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易錯點(diǎn)16橢圓易錯點(diǎn)1:焦點(diǎn)位置不確定導(dǎo)致漏解要注意根據(jù)焦點(diǎn)的位置選擇橢圓方程的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式,知道SKIPIF1<0之間的大小關(guān)系和等量關(guān)系:易錯點(diǎn)2:橢圓的幾何性質(zhì)易錯點(diǎn)3:直線與橢圓的位置關(guān)系忽視直線斜率為0或不存在的情況在用橢圓與直線聯(lián)立求解時,消元后得到的方程中要注意:二次項(xiàng)的系數(shù)是否為零?判別式的限制.(求交點(diǎn),弦長,中點(diǎn),斜率,對稱,存在性問題都在下進(jìn)行).易錯點(diǎn)4:求軌跡方程時,忽視對結(jié)論進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。題組一:橢圓的定義與焦點(diǎn)三角形1.(2019年全國文科1卷)已知橢圓SKIPIF1<0的焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,過SKIPIF1<0的直線與SKIPIF1<0交于SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn).若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的方程為SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【解析】法1:由已知可設(shè)|F2B|=n,則|AF2|=2n,|BF1|=|AB|=3n,由橢圓的定義有2a=|BF1|+|BF2|=4n,所以|AF1|=2a-|AF2|=2n,在ΔAF1B中,由余弦定理的推論得SKIPIF1<0,在ΔAF1F2中,由余弦定理得SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0法2:由已知可設(shè)|F2B|=n,則|AF2|=2n,|BF1|=|AB|=3n,由橢圓的定義有2a=|BF1|+|BF2|=4n,所以|AF1|=2a-|AF2|=2n,在ΔAF1F2和ΔBF1F2,由余弦定理得SKIPIF1<0又因?yàn)椤螦F2F1和∠BF2F1,所以cos∠AF2F1+cos∠BF2F1=0,消去cos∠AF2F1和cos∠BF2F得SKIPIF1<0所以SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<02.(2019年全國3卷)設(shè),為橢圓的兩個焦點(diǎn),為上一點(diǎn)且在第一象限,若△為等腰三角形,則的坐標(biāo)為.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【解析】設(shè)M(m,n),m,n>0,由題意得SKIPIF1<0,由于M為C上一點(diǎn)且在第一象限,可得|MF1|>|MF2|,ΔMF1F2為等腰三角形,可能|MF1|=2c或|MF2|=2c,即有SKIPIF1<0故答案為SKIPIF1<03.(2013新課標(biāo)1)已知圓SKIPIF1<0:SKIPIF1<0,圓SKIPIF1<0:SKIPIF1<0,動圓P與圓M外切并與圓N內(nèi)切,圓心SKIPIF1<0的軌跡為曲線SKIPIF1<0.則SKIPIF1<0的方程為________【答案】SKIPIF1<0【解析】因?yàn)閳AP與圓M外切并與圓N內(nèi)切,所以SKIPIF1<0,由橢圓的定義可知,曲線C是以M,N為左、右焦點(diǎn),長半軸長為2,短半軸長為SKIPIF1<0的橢圓(左頂點(diǎn)除外),其方程為:SKIPIF1<0題組二:橢圓的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程4.(2019新課標(biāo)2卷)若拋物線的焦點(diǎn)是橢圓的一個焦點(diǎn),則p=()A.2 B.3 C.4 D.8【答案】D【解析】由題意可知:SKIPIF1<0故選D5.(2017新課標(biāo)1卷)已知橢圓C:SKIPIF1<0(a>b>0),四點(diǎn)P1(1,1),P2(0,1),P3(–1,SKIPIF1<0),P4(1,SKIPIF1<0)中恰有三點(diǎn)在橢圓C上,則C的方程是______________。【解析】由于SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn)關(guān)于y軸對稱,故由題設(shè)知C經(jīng)過SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn).又由SKIPIF1<0知,C不經(jīng)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,所以點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在C上.因此SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0.故C的方程為SKIPIF1<0.6.(2014新課標(biāo)1卷)已知點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0(0,-2),橢圓SKIPIF1<0:SKIPIF1<0的離心率為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0是橢圓的焦點(diǎn),直線SKIPIF1<0的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的方程是____________.