jiǎn)潔而生動(dòng)，更能吸引讀者的注意力。下面我們看看幾種常見(jiàn)易學(xué)的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。名詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中極為普遍的現(xiàn)象,也是轉(zhuǎn)換法中構(gòu)詞能力最強(qiáng)的方法之一,因此由名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞的數(shù)量最多，在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，名詞的數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)動(dòng)詞。Thebooksareshelvedinalphabeticalorder.這些書按字母順序排列在書架上。ThetreesfruitinNovember.果樹(shù)在11月份結(jié)果。Queueupforabus.排隊(duì)等公共汽車。Sheisreadytoshopwithhermother.她準(zhǔn)備和她媽媽一起去購(gòu)物。Shemodelsforanartschool.她為一所藝術(shù)學(xué)校當(dāng)模特兒。Youshouldn’tfoolmeintotalkingwiththatgirl.你不應(yīng)該欺騙我去跟那個(gè)女孩談話。Sheisnursinganoldladyfor$500amonth.她給一位老夫人當(dāng)護(hù)士，每月薪金500美元。Heusheredatthestatebanquet.他在國(guó)宴上當(dāng)招待員。ItpicturesthelifeofoverseasChinesestudents.它描繪海外中國(guó)留學(xué)生的生活。Theworkerscannedfruit.工人們把水果裝罐。Whoheadedthedelegation?誰(shuí)任代表團(tuán)團(tuán)長(zhǎng)？Marydustedthefurniture.瑪麗拭去家具上的灰塵。Theprisonerwascorneredatlast.這名罪犯最終被逼到一個(gè)角落。Wherecanwehouseallthesepeople?我們到哪里去給這些人提供住房？Sevendaysofheavyrainfloodedoutthousandsofpeoplein1963.1963年數(shù)以千計(jì)的人們被那場(chǎng)七天七夜的大雨趕出了家園。Themtruthbegantosurface.真相開(kāi)始大白。Hebankedhalfhissalaryeverymonth.他每月把自己工資得一半存入銀行。Thedoorwasboltedfrominside.房門里面上著插銷。Thetextisplainlyworded.文章的措辭平易。Weshouldvalueourfriendship.我們應(yīng)該珍惜我們的友誼。TheplaywasfirststagedinLondon.這個(gè)劇首先在倫敦上演。Thesailbelliedoutinthewindthenrunintothechoppingsea.帆在風(fēng)中張滿，然后快速?zèng)_入波濤洶涌的海。OurfamilywasvacationinginFloridawhenSherylcalled.我們一家人在佛羅里達(dá)度假時(shí)謝里爾突然來(lái)了電話。Everyyear,myhusbandandIjourneyedtoarusticislandoffthecoastofMaine.每年我丈夫和我都去緬因州海岸外的一個(gè)未開(kāi)發(fā)的小島去旅行。Oureyesmirrortheoutsideworldwithoutleavinganimprintonoursouls.我們的眼睛向我們展現(xiàn)了外部世界，但并不在我們的心靈上留下印記。Abouttenminutesaftergoingin,theysurfaced.潛入水中約十分鐘后，他們浮出了水面。Hequicklyfueledandheadedfastfortheisland.他很快加好了油，朝那座島上飛去。Hecuttwopiecesofmeat,forkedthemeatintohismouth.他切了兩片肉，用叉子把他們送進(jìn)嘴里。Heeyedmeforamoment.他打量了我一下。Bensonfilmedthecraterfloor.本森拍攝了火山口的地表。Everyday,itseems,we’refloodedwithpop-psychadviceabouthappiness.我們每天好像都被淹沒(méi)在大眾心理學(xué)關(guān)于幸福的建議中。Hishearthammered,andhischestfeltasifitmightexplode.他的心跳得很厲害，胸腔感覺(jué)好像要爆炸似的。Thebearinchedcloser.熊一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)逼近。KidswhomicrowavetheirowndinnerandchowdowninfrontoftheTVsetlosethesensethatfamilytimeismoreimportantthanTVtime.用微波爐熱晚飯，而后在電視機(jī)前狼吞虎咽，這樣的孩子沒(méi)有意識(shí)到與家人在一起的時(shí)間比看電視的時(shí)間更重要。Shepennedashortmemotohisprivatesecretary.她給他的私人秘書寫了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的備忘錄。Theypicturedherwithfieryeyes,lava-blackhairandafondnessforgin.他們把她描繪成眼睛炯炯有神，頭發(fā)烏黑如火山巖，喜歡喝杜松子酒。Theyradioedthattheywouldwaitfortheweathertoclear.他們用無(wú)線電發(fā)報(bào)，說(shuō)他們要等到天氣放晴。Developersaskedthatthepetitionbetableduntiltheycouldprepareanalternativeplan.