專題36 八省聯(lián)考閱讀微技能之文章大意題（滿分攻略+八省名校模擬）【含答案解析】

專題36八省聯(lián)考閱讀微技能之文章大意題（滿分攻略+八省名校模擬）解析版（山西、河南、陜西、內(nèi)蒙古、四川、云南、寧夏、青海）技能專區(qū)：沖刺備考名師提醒，提供高效提分干貨，幫你舉一反三提分一、記敘文主旨大意題1.看首段和尾段，以尾段為主2.借助主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞歸納二、說明文和議論文主旨大意題1.看首段和每段段首句，以首段為主2.借助主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞歸納三、文章大意題錯誤選項(xiàng)典型錯誤一是“以偏概全”：選項(xiàng)范圍太窄，只表達(dá)局部信息或某一細(xì)節(jié)，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意；二是“概括寬泛”：所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容超出或多于文章闡述的內(nèi)容；三是“無中生有”：即文章中根本未提到或者不是指定段落的大意。四、文章大意五種題型題型一：利用主題句在段首位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：說明文和議論文學(xué)會關(guān)注“首段”和“段首”。借鑒“七選五”小標(biāo)題類型特點(diǎn)，段首句統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段主旨大意，由此推斷段落大意。題型二：利用主題句在段中位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時主題句出現(xiàn)在段中某句，這就需要考生耐心閱讀揣摩段落各句之間內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，確定主題句位置，進(jìn)而明確段落主旨大意。題型三：利用主題句在段尾位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時主題句出現(xiàn)在段尾，關(guān)注一些表征總結(jié)性，結(jié)論性的詞:in

brief/short,all

in

all,in

conclusion,

inaword等，這些詞后面連接的通常是主題句。題型四：利用段落沒有主題句推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時候段落沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，需要考生自己總結(jié)提煉，難度更大。題型五：利用“總-分-總”結(jié)構(gòu)推敲語篇主旨大意題技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時候段落沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，需要考生自己總結(jié)提煉，難度更大。五、文章大意題思維導(dǎo)圖真題專區(qū)：研讀高考真題，洞悉高考命題規(guī)律，探尋滿分技巧和應(yīng)試思維！(2024新課標(biāo)II卷第31題)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.29.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.【答案】28.C29.B30.D31.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運(yùn)輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”可知，巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）進(jìn)一步縮短了從農(nóng)場到餐桌的距離。故選C。29.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.(此外，還有一個便捷的應(yīng)用程序，可以實(shí)時提供增長數(shù)據(jù))”可知，這個便捷的應(yīng)用程序提供了植物生長的實(shí)時數(shù)據(jù)。故選B。30.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費(fèi)。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學(xué)品?！?”可知，BMF員工具有強(qiáng)烈的環(huán)保意識。故選D。31.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.(雖然農(nóng)貿(mào)市場是減少旅程的可靠選擇，但巴比倫微型農(nóng)場（BMF）甚至縮短了旅程)”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.(通過云連接，對BMF進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控。此外，還有一個方便的應(yīng)用程序可以實(shí)時提供不斷增長的數(shù)據(jù)。由于該系統(tǒng)是自動化的，因此大大減少了種植植物所需的水量。該系統(tǒng)不是給一排排土壤澆水，而是為每株植物提供合適的水量)”以及最后一段“BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.(BMF員工在日常生活中追求可持續(xù)發(fā)展。大約一半的人步行或騎自行車上班。在辦公室里，他們通過限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料來鼓勵回收和減少浪費(fèi)。BMF的一名員工表示：“我們熱衷于減少環(huán)境中的廢物、碳和化學(xué)品?！?”可知，文章主要介紹了巴比倫微農(nóng)場（BMF）的一些主要優(yōu)勢，包括減少食物運(yùn)輸距離、通過云技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控、自動化系統(tǒng)節(jié)約水資源、減少化學(xué)污染、以及員工的環(huán)保生活方式等。