翻譯三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力分類模擬題18

翻譯三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力分類模擬題18Ⅰ.Grammar:MiscellaneousGrammaticalPointsA、MultipleChoices1.

Themanwasprejudi（江南博哥）ced______allpeopleofcolor.A.forB.toC.againstD.with正確答案：C

2.

Themedicalrecordshowsthatitwasthedrug,notthedisease,______killedhimtwoyearsago.A.theeffectsofwhichB.theeffectsofitC.finallyD.that正確答案：D

3.

______shewaslivinginParisthatshemetherhusbandTerry.A.JustwhenB.SoonafterC.ItwaswhileD.Duringthetimewhen正確答案：C

4.

Whilecrossingthemountainareas,allthemenhadgunsforprotectionlestthey______bythelocalbandits.A.beattackedB.wereattackedC.mustbeattackedD.wouldbeattacked正確答案：A

5.

Soquicklyistechnologyadvancing______isapossibilitytodaymaybearealitytomorrow.A.thatB.thatwhichC.ifwhatD.thatwhat正確答案：D此句用的是so...that...結(jié)構(gòu)，連詞that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，whatisapossibilitytoday為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)部分。

6.

Thetravelerwassoakedtotheskin,fortherewasnoshelter______therainsanywhere.A.ofB.fromC.inD.against正確答案：B

7.

TajMahalinIndiaisperhapsoneofthemostbeautifulbuildingsintheworld,whereIspent______moonlitnight.A.manyaB.plentyofC.agreatmanyD.agreatdealof正確答案：A

8.

Itwasquitesometime______thepresidentmanagedtosavehisfirmfrombankruptcy.A.whileB.beforeC.whenD.eversince正確答案：B

9.

Wethoughtshe'dcomejustforavisit,butitseemssheisstaying______.A.notlongerB.forlongtimeC.forlongD.forgood正確答案：D

10.

Inmyopinion,heis______imaginativeofallthecontemporarypoets.A.quitethemostB.verythemostC.byfarthemostD.ratherthemost正確答案：C

11.

Myapproachisnottolearneverythingaboutsomething,but______somethingabouteverything.A.rathertolearnB.ratherlearnC.toratherlearnD.ratherlearning正確答案：A

12.

Pumas,whicharelarger,cat-likeanimals,willnotattackhumanbeingsifthey______undisturbed.A.leaveB.leftC.areleftD.haveleft正確答案：C

13.

______thedoorthansomeonestartedknockingonit.A.IhadclosednosoonerB.IhadnosoonerclosedC.NosoonerhaveIclosedD.NosoonerIclosed正確答案：B

14.

MyfriendPaulwasbadlytakeninwhenhepaid$1,000forthatsecond-handcar;itwasnotworthA.thatallmuchB.thatmuchallC.allthatmuchD.muchallthat正確答案：C

15.

Everybodyknowsthattheearthisspherical,______?A.doesn'theB.doesn'tsheC.don'ttheyD.doesn'tit正確答案：C

16.

Mostdoctorsrecognizethatmedicineis______.A.asartasmuchitisascienceB.muchanartasitisascienceC.asanartasmuchitisascienceD.asmuchanartasitisascience正確答案：D

17.

Scrambledeggswithbacon______thestandardAmericanbreakfast.A.isB.areC.istobeD.aretobe正確答案：A

18.

Thepolicechiefannouncedthathewouldsooninquire______thedeathsoftwoyounggirls.A.aboutB.intoC.ofD.after正確答案：B

19.

At4o'clockthismorning,Isuddenlywokeupandseemed______someonescreaminthestreet.A.tohearingB.tohaveheardC.hearingD.havingheard正確答案：B

20.

Thesick______beencuredandthelost______beenfound.A.hashasB.havehaveC.hashaveD.havehas正確答案：B此句中，thesick和thelost表示一類人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

21.

ProfessorFoster,whoteachesEnglishliteratureatCaliforniaStateUniversity,divideshistime______teaching,writingandlecturing.A.duringB.fromC.amongD.between正確答案：D

22.

Themeetingwasto______atteno'clock,butthechairmanhadnotturnedupbyeleveno'clock.A.startB.havestartedC.isstartingD.bestarted正確答案：B

23.

