屋頂花園的環(huán)境改善效應(yīng)研究及改良設(shè)計(jì)

摘 要-關(guān)鍵詞：屋頂花園；環(huán)境改善效應(yīng)；降溫效果；水質(zhì)凈化；蓄滯雨水TheStudyonEnvironmentalImprovementMechanismofRoofGardenanditsDesignApplicationAbstractWiththeintensificationoftheurbanhousingcircumstanceproblem,therooftopgardendevelopsrapidlyinthebackgroundofconstructionofsavingsocietyforitsuniqueadvantagessuchastheintensiveuseofthelimitedurbanspace,theincreaseofthegreenaeraincity,theimprovementoftheecologicalenvironment,theimprovementoftheenergy-savingeffectofthebuildingsandsoon.Inthisdissertation,theroofgardenistakenastheresearchobject,anditsimprovementeffectonenvironmentisstudiedbyexperimentaltheoreticalstudy.Andtheconclusionsofthestudyareappliedinthedesignoftheroofgarden.Themaincontentsandachivementsinthedissertationareasfollows.Firstly,bydoingthetemperaturecontrolexperimentofroofgarden,thetemperatureadjustmenteffectisstudiedindetail.Theexperimentresultshaveshownthat,thecoolingeffectismostobviousinthehotafternoon.Inordertosolvethecross-stressofhightemperaturewhichisobservedinthetemperaturecontrolexperiment,theantomaticwater-savingirrigationprocesswhichiscontrolledbytemperatureandhumidityisdesignedbytakingusingofautomaticwater-savingmicro-irrigationtechnology.Fortheaimofenergyconservationandenvironmentalprotection,theenergy-savingmeasuresofroofgardenisstudiedindepth.Theantomatictemperatureandhumidityirrigationtechnologyisusedtomakeeffectiveuseofthesolarintheroofgarden.theurbanwaterenvironmentalimprovementeffectofroofgardenisstudied.Andtherainwaterusagesystemisimprovedbasedonthestudyonthefeatureofurbanrainwaterusagesystemandtheinfiltrationpurificationeffectofthesoil.Thereformproposalsofthegreenlandandpavementofroofgardenaregivenfortheaimofdecreasetheearth’ssurfacerainwaterandpurgingtherainwaterpollution.Thirdly,theroofgardenprojectofShuyangJiankangHomesteadwhichisbuiltonthethirdfloorplatformofNo.92Buildingistakenasanexample,andthedesignofrooofgardenwhichcanenhancetheenvironmentalimprovementeffectispresentedbasedonthecombinationoftheaboveconclusionoftheKeywords:roofgarden;environmentalimprovement;temperatureadjustmenteffect;waterpurification;rainstorageanddelayPAGE\*ROMANPAGE\*ROMANII目 錄第一章112235第二章6市6910121314第三章15151515161818202122第四章凈2830第五章315.5393941第六章6.1426.242PAGEPAGE10第一章緒論100[1]。0.75kg0.90kg10~15m225~30m260m2以上。30~40m2[2]40~50m26.49[3-8][9-17]，是世界上屋2060[18-24]。[25](roof[26-32][3334]20[35]80用。50%[36]。[37][38]。3dB8dB[39]2提高而趨于明顯[41]。聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境署的一項(xiàng)研究表明[42]，如果一個(gè)城市的屋頂綠化率達(dá)到70%CO280%60年代初重慶、成都等一些城市的工廠車(chē)間、辦公樓和倉(cāng)庫(kù)等建筑，在平屋頂?shù)目盏?0年代我國(guó)第一個(gè)大型屋頂花園在廣州東方賓館10層屋頂建成。它是我國(guó)按統(tǒng)一規(guī)900198380901991161819922000200353m800217001積超過(guò)1000㎡。這不僅在亞洲獨(dú)一無(wú)二，在全球也屬罕見(jiàn)。[43]60第二章屋頂花園的環(huán)境改善功能[4445]。>>COD1~1.5m1036h置不合理有關(guān)，但更主要的原因還是在于城市建筑過(guò)于密集，硬化面積過(guò)大（一般超過(guò)2.1[34]Table2.1Therunoffcoefficientofdifferenturbanlandutilization式 式 0.7~0.9式 0.5~0.7式 0.2~0.3地 0.1~0.3園 0~0.12.1JeroenMentens[48]200410公15降雨量無(wú)植被屋頂徑流量綠化屋頂徑流量累計(jì)雨量(mm)降雨量無(wú)植被屋頂徑流量綠化屋頂徑流量累計(jì)雨量(mm)509:0012:0015:0018:0021:000:003:006:009:009:0012:0015:0018:0021:000:003:006:009:002.1[48]Fig.2.1Therelationshipbetweenthetimeandtherunoffofgreenroof,nogreenroofDuesserdolfUni10cm60%~80%65-70%Hutchisonetal.2003Oregon210cmRoweet20036[50]12cm12cmMentensetal.2003[48]2.2給出了2.2[48]Table2.2Therunofffeaturesofdifferentrooftypes屋頂類(lèi)型徑流量/mm徑流量/降雨量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)屋頂66581%覆蓋有5cm厚的碎石土63677%覆蓋有5cm種植土層綠化屋頂40950%覆蓋有10cm種植土層綠化屋頂36945%覆蓋有15cm種植土層綠化屋頂32940%()[51]40%CO2。CO20.9kgCO2CO2Jo[53][54][56-58][59][60]2.22.2Fig.2.2Thelinearanalysissketchoftheurbanheetislandeffect[62]下墊面由水泥面變?yōu)榫G地面后，對(duì)氣象要素場(chǎng)的影響過(guò)程可用框圖（圖2.3）表示如下：2.3[63]Fig.2.3Theprocessoftheimpactofthepropertychangeoflowpadsurfaceonmeteorologicalfactor2.3[64]。80%2.3[25]Table2.3Thetemperaturedifferenceofthegreenroofandnogreenroof屋頂外表溫度屋頂內(nèi)表面室內(nèi)溫度綠化屋頂32.630.128非綠化屋頂4036.232.5溫差68]6%(650萬(wàn))1.560.5630360650萬(wàn)平方米的公共和私人綠色空間。0.5~4℃。而建筑物周6%(1/410cm[7071]：100[73][74]綜合評(píng)價(jià)了城市植被和樹(shù)木遮蔭效應(yīng)對(duì)緩解城市熱力環(huán)境惡化有重要作用，并運(yùn)用Shashua-Bar[76]Sailor[77]時(shí)考慮了不同緯度的城市，表明城市綠化植被確實(shí)對(duì)改善城市的熱島效應(yīng)有重要作用。[78][79][80][81-83][84-85]。PAGEPAGE15第三章屋頂花園的降溫效果實(shí)驗(yàn)研究及改良設(shè)計(jì)200610硬泡噴涂，成型后的保溫層由均勻細(xì)膩的泡沫層與極薄堅(jiān)硬的表皮層構(gòu)成，平均密度為189.5m2，2。3.1Table3.1Thesoilthicknessofdifferenthandlingarea植被類(lèi)型土壤厚度綠化區(qū)宿根花卉10cm無(wú)處理區(qū)（水泥屋面）--。3.2Table3.2Theheightofdifferenttestpoints稱(chēng) 溫 面150cm） 面10cm15cm） 面25cmHOBO20077-8不同覆蓋層的屋面由于其表面性質(zhì)的差異，其溫度的差異也較大。