故選A。模擬專區(qū)：做好題才有好成績！練技能，補(bǔ)漏洞，提分?jǐn)?shù)，強(qiáng)信心！【01】（24-25高三上·江蘇南通·期中）Inthe1980s,RayBarnettworkedinUgandaasahumanitarianworker.Oneday,aboywenttohimandshowedhisgratitudebysingingasong,whichdeeplytouchedBarnett’sheart.“WhenIwentbacktoCanadaandpeoplewerenotinterestedinUganda,Irememberedthesmallboy.IknewthatifsomeUgandanchildrencouldtraveltotheWest,peoplewouldbedeeplymovedandwouldcertainlywanttohelp,”Barnettrecalls.InApril1984,BarnettandateamofvolunteerstravelledbacktoUgandatoselect31childrenwhowouldbecomethefirstAfricanChildren’sChoir.InSeptember1984,thechoirarrivedinNorthAmericaandachievedmorethroughouttheirtourthanBarnettcouldimagine.Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.WhileBarnetthadthoughtofthechoirasaone-timeattempt,thechoir’sinstantpopularityandtheongoingneedsinUgandaconvincedhimtocontinuewithchoirwork.In1985,asecondchoirwasselectedfromanorphanagehomeinMakerere,Kikoni,andtheAfricanChildren’sChoirbegananothertour.Itssuccessmeantitwasabletoprovideformanychildrenbeyondthoseinthechoir.Overthenextyears,sixmorehomeswereestablishedtocaterforvulnerablechildren.Anumberofspecialliteracyschoolswereestablishedwherethechildrenlearnedhowtoreadandwrite,andgainedconfidenceandskills.Theorganizationnextestablishedasponsorshipprogrammetohelpthechildrenmovefurtherintheirschooling.In1990,theAfricanChildren’sChoirspreaditswingsandopenedinKenya.In1994,itopenedinRwanda.In1996,itopenedanotherbranchinSouthSudan,Nigeria,GhanaandSouthAfrica.Currently,theAfricanChildren’sChoirismadeupof44choirs,eachwithbetween17-24members,bothboysandgirlsagedbetween7-15.1.WhydidBarnettreturntoUgandain1984?A.Toprovidehumanitarianaidtothearea.B.Tosearchfortheboyhehadmetbefore.C.Toorganizeachoirtohelppoorchildren.D.TosenddonationsfromCanadianstoUganda.2.Howwasthechildren’sfirstperformance?A.Itwasanunexpectedhit. B.Itbarelycovereditscosts.C.Itwasanordinaryattempt. D.Itwasenjoyedbyorphans.3.WhatcanweinferabouttheAfricanChildren’sChoirfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Itiswell-receivedbylocalparentsandschools.B.Ithasgrownrapidlyandmorekidsbenefitfromit.C.Itsuffersfinancialdifficultyandrequiressponsoring.D.Itpaysmoreattentiontokids’schoolinginsteadofmusic.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.AgreatchoirbringshopetoAfricankids.B.Musicisabridgeacrossdifferentcultures.C.TheAfricanChildren’sChoirchangesAfrica.D.Musiccanshakeoffpovertyandbringhappiness.【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了RayBarnett創(chuàng)立非洲兒童合唱團(tuán)的過程及其對非洲貧困兒童生活的積極影響。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第一段中“InApril1984,BarnettandateamofvolunteerstravelledbacktoUgandatoselect31childrenwhowouldbecomethefirstAfricanChildren’sChoir.(1984年4月，巴內(nèi)特和一組志愿者回到烏干達(dá)，挑選31名兒童，他們將成為第一個非洲兒童合唱團(tuán)。)”和第二段中“Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.(他們用音樂、舞蹈和戲劇的故事激勵著觀眾，并籌集了足夠的資金在烏干達(dá)開設(shè)了一個兒童之家。