高考化學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)：高中化學(xué)方程式

高考化學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)：高中化學(xué)方程式匯總

一、無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)

L碳

(1尤+。2(足)疊(202

(2)2C+。2(不足)里2co

(3)C+C02=2C0

(4)C+H20=CO+H2

(5)2CO+02=2CO2

一定條件

(6)C0+2H2CHQH

,催化劑

(7)2CO+2N0=====N2+2C0,

(8)CaCO3=CaO+CO2T

(9)CaCO3+H20+CO2=Ca(HCO3)2

(10)Ca(HCO5)2=CaCO3+H,0+CO,T

(11)Na2CO3+H20+C()2=2NaHCO3

(12)2NaHCO3=Na2CO3+H20+CO2f

(13)CaCO3+2HC1=CaCl2+H20+CO2f

(14)Na2CO3+2HC1=2NaCl+H20+CO2T

(15)NaHCO3+HC1=NaCl+H20+CO2f

(16)NaHCO3+NaOH=Na2CO3+H20

(17)Ca(HCO3)2+Ca(OH)2=2CaCO31+2H2O

(18)CaCl2+Na2c=CaCO31+2NaCl

2.氮

(1)N2+02=2N0

(2)2NO+O2=2NO,

(3)N2+3H211^^2NH3

(4)NH3+H20^^NH3-H2O

(5)NH3-H2O=NH31+H20

(6)NH,+HC1=NH4C1

(7)4NH+50,^====4N0+6IL0

3△

(8)3NO2+H20=2HNO3+NO

(9)4NO+2H2O+3O2=4HNO3

(10)4N02+O2+2H2。=4HNO3

(11)2NO2N2O4

(12)4HNO34NO2+O2f+2H2O

(13)4HN(M濃)+C烏CO?T+4NO21+2Hq

(14)4HN()3(濃)+Cu=CU(NO3)2+2N02T+2H2O

(15)8HNO3(稀)+3cli=3Cu(NO3)2+2N0t+4H2O

(16)NH4Cl=NHj+HC1T

(17)NH4HCO3=NH3t+H,0T+C021

(I8)NH4NO3+NaOH=NaNO3+H20+NH31

(19)2NH4C1+Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+2H2O+2NH3f

3.堿金屬

(1)4Na+02=2NaaO

(2)2Na+0,=Na2O2

(3)2Na+CL=2NaCl

(4)4Li+02=2Li2O

(5)2Na+2H,0=2Na0H+H2T

(6)2K+2H2。=2K0H+H2f

(7)2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na0H+02T

(8)2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+02

(9)Na0H+HC1=NaCl+H,0

(10)2NaOH+H2sO4=Na2SO4+2H,0

由M

(11)2NaCl(熔融)=2Na+Cl,T

(12)2NaCl+2H2O=2Na()H+H21+CLt

(13)NH3+CO,+H,0=NH4HCO3

NaCl+NH4HCO3=NaHCO3+NH4C1

2NaHCO3=Na2CO3+H20+CO2T

(14)NaCl+NH3+CO,+H20=NaHCO3I+NH4cl

4.鎂

(1)2Mg+C02=2MgO+C

(2)Mg+2H2O=Mg(OH)2+H2t

(3)MgO+C=Mg+COt

(4)MgCM熔融)生Mg+Cl2T

(5)MgCl2+Ca(OH)2=Mg(OH)21+CaCl2

(6)Mg(HCO3)2=MgO+2co2f+H2()