開(kāi)發(fā)商要求暫緩審議這個(gè)請(qǐng)求，直到他們準(zhǔn)備好可供選擇的另一個(gè)方案。ParkingisscarceattheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.Thosewhobreaktherulesarequicklyticketed.位于西雅圖的華盛頓大學(xué)停車位很少。違章停車的人很快就會(huì)收到違章停車罰款單。Williamsnervouslyfingeredherpreparedspeech.威廉斯緊張地?fù)芘⒆?，事先?zhǔn)備好的發(fā)言稿。Theoldladymotheredhimduringhisillness.他生病期間，老太太母親般地照顧他。Itiswrongtoseal,tolie,toabusechildren,tofatherbabiesandnottosupportthem,ortogambleawayafamily’sresources.偷竊，撒謊，虐待兒童，做了孩子的父親又不養(yǎng)，或者賭博輸?shù)艏依锏呢?cái)產(chǎn)，這些都是錯(cuò)誤的。形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞形容詞和副詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)象在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中不如名詞常見(jiàn)，原因是大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞都有其意義相同的名詞。在英語(yǔ)中形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞多表示狀態(tài)的變化，變?yōu)樾稳菰~本身所表示的樣子，如：Hehadtriedtobetterhisstatus.他曾設(shè)法改善自己的地位。Hebusiedhimselfwithwritingadissertation.他忙于寫論文。Healwaysgetsreadytohappyher.他總設(shè)法使她快樂(lè)。Youshouldopenthewindowstocleartheroomeveryday.你應(yīng)該每天開(kāi)開(kāi)窗子使屋里的空氣清新。Therainhascooledtheair.這場(chǎng)雨使天氣涼爽了。Clothesdryquicklyinautumn.夏季衣服干的很快。Girlsmatureearlierthanboys.女孩比男孩成熟早。Calmdown,baby,whatisthetrouble?冷靜點(diǎn)兒，孩子，出了什么事?OnedayIbusiedmyselfinmyfather’sdarkroom，rummagingthroughcardboardcartons…一天，在父親的儲(chǔ)藏室，我匆匆忙忙地翻騰柜子里的盒子。Withbreakfastdone，wereadiedourpacks.早飯后，我們準(zhǔn)備好了行裝。Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.火車速度減慢了一半。Thenewspaperhadbeenyellowedbysunlight.陽(yáng)光使報(bào)紙變黃了。Sheisinvestigatingtheancients’conceptionoftheuniverse.她正在調(diào)查那些古人的宇宙觀。Therewasonlyoneblackinmyclass.我班上只有一個(gè)黑人學(xué)生。Youwon’tfindmanyclassicsinourlibrary.你在我們圖書館找不到多少經(jīng)典著作。Sheconsideredherselfanintellectual.她認(rèn)為自己是知識(shí)分子。Thekinggreetedhisnobles.國(guó)王問(wèn)候他的貴族。Heisanaturalforthejob.他天生適合這個(gè)工作。Thecaféwaspopularwithlocals,andnotwiththemorerespectablelocalsatthat.這家咖啡館受當(dāng)?shù)厝藲g迎，不過(guò)不是那些更體面的當(dāng)?shù)厝?。?dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞或動(dòng)詞詞組轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞也是比較常見(jiàn)的，但其數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)比不上名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為的動(dòng)詞。由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞，可以表示原來(lái)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也可以引申為表示人、器物、動(dòng)作施行者、動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或結(jié)果等。試舉幾例：Westoppedthereforaswim.我們?cè)谀莾和Ｏ聛?lái)游了一會(huì)兒泳。Womenhaveanequalsayineverything.婦女在各方面都有同等的發(fā)言權(quán)。Thisisthedividebetweenthetworivers.這是兩條河的分界線。Thetake-offoftheplanewassmooth.飛機(jī)起飛平穩(wěn)。Hemadeanattemptonthenewworldrecordinmen’shighjump.他試圖刷新男子跳高的世界記錄。Thathouseisagoodbuyatsixthousanddollars.那房子六千元買到是劃算的交易。You’dbettergotoseeadoctoraboutyourcut.你最好找醫(yī)生看看你的傷口。Heisgoingtohaveacarefuldigwithatrowel.