這為合唱團(tuán)的孩子和其他需要照顧的孩子提供了一個穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境和優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育。)”可知，Barnett返回烏干達(dá)是為了挑選孩子組成合唱團(tuán)，以幫助貧困兒童。故選C。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第二段中“InSeptember1984,thechoirarrivedinNorthAmericaandachievedmorethroughouttheirtourthanBarnettcouldimagine.Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.(1984年9月，合唱團(tuán)抵達(dá)北美，并在整個巡演中取得了巴尼特?zé)o法想象的成就。他們用音樂、舞蹈和戲劇的故事激勵著觀眾，并籌集了足夠的資金在烏干達(dá)開設(shè)了一個兒童之家。這為合唱團(tuán)的孩子和其他需要照顧的孩子提供了一個穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境和優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育。)”可知，孩子們的第一次演出超乎想象地成功。故選A。3.推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段“Overthenextyears,sixmorehomeswereestablishedtocaterforvulnerablechildren.Anumberofspecialliteracyschoolswereestablishedwherethechildrenlearnedhowtoreadandwrite,andgainedconfidenceandskills.Theorganizationnextestablishedasponsorshipprogrammetohelpthechildrenmovefurtherintheirschooling.(在接下來的幾年里，又建立了6個家庭來照顧弱勢兒童。建立了一些特殊的掃盲學(xué)校，在那里孩子們學(xué)習(xí)如何閱讀和寫作，并獲得信心和技能。該組織隨后設(shè)立了一個贊助計劃，幫助孩子們在學(xué)業(yè)上更進(jìn)一步。)”和最后一段“In1990,theAfricanChildren’sChoirspreaditswingsandopenedinKenya.In1994,itopenedinRwanda.In1996,itopenedanotherbranchinSouthSudan,Nigeria,GhanaandSouthAfrica.Currently,theAfricanChildren’sChoirismadeupof44choirs,eachwithbetween17-24members,bothboysandgirlsagedbetween7-15.(1990年，非洲兒童唱詩班在肯尼亞展翅高飛。1994年，它在盧旺達(dá)開業(yè)。1996年，它在南蘇丹、尼日利亞、加納和南非又開設(shè)了一家分店。目前，非洲兒童合唱團(tuán)由44個合唱團(tuán)組成，每個合唱團(tuán)有17-24名成員，年齡在7-15歲之間，既有男孩也有女孩。)”可知，合唱團(tuán)發(fā)展迅速，更多孩子從中受益。故選B。4.主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“IknewthatifsomeUgandanchildrencouldtraveltotheWest,peoplewouldbedeeplymovedandwouldcertainlywanttohelp,”Barnettrecalls.InApril1984,BarnettandateamofvolunteerstravelledbacktoUgandatoselect31childrenwhowouldbecomethefirstAfricanChildren’sChoir.(我知道，如果一些烏干達(dá)兒童能夠去西方旅行，人們會深受感動，當(dāng)然會想要幫助他們，”巴內(nèi)特回憶道。1984年4月，巴內(nèi)特和一組志愿者回到烏干達(dá)，挑選31名兒童，他們將成為第一個非洲兒童合唱團(tuán)。)”根據(jù)第二段中“Theyinspiredaudienceswiththeirstoriesthroughmusic,danceanddramaandraisedenoughfundstoopenachildren’shomeinUganda.Thisprovidedastableenvironmentandaqualityeducationforthechoirchildrenandotherchildrenwhoneededcare.(他們用音樂、舞蹈和戲劇的故事激勵著觀眾，并籌集了足夠的資金在烏干達(dá)開設(shè)了一個兒童之家。這為合唱團(tuán)的孩子和其他需要照顧的孩子提供了一個穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境和優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育)”可知，和最后一段“In1990,theAfricanChildren’sChoirspreaditswingsandopenedinKenya.In1994,itopenedinRwanda.In1996,itopenedanotherbranchinSouthSudan,Nigeria,GhanaandSouthAfrica.Currently,theAfricanChildren’sChoirismadeupof44choirs,eachwithbetween17-24members,bothboysandgirlsagedbetween7-15.(1990年，非洲兒童唱詩班在肯尼亞展翅高飛。1994年，它在盧旺達(dá)開業(yè)。1996年，它在南蘇丹、尼日利亞、加納和南非又開設(shè)了一家分店。目前，非洲兒童合唱團(tuán)由44個合唱團(tuán)組成，每個合唱團(tuán)有17-24名成員，年齡在7-15歲之間，既有男孩也有女孩。)”可知，全文圍繞非洲兒童合唱團(tuán)的成立和發(fā)展，以及它如何為非洲的孩子們帶來希望和改變展開，選項(xiàng)A“AgreatchoirbringshopetoAfricankids.