Itwasnotuntilheenteredtheairport______herealizedthathehadforgottentobringhisairticketwithhim.A.beforeB.whenC.afterD.that正確答案：D

24.

Thesignalmadebythewatchmancouldmeannothing______thanahalttotheadvance.A.muchB.betterC.ratherD.other正確答案：D

25.

Itiseasytothinkthatawitnesswhosawacrime______willbeabletogivealltheanswer.A.tobecommittedB.tocommitC.committingD.beingcommitted正確答案：D

26.

______,theboxwillbreakintopieces.A.IfhandledcarelesslyB.HandlingcarelesslyC.TohandlecarelesslyD.Ifhandlingcarelessly正確答案：A

27.

Theworkerswentonstrikeagainstthegovernment'splan______thepricesofdailynecessities.A.raisesB.raisedC.raisingD.toraise正確答案：D

28.

Ithinkshemustbeapopmusiclover,______?A.mustn'tsheB.don'tIC.isn'tsheD.doesn'tshe正確答案：C

29.

Theblindcan______seethanthedeafcanhear.A.nolongerB.nomoreC.nobetterD.nosooner正確答案：B

30.

Forhimtobereelected,whatisessentialisnotthathisnewpolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatit______.A.isB.doesC.hasdoneD.isdone正確答案：B此句中的does替代前面的works。

B、ErrorCorrection1.

Becarefultogivethecaterersanaccuratecountofthenumberofpeoplewhomyouexpecttohavegonetotheweddingreception.正確答案：havegone→go

2.

Thechildrensoonforgotthatitwasthem,theirparents,whohadencouragedthemtocontinuetheireducation.正確答案：them→they

3.

Forcenturieslargecommunitiesofpeoplelivedonhouseboatsinpartsoftheworldwheretheclimateiswarmandthewatersarecalm.正確答案：lived→havelived

4.

Swans,notedforgracefulmovementsinthewater,havebeenthesubjectofmanypoetries,fairytales,legends,andmusicalcompositions.正確答案：poetries→poems此句中，poetry為詩(shī)歌的總稱，為不可數(shù)名詞。

5.

Notuntilsixthousandyearsagodidmandevelopthefirstbowsandarrows,andbegantomakepotteryandthefirstfishhooks.正確答案：began→begin

6.

Iamexcessivelygratefulforthemanykindnessesyouhaveshownmyson.正確答案：excessively→exceedingly

7.

Chosenthemostoutstandingstudentonhiscampusmadehisparentsveryhappy.正確答案：Chosen→Beingchosen

8.

ThenewsmaybetruebutasIhearditonlyfromsecond-handIamnotlikelytogiveitcredenceuntilIhaveitconfirmed.正確答案：from→from(刪去)

9.

Thousandsofpeoplediedeventhoughtherewasaworldwideefforttosendfoodandmedicinetothestarvedpeople.正確答案：starved→starving

10.

Theadvantagesofthephotovoltaiccellareitszeropollution,itsdurability,anditsabilityforproducingenergydirectlyfromthesun.正確答案：forproducing→toproduce

11.

Alloillampsbeingfashionedfromawickfloatinginabowlofoilfunctionedaccordingtotheprincipleofcapillaryaction.正確答案：beingfashioned→fashioned過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)fashionedfromawickfloatinginabowlofoil作定語(yǔ)，修飾lamps。

12.

Thenewtelephonesystemcancarrymanymoretelephoneconversationsatthesametimeastheoldone,andcancarrythemmuchfartherwithoutamplificationorregeneration.正確答案：as→than

13.

Billwillpresentapaperattheconferencedescribehisnewapproachtoeliminateacertainkindofwaterpollution.正確答案：describe→describing現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)describinghisnewapproachtoeliminateacertainkindofwaterpollution作定語(yǔ)，修飾apaper。

14.

TheamountoftheAntarcticPeninsulaarethoughttocontaincopperdepositsaresimilartothoseintheAndesMountainsofSouthAmericabecausethetwoareaswereoncecontiguous.正確答案：it→theneedle

15.