(7)MgCO5+2NaOH=Mg(OH)2+Na2CO3

5.鋁

,占燃

(D4A1+3O2=2A12O3

(2)2A1+Fe2O3=2Fe+A12O3

(3)2A1+6HC1=2A1C13+3142T

(4)2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAiO2+3H2f

電解

（5）2A12（）3（熔融）4A1+302f

冰晶石

(6)A12O3+6HC1=2A1C13+3H2O

(7)A12O3+2NaOH=2NaA102+H20

(8)2A1(OH)3=A12O3+3H2。

(9)A1(OH)3+3HC1=A1C13+3H,0

(10)A1(OH)3+NaOH=NaA102+2H2O

(11)A12(SO4)3+6NH3-H2O=

2AK0H)3l+3(NH4)2SO4

(12)A1C13+3NaHC()3=

Al(OH)3l+3NaCl+3co2T

(13)A1C13+3NaOH=A1(OH)3l+3NaCl

(14)A1C13+4NaOH=NaA102+2H2O+3NaCl

(15)NaA102+HC1+H20=AKOH)3i+NaCl

(16)NaA102+4HC1=A1C13+NaCl+2H2O

(17)A1C13+3NaA102+6H2O=4A1(OH)31+3NaCl

6.硅

(1)Si+O2=SiO2

(2)SiO2+4HF=SiF4?+2H3O

(3)SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3

(4)SiO2+2NaOH=Na^iO^+H,0

(5)SiO2+Na2CO3=NaSQ+CO2f

(6)SiO2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2T

(7)SiO2+2C==Si(粗)+2COt

Si(粗)+3HC125。"0°"siHCb+H2

SiHCh+H2雪駕Si(純)+3HQ

(8)Na￡iO3+2HC1=HfiC^膠體)+2NaCl

(9)Na2SiO3+C(M少)+H20=H5O3I+Na2C()3

7.硫

(1)S+o2=so2

(2)2H2s+O,=2S+2H2O

(3)2H2s+3。2=2SO2+2H,0

(2)SO2+H2O=H2sO3

(3)S02+2Hf=2H,0+3SI

(4)S02+Cl2+2H2O=H2sCh+2HC1

(5)SO2+CaO=CaSO3

2CaSO3+02=2CaSO4

(6)2SO2+O2B=^2SO3

SO,+H,0=H2sOa

(7)SO3+CaO=CaSO4

(8)SO3+Ca(()H)2=CaSO4+H2O

(9)2H2so式濃)+Cu芻CuSO4+2H2O+SO2T

(10)2HaSO4(濃)+C&CO?T+2H2O+2SO2f

(11)Na2sO4+BaCl2=BaSO41+2NaCl

8.鹵素

出燃

(1)C12+2Na=2NaCl

占燃

(2)3CL+2Fe=2FeCl3

(3)Ck+Cu=CuCl2

(4)C12+H2=2HC1

(5)C1,+H2O=HC1+HC10

(6)C12+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H20

(7)2CL+2Ca(OH)2=Ca(CIO)2+CaCl2+2H2O

(8)C12+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2

Cl2+2NaI=2NaCl+I2

光昭

(9)2HC1O=2HC1+02f

(1O)4HC1(濃)+Mn()2=MnCl2+CLT+2H2O

(11)NaCl+AgNO3=AgClI+NaNO3

(12)Ca(CIO)2+CO,+H2O=CaCO31+2HC1O

(13)Br2+2NaI=2NaBr+12

(14)Br2+SO2+2HQ=2HBr+H2s0』

(15)KIO3+5KI+3H2s04W)=3L+3H2O+3K2s04

9.鐵

(1)Fe+H2sO4=FeSO4+H2f

(2)Fe+CuSO4=FeSO4+Cu

(3)Fe+2FeCl3=3FeCl2

(4)FeO+2HC1=FeCl2+H,0

(5)Fe2O3+6HC1=2FeCl3+3H2O

(6)Fe3O4+8HC1=FeCl2+2FeCh+4Hq

(7)Fe203+3C0H：2Fe+3C02