(一個偉大的合唱團(tuán)給非洲孩子帶來了希望。)”符合題意。故選A?！?2】（23-24高三上·江西贛州·期末）Shipsarethelifelineoftradeamongcountries.Almosteverything,fromfoodtomachinery,comesbywayoftheseainhugeshipspilotedbycaptains.Butthecaptainofashipisresponsibleforguidingthevesseluntiltheyhitaport,waitingtoentertheharbor.Thetaskofbringingtheshipintotheharboranddockingitistakenupbyadifferentcaptain.Thiscaptainiscalledamarinepilot.Amarinepilotisaboatpilotwithspecializedknowledgeofaparticularportorharbor.Thepilotisneededtodirectlargeshipsintoaport,wherethereareoftendeep-waterchannelssurroundedbyshallowerseabeds.Withouttheservicesofamarinepilot,dockingshipswouldbehazardous.Therewouldbearealchanceofrunningagroundanddamagingtheshipandthecargo,someofwhichmightbedangerousifreleasedintoawater-basedecosystem.Inadditiontotheshallowerseabeds,tideandwindposefurtherchallengesforbringingshipsintoaport.Duringdifferenttides,currentsmaychangefromonedirectiontotheother.Thesamestrategyfordockingashipduringanincomingtidemaynotworkduringanoutgoingtide.Also,thewindcansignificantlyalterthedirectionoftheshipandhowitreacts,addingtothedifficultyofdockingtheship.Marinepilotageisajobthatrequiresahighdegreeofproficiencyaswellasquickandindependentthinking.Aboveall,itisaboutriskmanagement.Amarinepilotgoesonboardatacrucialtimeandcontrolstheshipbasedonhisorherknowledgeoftheportandthesituationathand.Thepilotisresponsiblefornotonlythesafetyoftheshipbutalsotheprotectionoftheportandthemarineenvironment.1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Aspecialprofession. B.Shippingandtrading.C.Guidelinesforsafedocking. D.Protectionofthemarineenvironment.2.Whichofthefollowingispartoftheknowledgethatamarinepilotmusthave?A.Thevalueoftheships. B.Thecontentofthecargo.C.Theweatherconditions. D.Thediversityofmarinelife.3.Whatdoes“acrucialtime”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Whentheshipdepartsfromport. B.Whenthechannelisnotdeepenough.C.Whenthereisacrashoftwoships. D.Whenashipiswaitingtoentertheport.4.Howdoestheauthorconcludethepassageinthelastparagraph?A.Byaddingnewdetails. B.Bypredictingfuturedevelopment.C.Bysummarizingthemainpoints. D.Bygivingadvicetothegeneralpublic.【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.C【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了海洋領(lǐng)航員這份特殊的職業(yè)及其工作內(nèi)容。1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Thiscaptainiscalledamarinepilot.”（這個船長被稱為海洋領(lǐng)航員。）及第二段第一句“Amarinepilotisaboatpilotwithspecializedknowledgeofaparticularportorharbor.”（海洋領(lǐng)航員是指對某一港口或港口有專門知識的領(lǐng)航員。）及最后一段第一句“Marinepilotageisajobthatrequiresahighdegreeofproficiencyaswellasquickandindependentthinking.”（海上引航是一項(xiàng)要求熟練程度高、思維敏捷、獨(dú)立的工作。）并結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹了海洋領(lǐng)航員這份特殊的職業(yè)及其工作內(nèi)容。故選A項(xiàng)。