Thisyear,asthepast,theoilcompanywillsponsoratelevisionseriesbasedonmajorliteraryworks.正確答案：asthepast→asinthepast

Ⅱ.ClozeTestHeavyRainCanTriggerEarthquakes暴雨會(huì)引發(fā)地震

Hugedownpoursofraincantriggerearthquakesinlandscapesriddledwith

1

andchannelsbyincreasingpressurewithinunderlyingrock,

2

anewstudy.

Itwasalreadyknownthatrainfallcouldcausetremors,butthe

3

ofwaterneededismuchmorethanpreviouslythought,saysSteveMiller,ageologist

4

theUniversityofBonn,Germany.

Inrecentyears,

5

havedocumentedsmallearthquakesthatoccurredafterheavyrainfallinGermany,SwitzerlandandFrance.All

6

lowinmagnitude-meaningtheycould

7

detectedbyseismographs,butnotfeltbyhumans.

Someexpertshave

8

thatalthoughtherainfallwasheavy,thefactthatraincould

9

anearthquakeatallsuggeststhatittakesextremelylittleto

10

atremor.TheyconcludedthattheEarth'scrustinadelicate

11

,teeteringontheedgeofaslightshake-upatanymoment.

12

,inthenewstudy,Millerdisagrees,pointingoutthat

13

thethreedocumentedeventshappenedinaspecifictypeoflandscape

14

askarst.

Othergeologistsstudyingrain-triggeredearthquakesdidnotethatthey

15

inkarstgeology,buttheydidnotdelveintothepossible

16

.

Karstlandscapefeaturesadistinctivetopographyofsoftcarbonaterockriddled

17

deepfissures,undergroundchannelsandcavesystems.

Thesecharacteristicfeaturesarecarvedout

18

carbonatebedrock-typicallylimestoneordolomite-is

19

slowlybytheactionofslightlyacidicrainwateroverthousandsof

20

.Andthesestructures,saysMiller,arekey.1.

正確答案：caves

2.

正確答案：suggests

3.

正確答案：amount

4.

正確答案：at

5.

正確答案：geologists

6.

正確答案：were

7.

正確答案：be

8.

正確答案：suggested

9.

正確答案：trigger

10.

正確答案：produce

11.

正確答案：balance

12.

正確答案：Now

13.

正確答案：all

14.

正確答案：known

15.

正確答案：occurred

16.

正確答案：implications

17.

正確答案：with

18.

正確答案：when

19.

正確答案：dissolved

20.

正確答案：years

NatureGivesWaytoVirtualReality自然讓位于虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)

Aspeoplespendmoretimecommuningwiththeirtelevisionsandcomputers,theimpactisnotjustontheirhealth,researcherssay.Lesstimespentoutdoorsmeanslesscontactwithnatureand,eventually,lessinterestinconservationandparks.

Camping,fishingandpercapitavisitstoparksarealldeclininginashift

21

fromnature-basedrecreation,researchersreportinMonday'sonlineeditionofProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.

"Declining

22

participationhascrucialimplicationsforcurrentconservation

23

,"wroteco-authorsOliverR.W.PergamsandPatriciaA.Zaradic."Wethinkitprobablethananymajor

24

inthevalueplacedonnaturalareasandexperienceswillgreatlyreducethevalue

25

placeonbiodiversityconservation."

"Thereplacementofvigorousoutdooractivitiesbysedentary,indoorvideophilia

26

far-reachingconsequencesforphysicalandmentalhealth,especiallyinchildren,"Pergamssaidinastatement."Videophiliahasbeen

27

tobeacauseofobesity,lackofsocialization,attention

28

andpooracademicperformance."

Bystudyingvisitstonationalandstateparkandthe

29

ofhuntingandfishinglicensestheresearchersdocumenteddeclinesofbetween18percentand25

30

invarioustypesofoutdoorrecreation.

Thedecline,foundinboththeUnited

31

andJapan,appearstohavebeguninthe1980sand1990s,theperiodof

32

growthofvideogames,theysaid.

Forexample,fishingpeakedin1981andhad

33

25percentby2005.Visitstonationalparkspeakedin1987anddropped23

34

by2006,whilehikingontheAppalachianTrialpeakedin2000

35

wasdown18percentby2005.

Japansufferedsimilardeclines,asvisitstonationalparkstheredropped

36

18percentbetween1991and2005.

