英語語法精講-句子成分及簡單句并列句和復(fù)合句

學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載教育精品資料語法復(fù)習(xí)：句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不為疑問代詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如： Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名詞） WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代詞） One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（數(shù)詞） Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式） Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（動(dòng)名詞） Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞化的形容詞） WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主語從句） Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning. 2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由be動(dòng)詞∕情態(tài)動(dòng)詞∕助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞） Isityours?（代詞） Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞） Thespeechisexciting.（分詞） Threetimessevenistwentyone?（數(shù)詞） HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式） Hishobby（愛好）isplayingfootball.（動(dòng)名詞） Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介詞短語） Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副詞） Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語從句）系動(dòng)詞的分類：①狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞be②持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞keep,remain,stay,leave③表象系動(dòng)詞seem，appear，looky④變化系動(dòng)詞become，get，turn，come，go⑤結(jié)果系動(dòng)詞turnout，prove⑥感官系動(dòng)詞sound，taste，smell。①Thesouptastesalittlesalty.②Withthecomingofspring,theweathergetswarmerandwarmer.③Itremainstobeseenwhetheritisagoodideaforpekinguniversitytoadmitstudentsrecommendedbytheirheadmasterswithouthavingtotakewrittenexam.注：系動(dòng)詞不在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)句中充當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞，但變化系動(dòng)詞例外。Ourcountryisgettingstrongerandstronger.（五）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如： Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代詞） Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（數(shù)詞） Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名詞化形容詞） Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短語） Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（動(dòng)名詞短語） Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名詞）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容詞）Letthefreshairin.（副詞）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短語）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介詞短語）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容詞） Chinaisadevelopingcountry;whileAmericaisadevelopedcountry.（分詞） Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.（名詞） HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代詞） Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短語） Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動(dòng)名詞） HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語）（八）狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介詞短語） Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短語） Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分詞短語） Waitaminute.（名詞） Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（狀語從句） 狀語種類如下： Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（時(shí)間狀語） Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因狀語） Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（條件狀語） MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地點(diǎn)狀語） Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式狀語） Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴隨狀語） Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的狀語） Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（結(jié)果狀語） Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（讓步狀語） Iamtallerthanheis.（比較狀語）練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語（—）、謂語（＝）、賓語（～）：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的定語（—）、狀語（＝）、補(bǔ)語（～）：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、選擇填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.Nowtheretheman B.ThemanherenowC.Themanwhoisherenow D.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcold B.iswetandcold C.notwetandcold D.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweets B.sweetly C.nicely D.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.lately B.late C.latest D.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.died C.dyed D.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,we C.We,our D.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowd B.crowding C.crowded D.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.its B.it C.that D.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looks B.islooked C.isbeinglooked D.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.that B.when C.inwhich D.where二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4）感嘆句：Howclevertheboyis!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning. TomandMikeareAmericanboys. Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.2)并列句：由并列連詞（and,but,or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou. Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.['t?:tju?s]前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.（二）簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語：e.g.Heisastudent.2、主語+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g.Wework.3、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語：e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.4、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.5、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）并列句的分類 1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn. 2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain. 3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting. 4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（四）高考考點(diǎn)探討1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達(dá)中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達(dá)清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個(gè)題目，幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢。