論文-Abstract-conclusion-開(kāi)題報(bào)告課件

Abstract

conclusion

開(kāi)題報(bào)告1.

HowtoWrite

Abstract？DefinitionandcomponentsofanabstractSamplesofabstractwriting2.

AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiatureversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper:Introduction,MaterialsandMethods,Results,andDiscussion.AsHoughton(1975)putsit,“Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.”

美國(guó)《化學(xué)文摘》、《生物文摘》和英聯(lián)邦農(nóng)業(yè)局的文摘系統(tǒng)對(duì)文摘的定義是“對(duì)原文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確、扼要的表達(dá)。不加補(bǔ)充解釋和評(píng)論”。

I.Definition3.The

Abstractshould

(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeofthe

investigation；(2)describethemethodsemployed；(3)summarizetheresults；(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.4.WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.MostoftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract(exceptinrareinstances,suchasmodificationofapreviouslypublishedmethod).Likewise,theAbstractshouldnotincludeorrefertotablesandfigures.Payattention！5.informativeabstract

信息性/報(bào)道性/資料性摘要

-theprimaryresearchobjectiveorpurpose

-methodemployedinsolvingtheproblems

-principalfindingsorresults

-majorconclusionsandservesasasubstituteforthefullpaperdescriptiveabstract

指示性/說(shuō)明性/描述性摘要

outlinesthetopicscoveredinthepaperandislikeatableofcontentsinparagraphform.Structureofabstract|

Classificationofabstracts6.Structureofabstract|

Structureof

aninformativeabstractBackground

–whydoyouwanttodotheresearch?Researchquestion

–whatquestion

areyoutryingtoanswerandwhatistheresearchtopicofyourpaper?Method

–how(whatmaterial,whatmethod,andwhatprocedures)doyougetanswerstoyourresearchquestion?Results–whatisyouranswertothequestion?Conclusions–whatimplications

doestheanswerimply?7.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDEFINEthebackgroundandargumentofthepresentstudyAlthough(theresearchsubject)…,(therelatedproblem)…isasyetundetermined.(Theresearchsubject)…,however,(therelatedproblem)…remainsunsolved.(Previousstudies)haveexamined…,(therelatedproblem)isthat…,despite…(Problemsincertainresearcharea)are…,yet(thepresentsolution)hasfrequentlybeenquestionedbecause…Thispaperdescribes/presents…(theargument)within…(atheoreticalcontext)While(thedebateoncertainresearchsubject)seemsto…,(thepresentagreement)isstillproblematic.8.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToSTATEthepurposeofthepresentstudyThispaperadvancestheviewthat…Thearticleadvocates/discusses/develops/focuseson/givesdetailedexplanationfor/investigatesinto/proposes/holdsthat/…Thepurpose/intentionofthispaperis…Theprimarygoal/aimofthisresearchis…Theoverallobjectiveofthisstudyis…Inthispaper/study,weaimat…Thework/investigationpresentedinthispaperfocuseson…Thisresearchisdesignedtodetermine/measure/evaluate…Theauthorintends/attemptsooutlinetheframeworkof/obtainsomeknowledgeof…9.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDESCRIBEtheangleofobservingissues…fromtheangleof……inthelightofthecontextthat…Toviewsomethingatadifferentangle/fromvariousangles…Fromthepointofviewof…Fromtheperspectiveof…10.UsefulEXPRESSIONSToDESCRIBEresearchmethodandproceduresDetailedinformationhasbeenacquiredbytheauthorsusing..Severalsetsofexperimentshavebeenperformedtotestthevalidityof…Thetechniquetheauthoradoptedisreferredtoas…Theexperimentsconsistedoffoursteps,whicharedescribedin…Themethod/approachusedinthepresentstudyis…Theexperiment/investigationinthepaperisconductedbyadopting…Theprocedurethepresentstudyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedas…Theexperiment/studyconsistedofthefollowingsteps:…Includedintheexperimentwere…Basedontheideathat…,weconductedthepresentstudy,categorized…,andevaluated…11.