他準(zhǔn)備用鏟子小心地挖掘。Pulmonarytuberculosis(TB)mortalityheadedintoasteepdive.肺病死亡率開(kāi)始急劇下降。Couldyougetmesomedrink?你能否給我弄點(diǎn)飲料?Hedidn’tknowtheirstandinthematter.他不知道他們?cè)谠撌录械牧?chǎng)。Hehasfalleninlovewiththatgirl.他已經(jīng)愛(ài)上了那個(gè)女孩。Theflowergivesoutapleasantsmell.這種花散發(fā)出一種香味。Hehasourwhole-heartedsupportinhiselection.我們?nèi)娜獾刂С炙?dāng)選。Ilikeyourexcellenttasteinliterature.我贊賞你在文學(xué)方面的出色品味。Thisexhibitionisamust.這個(gè)展覽一定要看。Milkandmeataremust-buyitems.牛奶和肉是必須購(gòu)買的商品。Afterfiveattempts,shefinallyparkedthecarandrolleddownherwindow.嘗試了五次以后，她終于停好餓了車，搖下車窗玻璃。Oneday,inadiscussiononbites,hepointedoutthatIrelandhoesnothavesnakes.有一天，在討論咬傷的時(shí)候，他指出，愛(ài)爾蘭沒(méi)有蛇。Hisfirstbuywasfourounces.他第一次買了4盎司。Duetobudgetcuts,weregrettoinformyouthelightattheendofthetunnelisbeingturnedoff.因削減預(yù)算，我們遺憾地告訴你們，地下通道盡頭的電燈將被關(guān)掉。Myparentsinvitedthemforanafternoondrive.我父母邀請(qǐng)他們下午出去驅(qū)車兜風(fēng)。Thenewlywedshadhadtheirfirstbigfight.新婚夫婦頭一次大打了一場(chǎng)。UnfortunatelysheletgobeforeIhadafirmgrip,andtheglassshatteredonthetilefloor.不幸的是，我還沒(méi)有抓緊，她就松手了，玻璃杯子掉在瓷磚上摔碎了。形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞分為兩種：部分轉(zhuǎn)換和完全轉(zhuǎn)換。部分轉(zhuǎn)換是指由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化的名詞未完全名詞化，與名詞的特征尚有一定距離，并受一定語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的制約，如thepoor,therich,theemployed,thedeaf等。這類詞前要加定冠詞，并且沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。完全轉(zhuǎn)換是指形容詞完全轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，并帶有名詞的一切特征，如:native（本國(guó)的）轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞后可以有復(fù)數(shù)和所有格形式，即anative（本國(guó)人），twonatives，thenative’slanguage，areturnednative。再比如：Theirjoblesstotalreachedarecordhighsince1940.他們的失業(yè)人數(shù)達(dá)到1940年以來(lái)的最高峰。Theyarerunninginthefinal.他們正在進(jìn)行賽跑決賽。Thisisaschoolforthedeafandthemute.這是一所聾啞學(xué)校。Tomisoneofourregulars.湯姆是我們的一位?？汀tthefinalstheywinthefootballmatch.在決賽中，他們贏了這場(chǎng)足球賽。Theyareplayingfootballonthegreen.他們正在草地上踢足球。LuXunisoneoftheimmortals.魯迅是不朽的人物之一。TheSIHEYUANishisfamily’simmovables.這所四合院是他家的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)。Heisthirstyandwantstogetsomebitterstodrink.他渴了，想弄些苦啤酒喝。Ikeepmyvaluablesatthebank.我把貴重物存在銀行。Alltheperishablesmustbedeliveredwithoutdelay.易碎之物必須立刻送出。Theparticularsarenotyetavailable.詳細(xì)資料尚未獲得。Therichliveinluxuryandthepoorliveinmisery.富人過(guò)著奢侈的生活，窮人過(guò)著悲慘的生活。Thebestisoftentheenemyofthegood.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過(guò)高，反難成功。Hislifeischangingforthebetter.他的生活正變的好起來(lái)。Thesituationchangedfortheworse.局勢(shì)惡化了。Hetoldmesomethingaboutthelatest.他告訴我一些最近的消息。形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成動(dòng)詞形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞后，可以是及物動(dòng)詞，跟賓語(yǔ)，也可以是不及物的動(dòng)詞。例如：HebriefedthePresidenttwiceaweek.他每周給總統(tǒng)通報(bào)兩次簡(jiǎn)報(bào)。WhenIhungupthephone,Irealizedthatsh