(8)FeCl3+3H2。=Fe(0H)3(膠體)+3HC1

(9)FeCh+3NaOH=Fe(OH)31+3NaCl

(10)2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl,+CuCl2

(11)2FeCl2+Cl2=2FeCl3

(12)FeSO4+2NaOH=Fe(OH)21+NaQ

(13)4Fe(OH)2+02+2H2O=4Fe(OH)3

(14)2Fe(OH)3=Fe2O3+3H2O

10.銅

(1)2Cu+O,=2CuO

(2)2Cu+S=CU2S

(3)2Cu+O2+H20+CO2=CU2(OH)2CO3

(4)CuO+C=Cu+COt

(5)CuSO4+2NaOH=Na2s+Cu(OH)21

(6)CujS+O2==2Cu+SO2

2+

(7)Cu+2NH3-H,0=CU(OH)21+2NH：

(8)Cu2++ZnS=CuS+Zn2+

(9)3CuO+2A1=A12O3+3Cu

二、電化學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

1.原電池

(1)Zn—Cu—H2SO4原電池

負(fù)極：Zn-2e-=Zn2+

正極：2H++2e-=H2T

電池總反應(yīng)式:Zn+H2sO4=ZnSO4+H2f

(2)Zn—Cu—CuSO4原電池

負(fù)極：Zn-2e~=Zn2+

正極：CiP++2e~=Cu

電池總反應(yīng)式:Zn+CuSO4=ZnSO4+Cu

(3)堿性鋅鎰干電池

負(fù)極：Zn+2OH--2e-=Zn(OH)2

正極：2Mn()2+2H2O+2e-=2MnO()H+20匕

電池總反應(yīng)式：

Zn+2MnO2+2H2O=2MnOOH+Zn(OH)2

(4)鋅銀電池

負(fù)極:Zn+20H--2e-=Zn(OH)2

正極：AgiO+H20+2e-=2Ag+20比

電池總反應(yīng)式:Zn+Ag2O+H2O=Zn(OH)2+2Ag

(5)鉛蓄電池

①放電

負(fù)極:Pb+SO3--2e-=PbSO4

正極：BQ+4H++SOr+2e-=PbSO4+2H2O

放電總反應(yīng)式:Pb+Pb()2+2H2s(%=2PbSO4+2H2O

②充電

陰極:PbSO4+2e-=Pb+SO1-

+

陽(yáng)極：PbSO4-2e-+2H2O=PbO2+4H+SO3-

充電總反應(yīng)式：

2PbSO4+2H2O=Pb+PbO,+2H2SO4

(6)氫氧酸性燃料電池(惰性電極)

負(fù)極：2%-4e-=4H+

正極：。2+4H++4e-=2H2O

電池總反應(yīng)式：2比+02=2H2。

2.電解池(惰性電極)

(1)電解CuCb溶液

陽(yáng)極：2Cl--2e-=Cbf

陰極：Cu2++2e-=：Cu

電解總反應(yīng)式:CuCb===Cu+Cl2T

(2)電解飽和食鹽水

陽(yáng)極：2Q--2e-=C12T

陰極：2H++2e-=H2f

電解總反應(yīng)式：

中解

2NaCl+2H2。=2NaOH+H21+CLt

(3)電解熔融NaCl

陽(yáng)極：2C1--2e-=Cl2f

陰極：2Na++2e-=2Na

電解總反應(yīng)式:2Nad(熔融)鱉2Na+Cl2T

(4)電解硫酸銅溶液

陽(yáng)：40出一4e-=2H2O+021

l^：2Cu2++4e-=2Cu

電解總反應(yīng)式:2CUSO4+2H：0IB2Cu+02T+2H￡()4

(5)電解硝酸銀溶液

陽(yáng)：40+-4e-=2H2。+02T

陰：4Ag++4e-=4Ag

電解總反應(yīng)式：

4AgNO3+2H2。鱉4Ag+02T+4HNO3

3.電化學(xué)腐蝕

(1)析氫腐蝕

負(fù)極：Fe-2e~Fe"

正極:2H++2e-=H2f

+2+

總反應(yīng):Fe+2H=Fe+H2T

(2)吸氧腐蝕

負(fù)極：2Fe-4e-=2Fe2+

正極：2%0+O2+4e-=40H-

總反應(yīng)：2Fe+Ch+2H2O=2Fe(OH)2

4Fe(OH)2+02+2Hq=4Fe(OH)3

三、有機(jī)化學(xué)

1.烷慢

(1)氧化反應(yīng)

(DCH4+20,CO,+2H,0

②&HN2+^^-。2nCO2+(n+l)H2O

J

(2)取代反應(yīng)