SAMPLE

Abstracts

12.UsefulEXPRESSIONSTheSampleofABSTRACTTheperformanceonthethreeindexesonthethreeindexesoftheacrossforyearsandthenativespeakersformaconyinuum./However,YearFourstudentsweresignificantlylowerinfluencyandwordvariationsthannativespeakers,butsimilartothenativespeakersinlexicalfrequencyprofile./TheperiodbetweenYearTwoandYearThreesawthemostnoticeableprogress./Thestudentswithdifferentstartinglevelsofthethreeindexesvariedintermsoftheirchanges./Thelow-levelgroupmadgreaterprogressthanthemiddle-levelgroupwhichproducedslightlyfasterprogressthanthehigh-levelgroup.13.UsefulEXPRESSIONSTheTranslationoftheSAMPLE摘要:本研究采用英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生四年的口語(yǔ)跟蹤語(yǔ)料，用流利度、詞匯多樣性與詞頻廣度三個(gè)指標(biāo)分析詞匯的使用，并與美國(guó)大學(xué)生的語(yǔ)料進(jìn)行比較，旨在揭示其變化的趨勢(shì)與特點(diǎn)。學(xué)習(xí)者語(yǔ)料來(lái)源于2001年入學(xué)的56名英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生，他們每天在語(yǔ)言實(shí)驗(yàn)室里完成一篇議論文文體的口頭作文。本民族語(yǔ)語(yǔ)料源于15名美國(guó)大學(xué)生，其口頭作文的要求同于中國(guó)大學(xué)生，研究結(jié)果表明，學(xué)習(xí)者總體樣本在流利度、詞匯多樣性和詞頻廣度上的發(fā)展呈上升趨勢(shì)，與本族語(yǔ)大學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)形成連續(xù)體。四年級(jí)學(xué)生在流利度和詞匯多樣性方面顯著低于本族語(yǔ)大學(xué)生，但在詞頻廣度上的差別與本族語(yǔ)大學(xué)生的差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)意義。2-3年紀(jì)是三個(gè)指標(biāo)變化的最佳時(shí)段。三個(gè)指標(biāo)起點(diǎn)不同的組別，進(jìn)行軌跡不完全相同。低起點(diǎn)組明顯進(jìn)步顯著大于中起點(diǎn)組，中起點(diǎn)組稍高于高起點(diǎn)組。14.How

to

Write

the

Conclusion？15.TheConclusionContentWhatisconclusionHowtowriteconclusionExamples16.DefinitionAconclusionisananswercreatedfromthehypothesis,andsumsupthehypothesis.Conclusionsalwaysareputattheendofawritingpiece.Theystatewhathasbeenprovenandwhathasbeenlearned.TheConclusion17.PurposesofaConclusionwrapthingsupandendyouressay,evaluatesthesignificanceofthepaper,reemphasizesthemainpoints,predictsanoutcome,offersasolution,orsuggestsafurtherstudy.TheConclusion18.Aconclusionshouldback? stresstheimportanceofthethesisstatement,? givetheessayasenseofcompleteness,? leaveafinalimpressiononthereader.TheConclusion19.

ChecklistforConclusion

1．“結(jié)論”部分的信息結(jié)構(gòu)是從具體到普遍：作者從討論具體的研究及研究成果出發(fā)，解釋結(jié)果，設(shè)法總結(jié)出帶有普遍性的結(jié)論。