Therewasasmallgrowthinbackpacking,but

37

mayreflectdaytripsbysomepeoplewho

38

werecampers,wrotePergamsandZaradic.Pergamsisavisitingresearchassistantprofessorofbiological

39

attheUniversityofIllinoisatChicago,whileZaradicisafellowwiththeEnvironmentalLeadershipProgram,DelawareValley,inBrynMawr,Pa.

40

fishingdeclined,huntingheldontomostofitsmarket,theyfound.

"Thismayberelatedtovariousoverfishingandpollutionissuesdecreasingaccesstofishpopulations,contrastedwithexplodingdeerpopulations,"theysaid.

TheresearchwasfundedbyTheNatureConservancy.21.

正確答案：away

22.

正確答案：nature

23.

正確答案：efforts

24.

正確答案：decline

25.

正確答案：people

26.

正確答案：has

27.

正確答案：shown

28.

正確答案：disorders

29.

正確答案：issuance

30.

正確答案：percent

31.

正確答案：States

32.

正確答案：rapid

33.

正確答案：declined

34.

正確答案：percent

35.

正確答案：and

36.

正確答案：by

37.

正確答案：that

38.

正確答案：previously

39.

正確答案：sciences

40.

正確答案：While

Ⅲ.ReadingComprehension

MentalIllnessandDiagnosis

精神病及其診斷

Likemedicaldoctors,mentalhealthprofessionalsoftenusediagnosisasawayofcategorizingpatientsandtheirproblems.Theuseofdiagnosescan,attimes,helpguidetreatingprofessionalsastothenatureoftheproblemsapatientfaces,theoriginsofthoseproblems,andpotentialtreatmentoptions.Diagnosiscanalsosometimesbeusedtostraightjacketpatientsintoill-definedandill-fittingcategoriesthatlendascientificappearancetosociallyconstructedbiases.Forexample,adiagnosisofmajordepressivedisorderisoftenusedbypsychiatristsandmanagedcarecompaniesasanargumentthatapersonhasa"biologically-basedmentalillness"andthusmustreceiveabiologicaltreatment,suchasantidepressantdrugsor,morerarely,electroconvulsivetreatment.Theassignmentofthediagnosismandatesatreatmentprescriptiondespiteconsiderablecontroversyamongresearchersandpractitionersastotherelativeeffectivenessofdrugtreatmentversuspsychotherapy.

Someconditionsbearenoughofthecharacteristicsusuallyassociatedwithillnesstobereasonablyreferredtoasmentalillnesses.Butthejuryisstilloutastotheextentorganicfactorsplayinschizophrenia.Whilethereisincreasingevidenceoforganicfactors-includinggeneticfactorsandillnessinthepregnantmother—playingaroleinthiscondition,noorganicfactorsatthispointareknowntobeeithernecessaryorsufficient.Similarly,thereexistsevidencesuggestingthatschizophreniaisaconditionqualitativelydistinctfromothermodesofliving.Ontheotherhand,thereexistsevidencequestioningthisviewofschizophreniaasaclearlydistinctillness.Thereisevidencethatschizophreniaistheextremeendofalargerspectrumof"conditions."Andenvironmentalfactorsclearlyplayaroleintheprospectsforthedevelopmentoftheconditionandinitscourse.

Ifoneconcludesthatschizophreniais,indeed,largelyabiologicalcondition,thenitwouldbereasonabletodescribeitasanillness.Butwhatifonedecidesthatenvironmentalfactorsplayalargerole?

Oncewegetbeyondtheclearlyorganicconditions,thecategoryofmentalillnessbecomesmetaphorical.Thereisnothingwrongwiththis.Peoplemakesenseoftheworldlargelythroughmetaphors.Theillnessmetaphorcanbeilluminating,butitcanalsobeblinding.Thequestioniswhetherapplyingittotheemotionalproblemsandissuespeoplefacerevealshiddenaspects,orcoversoverimportantcharacteristics.Thus,mentalillnessesarelikeotherphysicalillnessesinthattheyoftenappeartobeinvoluntaryandtheycaninterferewithnormalfunctioningand/orcausedistress.