圖3.1下墊面性質(zhì)7298255045溫度(℃)40溫度(℃)2007.7.292007.8.252007.7.292007.8.253025氣溫 水泥屋面 綠化屋面3.1Fig.3.1Thecomparisionviewofthehighesttemperatureofdifferentlowpadsurfaceinoneday72982545氣溫水泥屋面綠化屋面溫度(℃)氣溫水泥屋面綠化屋面溫度(℃)3530250:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:0000:0020 時(shí)間0:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:0000:003.2Fig.3.2Thevariationviewoftemperatureofthedifferentmediasurfaceinoneday45氣溫水泥屋面綠化屋面溫度(℃)氣溫水泥屋面綠化屋面溫度(℃)3530250:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:0000:0020 時(shí)間0:002:004:006:008:0010:0012:0014:0016:0018:0020:0022:0000:003.3Fig.3.3Thevariationviewoftemperatureofthedifferentmediasurfaceinoneday8:0014:00，出現(xiàn)水泥屋面3.38：00以3.27292572982529依據(jù)前人研究成果尋找原因：[86]BerryBjorkman[87]（>45℃）后，光合機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)受到永[88]CO24[89]。(3.4)3.4Fig3.4Theflowchartofwater-savingirrigationsystem[90]]。0.25～0.40m，直接供水于作物根部，只濕潤(rùn)地下部分土壤。在滲灌條件[89-97]70%20%。3.6Fig3.6Thesketchoftheautomaticinfiltrationirrigationsystem30%[92-96]Kohl[97]3.7~4.9℃，空氣相對(duì)濕度增加3.7噴頭增壓泵水源 水源控制裝置3.7Fig3.7ThesketchoftheautomaticSprinklerirrigationsystem[101]502萬(wàn)千焦/22003.8太陽(yáng)能面板出水 進(jìn)水干濕探測(cè)極

溫度探測(cè)極

盒體（內(nèi)置溫濕自動(dòng)控制裝置）3.8Fig.3.8Theschematicviewoftheantomatictemperatureandhumidityirrigationinstrument第四章屋頂花園對(duì)城市水環(huán)境改善效應(yīng)研究及改良設(shè)計(jì)19909%。城市雨水徑流污染主要指在降雨過(guò)程中，雨水及所形成的徑流流經(jīng)城市地面（如[103-105]。另一方面，土壤卻對(duì)受污染的屋面雨水徑流具有明顯的滲透凈化功能[106-107]。因而，通過(guò)建設(shè)屋頂花園替代常規(guī)的無(wú)綠化建筑物屋頂將有效地改善屋面雨水徑流的水質(zhì)。CODDS為1980mg/L）[107]。屋面徑流的污染與屋面材料有直接關(guān)系，瀝青CODSS土壤對(duì)城市雨水的凈化效果與滲透深度密切相關(guān)，lmCOD去除率可達(dá)lm現(xiàn)在雨水利用的基本途徑主要有以下四種：雨水中水利用是將收集的雨水，經(jīng)過(guò)處理后達(dá)到一定的水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用于城市清潔、綠/，50%萬(wàn)m2100m3/d4.14.1Fig4.1Theflowchartoftherainwaterusage[108]4.2回補(bǔ)地下水、補(bǔ)充水景用水、沖廁洗車(chē)、澆灌城市綠地或者消防用水等。4.2Fig4.2Thesketchoftherainwatercollectionsystem4.3Fig4.3Theflowchartoftherainwaterusageofroofgraden[39]15min15.5%滲透出流，屋面不再形成表面雨水徑流。4.1Table4.1Thecomprisionoftherainwaterrunoffcoefficientsofdifferentrooftypes屋面類(lèi)別雨水徑流系數(shù)未綠化坡屋面（>15）1未綠化坡屋面（<15）0.8屋面鋪礫石0.5綠化屋面0.34.24.144.5雨水管雨水管下凹綠地鋪裝地面（綠地服務(wù)區(qū)域）排水水位線(xiàn)下滲4.4[109]Fig.4.4Thetransformationsketchofplane,profileofconcavegreenland））鋪裝地面（綠地服務(wù)區(qū)域下凹綠地地表徑流 地表徑流下滲排水水位線(xiàn)蓄排水層4.5下滲排水水位線(xiàn)蓄排水層Fig.4.5Thetransformationsketchofplane,profileofconcavegreenland4.64.6Fig.4.6Thecomparisionbetweenimpermeablepavementandperviouspavement4.3第五章工程實(shí)例46592#屋頂花園方案設(shè)計(jì)如下：圖5.1屋頂花園總平面圖Fig.5.1Theplansketchofroofgarden屋頂花園主要構(gòu)成部分有：5.2喬木喬木地下樹(shù)木支架與圍護(hù)墻之間留出適當(dāng)間隔或圍護(hù)墻防水高度間距不小于15cm 排水口基質(zhì)層隔離過(guò)濾層滲水管排蓄水層隔根層分離滑動(dòng)層圖5.2屋頂花園結(jié)構(gòu)剖面示意圖