2．一篇典型的“結(jié)論”通常包含六個(gè)信息要點(diǎn)：復(fù)述研究目的或假設(shè)；評(píng)述主要的研究成果；解釋研究成果；指出研究的局限性;探析研究成果的普遍意義和啟示；提出進(jìn)一步研究或成果運(yùn)用的建議。3．重述研究目的或假設(shè)，重述研究成果用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)；解釋研究成果、討論成果局限性用動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞；討論研究成果帶來(lái)的啟示、提出進(jìn)一步研究的建議，用動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或表示探測(cè)性的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組。20.Aconclusionismorethanasummary.Weneedto1.Confirmthethesissentenceandthecentralmissionofyourstudy.Ifappropriate,giveastatementinsupportornonsupportofanoriginalenthymemeorhypothesis.2.Discussandinterpretthefindings.Giveanswers.Nowisthetimetodrawinferencesandtoemphasizeatheory,andtofindrelevanceinthedetailsoftheresults.3.Offersuggestionsforactionandfornewresearchbasedonthetheoreticalimplicationsofthestudy.TheConclusion21.Strategiesforwritinganeffectiveconclusion? Returntothethemeorthemesintheintroduction.? Synthesize,don'tsummarize.? Includeaprovocativeinsightorquotationfromtheresearchorreading.? Proposeacourseofaction,asolutiontoanissue,orquestionsforfurtherstudy.? Pointtobroaderimplications.TheConclusion22.Strategiestoavoid? Statingthethesisfortheveryfirsttimeintheconclusion.? Introducinganewideaorsubtopicinyourconclusion.? Endingwitharephrasedthesisstatementwithoutanysubstantivechanges.? Makingsentimental,emotionalappealsthatareoutofcharacterwiththerestofananalyticalpaper.? Includingevidence(quotations,statistics,etc.)thatshouldbeinthebodyofthepaper.TheConclusion23.Somepopularwaysofconcludingapaper:1.RestatingthethesisstatementProvidesaretrospectiveviewthatsummarizesthemajorpointsinthepaperandexplainstheirsignificanceThemostcommontypeofconclusionThemainideaissaidagainbutindifferentwordsReinforcesthemainpointsthewritertriestomakeinthepaper.

TheConclusion24.2.OfferingasolutionForapaperwhichfocusesonaproblemorseveralproblems,itisagoodwaytoenditbyofferingsomepossiblesolutions.3.ProvidingevaluationsThepapercanconcludewithanevaluationofsignificanteffects,adescriptionandanalysisoftheresults.Hencedrivehomethekeypointsofthepaper.4.LookingtothefutureThepapercanconcludewithsomepredictions.TheConclusion25.UsefulTransitionsback

Itissometimeshelpfultohaveatransitionatthebeginningofyourconclusiontosignaltheendofyouressay.Somecommontransitionsusedinconclusionsarelistedbelow.Remembertouseacommaafteryourtransitions.Inconclusion,Insummary,Thus,Therefore,Toconclude,Inshort,TheConclusion26.TheConclusion☆Thispaperhaveshown…☆Thispaperhaveexamined…,andhaveproposed…☆Thisstudyshowedthat…☆I(lǐng)thasbeenshownthat…☆Takingintoaccountthefactthat…☆Thispaperhassuccessfullydemonstratedthat…☆Thispaperhasdefined…andstudied…☆I(lǐng)twasalsonotablethat…27.Example1Conclusion:①

Overall,ourstudyhasrevealedavarietyofpatternsatthecommunityandpopulationlevels,noneofwhichseemtoindicateobviousdeclineinsoutheasternOhio\'soak-hickory(橡樹(shù)與山核桃科樹(shù)木)forests.②Clearly,sporadicinsectoutbreaks,pathogens(病菌),andclimaticeventshavecausedexcessivemortalityofcertainspeciesincertainstands(樹(shù)林).③Somestandsexhibitedmortalityashighas40%.④However,anaverageof20%deadstemsinastandappearstobereasonablewithoutinferringexcessivemortalityordecline.⑤Likewise,certainspecieswereinanobviousstateofdecline,butthesegenerallyhadaclearpathogenicexplanation.⑥Changesoccurringduetoinsectsandpathogensmaybeanaturalandnecessaryphenomenon(Castelloetal.1995).⑦Evaluationofdeclinesymptomsinsmallersizeclassesmightprovideadditionalusefulinfo