?CH4+CLCH3C1+HC1

②CH3cl+Cl2CH2C12+HC1

③CH2cb+Cl2CHCh+HC1

@CHC13+Cl2CCU+HC1

⑤CH3cH3+Cl,CH3cH2cl+HC1

2.烯煌

(1)氧化反應(yīng)

①C2Hj+3O22CO2+2H2O

②cm》，+y-o2nCO2+nH2O

(2)加成反應(yīng)

?CH2=CH2+Bn―?CH2BrCH2Br

@CH2=CH2+HC1.盤翅?！稢H3cH2CI

@CH2=CH2+H20二定條件》CH3cH20H

?CH2=CH—CH=CH2+Cl2一定條

CH2=CH—CHC1—CH2C1(1,2力口成)

@CH2=CH—CH=CH2+Cl2^^fi>

ClCHj-CH=CH—CH2a(1,4加成)

(3)加聚反應(yīng)

nCH2=CH2催化劑■-[CH,—CH，ir

3.煥煌

(1)制備

CaC2+2H2O—?Ca(OH)2+C2H2T

(2)氧化反應(yīng)

①2c2H2+5O24CO2+2H2O

②CHaCH酸性高錘酸鉀溶舞C02+H20

③C?H務(wù)2+^=J-02nCO2+(n-1)H20

(3)加成反應(yīng)

①C2H2+Br2—?CHBr=CHBr

②CHBr=CHBr+Br2—?CHBr2cHBr2

(3)CHmCH+HC1>CH2=CHC1

(4)加聚反應(yīng)

nC2H2催化劑》4CH=CH±

4.芳香燒

(1)氧化反應(yīng)

①2c6H6+150,直屬12C0,+6H,0

②+^-02nCO2+(n-3)H20

(2)取O代反應(yīng)

①+Br2即'QrBr+HBr

②O

HO-NO^>ON°2HO

③O+2+2

+H2so4(濃)[^]-S03H+也0

CH

12+3Hq

NO2

(3)加成反應(yīng)

0+3乩3。環(huán)己烷)

5.鹵代姓

(1)取代反應(yīng)

C,H5Br+NaOH普C2H50H+NaBr

(2)消去反應(yīng)

CHr-CH,Br+NaOHCH,=CH2t+NaBr+H2O

6.醇

(1)氧化反應(yīng)

①C2H50H+30,2CO2+3H2O

②(2月北+2。+-y-02nC()2+(n+1)H20

③2cH3cH20H+02與2CH3CHO+2H2O

(2)取代反應(yīng)

①2cH3cH20H+2Na—?2CH3CH2ONa+H2f

②C2H50H+HBrc2H5Br+H20

濃硫酸

③2cH3cH20H；4o：*CH3cH20cH2cH3+H20

(3)消去反應(yīng)

CH3cH20H嚼3CH2=CH2T+H20

(4)縮聚反應(yīng)

nHOOCCOOH+nHOCH2cH20H一定條件》

0

HO-4cCOOCH2CH2OtH+(2n-l)H20

7.酚

(1)氧化反應(yīng)

OH

△+7O2型*6CO2+3H2O

(2)取代反應(yīng)

-Na

①Q(mào)°”+NaOH—?0+H2O

②5

O~0H+NaCl

0Na-0H

④O~"+CO2+H2O—?Q)+NaHCO,

(3)縮聚反應(yīng)

j]+nHCHOCH2^-OH+(n-i)H2O

8.醛

(1)氧化反應(yīng)

①CH3cHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH

CH3COONH4+2AgI+3NH.+H2O

@CH3CHO+2Cu(OH〃+NaOH

CH3COONa+Cu2OI+3H

(2)加成反應(yīng)

CHjCHO+H2CH3cH20H

9.竣酸、酯

(1)竣酸酯化反應(yīng)

CH3COOH+C2H5OH蹩器CH3coOCH2cH3+H2()

(2)酯的水解反應(yīng)

?CH3COOC2H5+H20.雪缸CH3coOH+C2H50H

②CH3coOC2H5+NaOHCH3COONa+C2H50H

10.油脂

(1)水解反應(yīng)(皂化反應(yīng))