【解析】設(shè)F(c,0),由條件知,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,故橢圓E得方程為SKIPIF1<0題組三:橢圓的幾何性質(zhì)7.(2021年全國乙卷)設(shè)SKIPIF1<0是橢圓SKIPIF1<0的上頂點(diǎn),若SKIPIF1<0上的任意一點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0都滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的離心率的取值范圍是()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】C【解析】SKIPIF1<0點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,可以看成以SKIPIF1<0為圓心,2b為半徑的圓與橢圓至多只有一個交點(diǎn).即SKIPIF1<0至多一個解,消去x得SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.8.(2021年浙江卷)已知橢圓SKIPIF1<0,焦點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,若過SKIPIF1<0的直線和圓SKIPIF1<0相切,與橢圓的第一象限交于點(diǎn)P,且SKIPIF1<0軸,則該直線的斜率是,橢圓的離心率是.【答案】SKIPIF1<0;SKIPIF1<0.【解析】法一(解析幾何角度):設(shè)切線方程為SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0又與橢圓的第一象限交于點(diǎn)P,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0軸,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.法二(平面幾何角度):在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,在SKIPIF1<0中,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.9.(2017新課標(biāo)3卷)已知橢圓SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)的左、右頂點(diǎn)分別為SKIPIF1<0,且以線段SKIPIF1<0為直徑的圓與直線SKIPIF1<0相切,則SKIPIF1<0的離心率為()SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【解析】由題意可得,原點(diǎn)到直線的距離SKIPIF1<0所以橢圓C的離心率SKIPIF1<0,故選A.題組四:直線與橢圓的位置關(guān)系10.(2013新課標(biāo)2卷)過橢圓M:SKIPIF1<0右焦點(diǎn)的直線SKIPIF1<0交M于A、B兩點(diǎn),P為AB的中點(diǎn),且OP的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,M的方程為_________【解析】把右焦點(diǎn)(c,0)代入直線SKIPIF1<0得SKIPIF1<0設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,聯(lián)立SKIPIF1<0.故M的方程式為SKIPIF1<0.11.(2013新課標(biāo)1卷)已知橢圓SKIPIF1<0:SKIPIF1<0的右焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的直線交橢圓SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn)。若SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的方程為()A.eq\f(x2,45)+eq\f(y2,36)=1 B.eq\f(x2,36)+eq\f(y2,27)=1 C.eq\f(x2,27)+eq\f(y2,18)=1 D.eq\f(x2,18)+eq\f(y2,9)=1【解析】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0,聯(lián)立SKIPIF1<0,故E的方程式為SKIPIF1<0.12.(2021年新高考1卷)在平面直角坐標(biāo)系SKIPIF1<0中,已知點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,記SKIPIF1<0的軌跡為SKIPIF1<0.(1)求C的方程;(2)設(shè)點(diǎn)T在直線SKIPIF1<0上.過SKIPIF1<0的兩條直線分別交SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn)和P,Q兩點(diǎn),且SKIPIF1<0,求直線AB的斜率與直線PQ的斜率之和.【答案】(1)SKIPIF1<0;(2)SKIPIF1<0.【解析】(1)由題意可知:軌跡C為實(shí)軸為2,焦距為SKIPIF1<0的雙曲線的右支.