2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“Inadditiontotheshallowerseabeds,tideandwindposefurtherchallengesforbringingshipsintoaport.Duringdifferenttides,currentsmaychangefromonedirectiontotheother.Thesamestrategyfordockingashipduringanincomingtidemaynotworkduringanoutgoingtide.Also,thewindcansignificantlyalterthedirectionoftheshipandhowitreacts,addingtothedifficultyofdockingtheship.”（除了較淺的海床，潮汐和風(fēng)也給船只進(jìn)港帶來了進(jìn)一步的挑戰(zhàn)。在不同的潮汐期間，水流可能從一個方向轉(zhuǎn)向另一個方向。在漲潮時靠岸的同樣策略在退潮時可能行不通。此外，風(fēng)可以顯著改變船舶的方向及其反應(yīng)，增加了船舶?？康碾y度。）可知，天氣狀況會給船只進(jìn)港帶來挑戰(zhàn)，海洋領(lǐng)航員需要具有氣象方面的知識，才能安全指引船只進(jìn)港。故選C項(xiàng)。3.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)最后一段第三句“Amarinepilotgoesonboardatacrucialtimeandcontrolstheshipbasedonhisorherknowledgeoftheportandthesituationathand.”（引航員在關(guān)鍵時刻上船，根據(jù)他或她對港口和手頭情況的了解來控制船舶。）并結(jié)合第一句最后兩句“Thetaskofbringingtheshipintotheharboranddockingitistakenupbyadifferentcaptain.Thiscaptainiscalledamarinepilot.”（把船帶進(jìn)港口并靠岸的任務(wù)由另一個船長承擔(dān)。這個船長被稱為海洋領(lǐng)航員。）可知，海洋領(lǐng)航員的任務(wù)是把船帶進(jìn)港口并靠岸，故引航員會在當(dāng)一艘船等待進(jìn)港時上船指揮，故acrucialtime指代“一艘船等待進(jìn)港的時刻”。故選D項(xiàng)。4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Marinepilotageisajobthatrequiresahighdegreeofproficiencyaswellasquickandindependentthinking.Aboveall,itisaboutriskmanagement.Amarinepilotgoesonboardatacrucialtimeandcontrolstheshipbasedonhisorherknowledgeoftheportandthesituationathand.Thepilotisresponsiblefornotonlythesafetyoftheshipbutalsotheprotectionoftheportandthemarineenvironment.”（海上引航是一項(xiàng)要求熟練程度高、思維敏捷、獨(dú)立的工作。最重要的是，它關(guān)乎風(fēng)險管理。引航員在關(guān)鍵時刻上船，根據(jù)他或她對港口和手頭情況的了解來控制船舶。引航員不僅要對船舶的安全負(fù)責(zé)，還要對港口和海洋環(huán)境的保護(hù)負(fù)責(zé)。）并結(jié)合上文描述的領(lǐng)航員的具體工作內(nèi)容及挑戰(zhàn)可知，本段簡明扼要地總結(jié)了海上引航任務(wù)的要求及引航員的工作內(nèi)容。故最后一段通過總結(jié)要點(diǎn)的方式來結(jié)束全文。故選C項(xiàng)?！?3】（2024·四川德陽·一模）Dogownersoftenbelievethattheirpetsunderstandcommandssuchas“sit”and“stay”,andevenassociatewordswiththeirfavoriteobjects.“Bringmeyourball”willoftenresultinexactlythat.Butsciencehashadtroubledeterminingwhetherdogsandotheranimalstrulycreateamentalimageintheirmindsuponhearingthenameofanobject,arelationshipwithlanguagecalledreferentialunderstanding,whichwouldsuggestadeeperunderstandingoflanguage,likethekindthathumanshave.ArecentstudyconductedinHungary,appearinginCurrentBiology,exploresthisissue.Itinvolved18dogsandemployedanon-invasiveEEGproceduretomeasuretheirbrainactivity.Researchersplayedaudioclipsoftheirownerssayingthenamesofobjects,suchas“ball”or“frisbee”,andthenshowedthedogseitherthecorrespondingobjectoradifferentonetoseeifdogswouldshowadistinctbrainresponsewhentheobjectmatchedthewordcomparedtowhenitdidnot.Boros,aco-leadwriterofthestudy,said“Adifferentbrainpatternappearedwhenthedogswereshownanobjectthatmatchedthewordcomparedtowhenitdidnot,indicatingthattheymightcreateamentalimageoftheobjectuponhearingitsname.Thatwaspreviouslyunproven.”LillaMagyari,anotherco-leadwriter,notedthatwhileotheranimalshaveshownsomelevelofreferentialunderstanding,theyoftenrequireextensivetraining.Incontrast,thestudysuggeststhatindogs,suchabilitiesappeartobeinbornandrequirenospecialtrainingortalent.Thisfindingsupportsthatreferentialunderstandingisnotnecessarilyuniquetohumans.Despitethestudy’spromisingresults,someexpertsareskeptical.CliveWynnefromArizonaStateUniversityarguedonFacebookthatthestudyonlydemonstratesdogs’responsestostimuli(刺激物),ratherthananunderstandingofspecificwords.Hedoubtswhetherdogsgrasptheexactmeaningofwords.Scientistsbelievethefirstdogsbegantobekeptbyhumansupto30,000yearsago.Theanimalshavelivedcloselyalongsideuseversince.However,whetherthislonghistoryofcohabitationcontributedtotheirabilitytounderstandreferentiallanguageremainsanopenquestion.1.Whatdoes“referentialunderstanding”referto?A.Associatingwordswithemotions. B.Respondingactivelytocommands.C.Formingmentalimagesofobjects. D.Learningobjectsthroughtraining.2.Howdidresearcherstestdogs’brainresponses?A.Byusingdifferentaudiotones. B.Byadjustingshapesofobjects.C.Bymatchingobjectswithwords. D.Bycomparingdifferentobjects.3.WhichdoesCliveWynneagreewithaboutthestudy?A.Itoverestimatesdogs’cognitiveabilities.B.Itiswidelyacceptedbythescientificfield.C.Itprovesdogsknowspecificwordsverywell.D.Itprovidesanewinsightaboutdogs’evolution.4.What’sthetextmainlyabout?A.Whatdogowners’beliefabouttheirpetsis.B.Whatdogs’responsetothedifferentobjectsis.C.Whetherwecantraindogstofollowcommands.D.WhetherreferentialunderstandingexistsinDogs.【答案】1.C2.C3.A4.D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了關(guān)于狗是否具有指稱理解能力，即是否能在聽到物體名稱時在腦海中形成該物體的心理圖像的科學(xué)研究。1.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中“Butsciencehashadtroubledeterminingwhetherdogsandotheranimalstrulycreateamentalimageintheirmindsuponhearingthenameofanobject,arelationshipwithlanguagecalledreferentialunderstanding,whichwouldsuggestadeeperunderstandingoflanguage,likethekindthathumanshave.(但科學(xué)一直難以確定，狗和其他動物在聽到物體的名字時，是否真的會在腦海中形成該物體的心理圖像，這種與語言的關(guān)系被稱為referentialunderstanding，這表明它們對人類語言有著更深的理解)”可知，referentialunderstanding指的前文中“狗和其他動物在聽到物體的名字時，在腦海中形成該物體的心理圖像”這一現(xiàn)象，所以，referentialunderstanding指的是“在腦海中形成該物體的心理圖像”。故選C項(xiàng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Researchersplayedaudioclipsoftheirownerssayingthenamesofobjects,suchas‘ball’or‘frisbee,’andthenshowedthedogseitherthecorrespondingobjectoradifferentonetoseeifdogswouldshowadistinctbrainresponsewhentheobjectmatchedthewordcomparedtowhenitdidnot.(研究人員播放了狗主人說出物體名稱（如‘球’或‘飛盤’）的音頻片段，然后向狗展示相應(yīng)的物體或不同的物體，以觀察當(dāng)物體與單詞匹配時，與不匹配時相比，狗是否會表現(xiàn)出明顯的大腦反應(yīng))”可知，研究人員是通過將物體與單詞匹配來測試狗的大腦反應(yīng)的。故選C項(xiàng)。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“CliveWynnefromArizonaStateUniversityarguedonFacebookthatthestudyonlydemonstratesdogs’responsestostimuli(刺激物),ratherthananunderstandingofspecificwords.Hedoubtswhetherdogsgrasptheexactmeaningofwords.(亞利桑那州立大學(xué)的克萊夫·溫恩在臉書上爭論說，這項(xiàng)研究只證明了狗對刺激物的反應(yīng)，而不是對特定單詞的理解。