Fig.5.2Theprofilechartofroofgraden家園開(kāi)發(fā)商協(xié)議屋頂花園事項(xiàng)，建筑設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)已對(duì)屋頂荷載值進(jìn)行了控制，設(shè)計(jì)荷載為GB50009-2001。當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)主要采用的防水材料有三種：防水卷材、防水涂膜、防水混凝土。同時(shí)按照2515105。但是如6m0.5-0.71.2mm48）()，685~10mm20mm~40mm可避免的，例如種植土流失、排水不暢和材料自重過(guò)大等。302052-310的。一周內(nèi)就會(huì)枯萎。15~601.5米8該屋頂花園選擇佛甲草作為地被植物，比草坪需水量小，且具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：(覆蓋率高，供氧量大，佛甲草在環(huán)境惡劣的屋頂上生株距密集，(每平方米3000~5000,30其它植物品種的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為：美觀并具有抵抗極端氣候的能力；根系淺，適應(yīng)種植于喬木喬木灌木地被灌木排水溝草本園路承重柱5.3Fig.5.3Theplansketchofmicro-terrainhandling泄水閥門(mén)水源灌溉管道自動(dòng)灌溉控制裝置泄水閥門(mén)水源灌溉管道自動(dòng)灌溉控制裝置5.4Fig.5.4Thepipelinearrangementchartofantomaticwater-savingirrigationsystem第六章結(jié)論與討論-屋頂花園的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)向環(huán)境改善型轉(zhuǎn)變，本文主要進(jìn)行了屋頂花園的環(huán)境改善效參考文獻(xiàn)Benjaminofatlantagreenroofdemonstrationproject.Chicago:FirstAnnualGreeningRooftopsforSustainableCommunitiesand.[J].,2004,14(2):118-119.SalvuccimECrafts-BrandnerSJ.Inhibitionofphotosynthesisbyheatstress:theactivationstateofRubiscoasalimitingfactorinphotosynthesisJPhysiolPlant,2004,120:179-186.PeterReedGroundswell:ConstructiontheContemporaryLandscape.[M],2005.[5].[D]:;2006.[6]陳波.建筑與屋頂花園[J].重慶建筑大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2007,(02):10-12.,,.[J].,2007,(02):23-24.,2004,(01):60-61.[9],.[J].,2005(05):62-66.[10]浜田基彥.日本屋頂綠化栽種番薯預(yù)防熱島現(xiàn)象[J].中華建設(shè),2006(09):54.[11]李岳巖,周若祁.日本的屋頂綠化設(shè)計(jì)與技術(shù)[J].建筑學(xué)報(bào),2006(02):37-39.[12]陳宗美.日本的屋頂綠化[J].住宅產(chǎn)業(yè),2005(Z1):80-83.,.[J].,2005(10):83-86.[15]··.[J].,2005(04):71-75.BerryJABjorkmanOPhotosyntheticresponseandadaptationtotemperatureinhigherplants[J].AnnuRevPlantPhysiol.1980,31:491-543.PeterK.[J].(),2004(12):10-11.,——[J].,2007(06):71-72.[20].[J].,2006(10):15-16.[21]EcologicalDesignandConstructionGreenRoofs[M]PrintedinChinaSchifferpublishingLtd,2005.[22],.[J].,2005(04):37-38..[J].,2007(02):61-62.[25].[M].:,2003.[J].,2005,(08):15-16.,2007,(03):34-36.[J].,2006,(01):88-89.,2007(01):122-124.[30].[J].,2007,(14):10-13..[J].(),2007,(05):25-26.,,.[J].,2008,(01):200-204.,.[J].,2005,(05):57-61.OsmundsonTRoofGardenDesignandNorton&Company,Inc,1999.[35].[J].,2007(02):12-13..[D]:;2004.[38],.[J].,2007,(05):29-31.[39]許萍,車(chē)伍,李俊奇.