從而可以直接寫出軌跡方程為SKIPIF1<0.(2)方法一:設(shè)T為SKIPIF1<0,直線TAB為SKIPIF1<0.

又SKIPIF1<0,將SKIPIF1<0代入可得:

SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0.

設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0.SKIPIF1<0

SKIPIF1<0

即SKIPIF1<0.

直線TPQ斜率為t,則有SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0.

由SKIPIF1<0可知,SKIPIF1<0.方法二:設(shè)T為SKIPIF1<0,直線SKIPIF1<0為SKIPIF1<0.SKIPIF1<0,

代入軌跡C中可得:SKIPIF1<0.

整理得SKIPIF1<0.

設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,

設(shè)直線TPQ為SKIPIF1<0,同理SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0

有SKIPIF1<0,從而SKIPIF1<0,即直線AB的斜率與直線PQ的斜率之和為0.1.已知橢圓SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0)的左焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0A.SKIPIF1<0B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】B【解析】由題意得:SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0,故選C.2.已知橢圓SKIPIF1<0(a>b>0)的離心率為SKIPIF1<0,則()A.a(chǎn)2=2b2B.3a2=4b2C.a(chǎn)=2bD.3a=4b【答案】B【解析】橢圓的離心率SKIPIF1<0,化簡得SKIPIF1<0,故選B.3.已知F1,F(xiàn)2是橢圓C:eq\f(x2,a2)+eq\f(y2,b2)=1(a>b>0)的左,右焦點(diǎn),A是C的左頂點(diǎn),點(diǎn)P在過A且斜率為eq\f(\r(3),6)的直線上,ΔPF1F2為等腰三角形,∠F1F2P=1200,則C的離心率為()A.eq\f(2,3) B.eq\f(1,2) C.eq\f(1,3) D.eq\f(1,4)【答案】D【解析】直線AP的方程為SKIPIF1<0由∠F1F2P=1200,|PF2|=|F1F2|=2c,則SKIPIF1<0代入直線AP的方程得SKIPIF1<0,故所求橢圓得離心率為SKIPIF1<04.已知橢圓SKIPIF1<0:SKIPIF1<0的右焦點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0的直線交橢圓SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0、SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn)。若SKIPIF1<0的中點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)為SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的方程為()A.eq\f(x2,45)+eq\f(y2,36)=1 B.eq\f(x2,36)+eq\f(y2,27)=1 C.eq\f(x2,27)+eq\f(y2,18)=1 D.eq\f(x2,18)+eq\f(y2,9)=1【答案】D【解析】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0,聯(lián)立SKIPIF1<0,故E的方程式為SKIPIF1<0.5.設(shè)A,B是橢圓C:SKIPIF1<0長軸的兩個端點(diǎn),若C上存在點(diǎn)M滿足∠AMB=120°,則m的取值范圍是A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0【答案】A【解析】當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時,焦點(diǎn)在SKIPIF1<0軸上,要使C上存在點(diǎn)M滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0;當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時,焦點(diǎn)在SKIPIF1<0軸上,要使C上存在點(diǎn)M滿足SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0,得SKIPIF1<0,故SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍為SKIPIF1<0,故選A.6.設(shè)是橢圓SKIPIF1<0的左、右焦點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0為直線上一點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0是底角為的等腰三角形,則SKIPIF1<0的離心率為_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【解析】如圖所示,SKIPIF1<0是底角為的等腰三角形,則有|F1F2|=|PF2|,∠PF1F2=∠F2PF1=300,所以∠PFA=600,∠F2PF1=300,SKIPIF1<0,又因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<07.設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0分別是橢圓SKIPIF1<0的左右焦點(diǎn),M是C上一點(diǎn)且SKIPIF1<0與x軸垂直,直線SKIPIF1<0與C的另一個交點(diǎn)為N.且直線MN的斜率為SKIPIF1<0,則C的離心率為_____【答案】SKIPIF1<0【解析】把SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,化為SKIPIF1<08.在平面直角坐標(biāo)系SKIPIF1<0中,橢圓SKIPIF1<0的中心為原點(diǎn),焦點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0軸上,離心率為SKIPIF1<0。過F1的直線交橢圓SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),且SKIPIF1<0的周長為16,那么SKIPIF1<0的方程為?!敬鸢浮縎KIPIF1<0【解析】由題意可得SKIPIF1<0,解得SKIPIF1<0,所以橢圓C的方程是SKIPIF1<09.已知斜率為的直線與橢圓交于A,B兩點(diǎn),線段AB的中點(diǎn)為SKIPIF1<0,則k的取值范圍是_____.【答案】SKIPIF1<0【解析】設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,即SKIPIF1<0.則SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)辄c(diǎn)M(1,m)在橢圓內(nèi)部,所以SKIPIF1<0,所以SKIPIF1<0.10.已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0是其左右交點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0,直線SKIPIF1<0過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0交SKIPIF1<0于SKIPIF1<0兩點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0軸上方,且SKIPIF1<0在線段SKIPIF1<0上,(1)若SKIPIF1<0是上頂點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0,求SKIPIF1<0;(2)若SKIPIF1<0,且原點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0到直線SKIPIF1<0的距離為SKIPIF1<0,求直線SKIPIF1<0;(3)證明:對于任意SKIPIF1<0,使得SKIPIF1<0的直線有且僅有一條.【答案】(1);(2)【解析】(1)有題可知:SKIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,因?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,所以SKIP

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