3、高考對簡單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and,but,or,while，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯，時(shí)間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來時(shí)，從句則用一般式表將來，這一點(diǎn)在高考中經(jīng)?？疾?。如：Wewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。 練習(xí)二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.5.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：Ihopeyouareverywell（ ）.I'mfine,buttired（ ）.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm（ ）.Augustisthehottestmonthhere（ ）.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（ ）Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors（ ）.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat（ ）.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm（ ）.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim（ ）.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest（ ）.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden（ ）.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere（ ）.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden（ ）.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell（ ）.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden（ ）.MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime（ ）.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy（ ）.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside（ ）.It'sgreat（ ）!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion（ ）.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer（ ）.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty（ ）.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates（ ）.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates（ ）.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime（ ）.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina（ ）?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep（ ）.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents（ ）.三、選擇填空：1.Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit. A.and B.or C.if D.so2.It’sthethirdtimethatJohnhasbeenlate,____? A.hasn’the B.isn’theC.isn’tit D.hasn’tit3.____joyfulhewastomeethisbrotheragain! A.How B.What C.Whata D.Whatan4.Letuspass,____? A.shan’twe B.shallwe C.won’twe D.willyou5.Isupposehe’sserious,____? A.doI B.don’tI C.ishe D.isn’the6.Youhadbetternotsmokehere,____? A.willyou B.hadyou C.shallyou D.haveyou7.Trainashardasyoucan____you’llwintheswimmingcompetition. A.then B.but C.and D.or8.I’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight. A.and B.but C.so D.because9.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,and____. A.Henryhasn’ttoo B.HenryalsohasnoteitherC.neitherHenryhasD.neitherhasHenry10.Therearemanysportsloversinhisoffice.Someloveclimbing,____othersenjoyswimming. A.or B.for C.while D.so11.----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?----I’dliketogoout. A.or B.and C.but D.so12.----“____isthetemperaturetoday?” ----“It’s38degrees.” A.Which B.How C.Howhot D.Howhigh13.----Youruncleisn’tanengineer,ishe? ----____. A.Yes,heisn’t B.No,heisn’t C.No,heis D.Heis14.____friendly____toeveryone! A.How,isshe B.What,isshe C.How,sheis D.What,sheis15.Marywenttobedearly,____shefeltverytired. A.or B.so C.for D.yet16.Mother____adresswhenshecutherfinger. A.wasmaking B.makes C.ismaking D.made17.Helayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary. A.but B.and C.or D.yet18.----I’dreallylikesomelunchbutIhavesomuchworktodo.----____whatyouwantandIcangetitforyou. A.Tellme B.Ifyouwouldsaytome C.Youwilltellme D.Ifyoutellme19.Asheisstrong,____canliftonehundredpounds. A.yethe B.buthe C.and D.he20.----Ithoughtyouhadanumbrella. ----Ihad,____I’velostit. A.since B.but C.because D.so21.____downtheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom. A.Turning B.Toturn C.Turned D.Turn22.----Idon’tlikechicken____fish. ----Idon’tlikechicken____Ilikefishverymuch. A.and,and B.and,but C.or,and D.or,but23.----Wouldyouliketocometodinnertonight? ----I’dliketo,____I’mtoobusy. A.and B.so C.as D.but24.Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway? A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise25.Shesetoutsoonafterdark____homeanhourlater. A.arriving B.toarrive C.havingarrived D.andarrived26.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice. A.angrilypointing B.andpointangrily C.angrilypointed D.andangrilypointed27.ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter. A.whom B.where C.which D.while28.____itwithmeandI’llseewhatIcando. A.Whenleft B.Leaving C.Ifyouleave D.Leave29.----Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday,____? ----ButIfedityesterday. A.doyou B.willyou C.didn’tyou D.don’tyou30.____himandthentrytocopywhathedoes. A.Mind B.Glanceat C.Stareat D.Watch四、按要求完成下列句子：1.Hedarestotellthetruth.（改為否定句）2.Theyhavelivedhereformorethantenyears.（對畫線部分提問）3.Therewillbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?（完成反意疑問）4.Youmustbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.（改為祈使句）5.Theywentforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改為一般疑問句)6.Itisaninterestingstory.（改為感嘆句）7.Thismagazinecomesout（出版）everyotherweek.（對畫線部分提問）8.Theycouldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?（完成反意疑問）9.Themoonisshiningbrightly.（改為感嘆句）10.OurEnglishteacherisalwaysencouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.（對畫線部分提問）參考答案：練習(xí)一：一、1、主語，定語；2、間接賓語；3、謂語，狀語；4、定語；5、狀語，狀語；6、定語，表語；7、賓語，狀語；8、謂語，主語；9、謂語；10、主語，表語；11、謂語，賓語；12、狀語；13、形式賓語，真正賓語；14、賓語、定語；15、插入語，狀語；16、賓語(間賓+直賓)；17、狀語，狀語；18、形式主語，表語，賓補(bǔ)；19、賓補(bǔ)；20、表語二、略三、略四、1~5CBDBB6~10ACBAB練習(xí)二：一、1、簡單句；2、復(fù)合句；3、簡單句；4、簡單句；5、并列句；6、復(fù)合句；7、并列句；8、復(fù)合句；9、簡單句；10、簡單句二、Ihopeyouareverywell（復(fù)合句）.I'mfine,buttired（簡單句）.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm（并列句）.Augustisthehottestmonthhere（簡單句）.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.（并列句）Somet