他懷疑狗是否真正理解單詞的確切含義)”可知，克萊夫·溫恩認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)研究高估了狗的認(rèn)知能力，只是證明了狗對刺激物的反應(yīng)，而不是對特定單詞的理解。故選A項(xiàng)。4.主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合第二段中“Butsciencehashadtroubledeterminingwhetherdogsandotheranimalstrulycreateamentalimageintheirmindsuponhearingthenameofanobject,arelationshipwithlanguagecalledreferentialunderstanding(但科學(xué)一直難以確定，狗和其他動物在聽到物體的名字時，是否真的會在腦海中形成該物體的心理圖像，這種與語言的關(guān)系被稱為指稱理解)”和最后一段中“However,whetherthislonghistoryofcohabitationcontributedtotheirabilitytounderstandreferentiallanguageremainsanopenquestion.(然而，這種長期的共同居住歷史是否有助于它們理解指稱語言的能力仍然是一個懸而未決的問題)”可知，文章主要介紹了關(guān)于狗是否具有指稱理解能力的科學(xué)研究，即探討狗是否能在聽到物體名稱時在腦海中形成該物體的心理圖像。故選D項(xiàng)?！?4】（24-25高三上·黑龍江哈爾濱·階段練習(xí)）Formorethantwodecades,ElonMuskhasfocusedSpaceX,hisrocketcompany,onhislifelonggoalofreachingMars.Overthelastyear,hehasalsobuiltupworkonwhatwillhappenifhegetsthere.Mr.Musk,53,hasdirectedSpaceXemployeestodrillintothedesignanddetailsofaMartiancity,accordingtofivepeoplewithknowledgeoftheeffortsanddocumentsviewedbyTheNewYorkTimes.Oneteamisdrawingupplansforsmalldomehabitats,includingthematerialsthatcouldbeusedtobuildthem.AnotherisworkingonspacesuitstocombatMars'shostileenvironment,whileamedicalteamisresearchingwhetherhumanscanhavechildrenthere.Theseinitiatives,whichareattheirearlystage,areashifttowardmoreconcreteplanningforlifeonMarsasMr.Musk'stimelinehashastened(加速).Whilehesaidin2016thatitwouldtake40to100yearstohaveaself-sustainingcivilizationontheplanet,Mr.MusktoldSpaceXemployeesinAprilthathenowexpectsonemillionpeopletobelivingthereinabout20years.Mr.Muskhaslongtriedtodefy(違抗)theimpossibleandhasoftenmanagedtobeattoughodds.ButhisvisionforlifeonMarstakeshisseeminglylimitlessambitionstotheirmostextreme—andsomemightsayabsurdist—point.Noonehaseversetfootontheplanet.NASAdoesn'texpecttolandhumansonMarsuntilthe2040s.Andifpeoplegetthere,theywillbegreetedbyabarrenterrain,icytemperatures,duststorms,andairthatisimpossibletobreathe.YetMr.Muskissowedded(執(zhí)著)totheideaofcreatingacivilizationonMars—heoncesaidheplanstodiethere—thatithaspushednearlyeverybusinessendeavorhehasundertakenonEarth.HisvisionforMarsunderliesmostofthesixcompaniesthatheleadsorowns,eachofwhichcouldpotentiallycontributetoaspacecolony,accordingtothedocumentsandthepeoplewithknowledgeoftheefforts.TheBoringCompany,aprivatetunnelingventurefoundedbyMr.Musk,wasstartedinparttoreadyequipmenttodigunderMars'ssurface,twoofthepeoplesaid.Mr.MuskhastoldpeoplethatheboughtX,thesocialmediaplatform,partlytohelptesthowacitizen-ledgovernmentthatrulesbyconsensusmightworkonMars.Hehasalsosaidthatheenvisionsresidentsontheplanetwilldriveaversionofthesteel-paneledCybertrucksmadebyTesla,hiselectricvehiclecompany.1.WhatmeasuresarebeingtakenbySpaceXtorealizetheirdreamofMars?A.Designinglargespaceshipsandbuildinghospitals.B.Planningforhabitatsanddesigningspacesuits.C.Developingtechnologiesandtrainingmedicalteams.D.Buildingspacestationsandinspiringemployeestostrive.2.HowdosomepeoplefindMr.Musk'svisionforMars?A.Practicalandachievable. B.Unreasonableandtime-consuming.C.Theoreticalandpromising. D.Over-ambitiousandridiculous.3.WhydidMr.MuskpurchaseXsocialmediaplatform?A.BecauseheintendedtocreateacompanyonMars.B.BecausehewasinterestedinpromotingsocialnetworkonMars.C.BecausehewantedtomakeprofitsbyrunningitonMars.D.Becausehedreamtofaresident-managedgovernmentforMars.4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ElonMusk'sdeterminationandinitiativestoputpeopleonMars.B.ElonMusk'seffortstoovercomethechallengesofexploringMars.C.ElonMusk'soverallvisionforthefuturedevelopmentofMars.D.ElonMusk'scompaniesonMarsandtheircontributions.【答案】1.B2.D3.D4.A【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章主要介紹了ElonMusk致力于將人類送上火星的決心和舉措。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“Oneteamisdrawingupplansforsmalldomehabitats,includingthematerialsthatcouldbeusedtobuildthem.AnotherisworkingonspacesuitstocombatMars'shostileenvironment,whileamedicalteamisresearchingwhetherhumanscanhavechildrenthere.(一個團(tuán)隊(duì)正在為小型圓頂棲息地制定計劃，包括可以用來建造它們的材料。另一個正在研究宇航服，以對抗火星的惡劣環(huán)境，而一個醫(yī)療小組正在研究人類能否在火星上生育。)”可知，SpaceX正在計劃建造棲息地和設(shè)計宇航服。故選B。2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段中的“Mr.Muskhaslongtriedtodefy(違抗)theimpossibleandhasoftenmanagedtobeattoughodds.ButhisvisionforlifeonMarstakeshisseeminglylimitlessambitionstotheirmostextreme—andsomemightsayabsurdist—point.Noonehaseversetfootontheplanet.(馬斯克長期以來一直試圖挑戰(zhàn)不可能的事情，并經(jīng)常成功地克服困難。但他對火星生活的愿景將他看似無限的野心推向了極端——有些人可能會說這是荒謬的。從來沒有人踏足過這個星球。)”可知，一些人認(rèn)為Musk的火星愿景是過于雄心勃勃和荒謬的。故選D。3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“Mr.MuskhastoldpeoplethatheboughtX,thesocialmediaplatform,partlytohelptesthowacitizen-ledgovernmentthatrulesbyconsensusmightworkonMars.(馬斯克告訴人們，他收購了社交媒體平臺X，部分原因是為了幫助測試一個由公民領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、以共識治國的政府如何在火星上運(yùn)作。)”可知，Musk購買X社交媒體平臺是為了測試在火星上由居民管理的政府如何運(yùn)作。故選D。4.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段的“Formorethantwodecades,ElonMuskhasfocusedSpaceX,hisrocketcompany,onhislifelonggoalofreachingMars.(20多年來，ElonMusk一直把他的火箭公司SpaceX專注于他的終身目標(biāo)——登陸火星。)”，第二段的“Mr.Musk,53,hasdirectedSpaceXemployeestodrillintothedesignanddetailsofaMartiancity,accordingtofivepeoplewithknowledgeoftheeffortsanddocumentsviewedbyTheNewYorkTimes.(據(jù)了解《紐約時報》看到的相關(guān)工作和文件的五名知情人士透露，現(xiàn)年53歲的馬斯克指示SpaceX員工深入研究一座火星城市的設(shè)計和細(xì)節(jié)。)”并通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了ElonMusk致力于將人類送上火星的決心和舉措。故選A?！?5】（24-25高二上·全國·單元測試）Ifyoucouldchangeyourchildren’sDNAinthefuturetoprotectthemagainstdiseases,wouldyou?ItcouldbepossiblebecauseoftechnologyknownasCRISPR/Cas,orjustCRISPR.CRISPRinvolvesapieceofRNA,achemicalmessenger,designedtoworkononepartofDNA;italsousesanenzymethatcantakeunwantedgenesoutandputnewonesin,accordingtoTheEconomist.ThereareotherwaysofeditingDNA,butCRISPRwilldoitverysimply,quickly,andexactly.TheuseofCRISPRcouldmeanthatcur