屋頂綠化改善城市環(huán)境效果分析[J].環(huán)境保護(hù),2004(07):41-44.[40]葉建軍.屋頂綠化對(duì)城市水環(huán)境的改善[J].水土保持研究,2007(02):186-188.[41]陳宇英.提高城市綠化覆蓋率的新途徑-屋頂綠化[J].廣西林業(yè),2001(01):36-37.[42]瓦爾特科爾布,塔西洛施瓦茨.屋頂綠化[M].沈陽(yáng):遼寧科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,2002.[43]余偉增.屋頂綠化技術(shù)與設(shè)計(jì)[D]:北京林業(yè)大學(xué);2006.[44]毛學(xué)農(nóng).試論屋頂花園的設(shè)計(jì)[J].重慶建筑大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào).2002,24(3):11-13.IreenKeystepstodevelopinglocalgreenroofinfrastructureroofmarkets[A].In:FirstAnnualGreeningRooftopsforSustainableCommunitiesvonference,andShow[C],2003.,,[J].,2006,(23):35-38.,,,.[J].,2001,17(6):57-61.[48]Mentens,J,DRaes,Moforientationonthewaterbanlanceofgreenroofs.Greeningrooftopsforsustainablecommunities[A].ProceedingsoftheFirstNorthAmericanGreenRoofsConference[C].Chicago,Toronto:TheCardinalGroup,2003.Hutchinson,D,PAbrams,RRetzlaff,TMonitoringoftwoecoroofsinPorland,Oregon,USA[A].Greeningrooftopsforsustainablecommunities,ProceedingsoftheFirstNorthAmericanGreenRoofsConference,Chicago[C].Toronto:TheCardinalGroup,2003.Rowe,D,RClayton,Nal.Greenroofslope,substratedepthandvegetationinfluencerooftopsforsustainablecommunities,ProceedingsoftheFirstNorthAmericanGreenRoofsConference,Chicago[C].Toronto:TheCardinalGroup,2003.Benjaminofatlantagreenroofdemonstrationproject.Chicago:FirstAnnualGreeningRooftopsforSustainableCommunitiesand.[M].:,2002,25.JoH-K,EGMcPherson.IndirectcarbonreductionbyresidentialvegetationandplantingstrategiesinChicagoUSA[J].EnvironmentalManagement,2001,61(2):165-177.管東生,莫大倫,劉秋海.廣州城市建成區(qū)綠地對(duì)大氣二氧化硫的凈化作用[J].中山大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版),1999,38(2):109-113.AbdollahiKK,ZHNing.Urbanvegetationandtheirrelationabilityininterceptingparticalpollution[J].AmericanMeteorologicalSociety,1999,1(15):127-128.[56]朱文泉,何興元,陳緯.城市森林研究進(jìn)展[J].生態(tài)學(xué)雜志,2001,20(5):55-59.張慶費(fèi)龐名瑜姜義華等上海主要綠化樹(shù)種抑菌物質(zhì)和芳香成分分析[J植物資源與環(huán)境學(xué),2000,9(2):62-64.,,.[J].,2000,13(4):36-38.[59],,.[J].,2001,14(2):4-6.,2001,14(6):52-53.[61].[J].,1997,(04):98-101.[62]N.J.羅森保.小氣候—生物環(huán)境[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,1982.[63]駱高遠(yuǎn).城市“屋頂花園”對(duì)城市氣候影響方法研究[J].長(zhǎng)江流域資源與環(huán)境,2001,(04):373-379.[64]Cheong,D.K.W.,etal.TheeffectsofrooftopgardenonenergyconsumptionofacommercialbuildinginSingapore[J].EnergyandBuildings,2003(14):353-364.Onmura,S,et 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