However,manyusesofthementalillnessconstructignoreitsmetaphoricalquality.Thus,itissometimespresumedwithoutquestionthatanythingdiagnosedasamentalillnessshouldbetreated,despitethefactthatthemajorityofthoseidentifiedinepidemiologicalstudiesashavingsuchaconditiondonotseektreatment.Othersgosofarastoformanequationwherebymentalillnessequalsillness,illnessmeansphysicalcondition,andphysicalconditionrequiresphysicaltreatment.Thislogicunderliesmuchoftheoveruseofmedicationsandthedownplayingofpsychotherapyforproblemsinlivingthatcharacterizesthelastfewdecades.

Eachofthethreelinksinthisequationisfallacious,ofcourse.AsIdiscussedabove,mentalillnessmayresembleotherillnessesincertainways,butinmostcasesdefinitelyisnotsamething.Certainly,ifoneextendstheconceptofillnesstoincludementalconditionswithnoobviousorganiccausethenillnessdoesnotmeanphysicalconditionandthereisnonecessaryreasonthatitshouldbetreated,muchlesstreatedbyphysicalinterventions.1.

Thepassageismainlyabout______.A.thewaymentalillnessisdiagnosedandtreatedB.thevalueofpsychotherapyintreatingmentalpatientsC.theimprovementsmadeintreatingmentalillnessD.thedangerincharacterizingmentalconditionsasillness正確答案：D

2.

Theauthorusestheexampleofschizophreniatomakethepointthat______.A.mentalillnessisakindofphysicalillnessthatneedstreatmentB.thereisnoconclusiveevidencethatmentalconditionshaveaphysicalbasisC.environmentalfactorsratherthanorganiconescausementalillnessD.schizophreniaismostlikelytobeinheritedfromthematemalparent正確答案：B

3.

Inwhatwayistheillnessmetaphorblindingconcerning"mentalillness"?A.Mentalillnessisoftenmistakenasaphysicalconditiontobecorrected.B.Applyingthemetaphortoemotionalproblemsyieldsnoreadytreatment.C.Themetaphorgivestheimpressionthatmentalillnessdoesnotneedtreatment.D.Themetaphoroftenconfusesmedicalprofessionalsabouttheseverityoftheillness.正確答案：A

4.

Oneoftheconsequencesresultingfrom"theequation"isthe______.A.overuseofpsychotherapyintreatingmentalillnessB.ineffectivemedicationforbothmentalandphysicalillnessesC.frequentuseofmedicaltreatmentformentalillnessD.ignoranceofthesufferingsofthementalpatients正確答案：C

5.

Theword"fallacious"inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans______.A.misleadingB.criticalC.obscureD.unnecessary正確答案：A

It'stheSolution

這就是解決問(wèn)題的方法

byNellBoyce

humaneggsdon'tfreezewell—orsoIVFspecialistshavealwaysthought.ButbiologistsinNewJerseynowsaytheyhaveovercometheproblem,byabandoningtheideathateggsshouldbefrozeninasolutionthatresemblesbodyfluids.

Theresearchershaveobtainedhighsurvivalratesaftercryopreservingandthenthawingmouseeggs.Iftheirtechniquealsoworkswithhumaneggs,thenwomenwhoseeggsarefrozen—beforetheyundergochemotherapythatdamagestheirovaries,forexample—willhaveabetterchanceofbecomingmothers.

Fertilitycentresroutinelyfreezespermandembryos,butonlyafewbirthshavebeenreportedusingfrozeneggs.JamesStacheckioftheInstituteforReproductiveMedicineandScienceofSt.BarnabasMedicalCenterinWestOrange,NewJersey,wonderedifthesalinesolutionsuedtofreezeeggswastoblame.

Cellsmustbesurroundedbyamoreconcentratedsolutionduringfreezing.Thispullswateroutofthecellsbyosmosisandreducesthechancesoficecrystalsforming,whichcandamagecellstructures.Cryobiologistsusuallyuseasalinedesignedtomimicbodyfluids.

ButStacheckisuspectedthatsodiumionsfromsuchsolutionsweregettingintotheeggsandpoisoningthem.Instead,hedecidedtotryasolutioncontainingcholineions,whichdonotreadilycrosscellmembranes.Cholineisanorganicmoleculefoundinmanyplantandanimaltissues,andisaconstituentofB-complexvitamins.Cryopreservationexperimentsonothertypesofcellsusingcholinesolutionshadproducedpromisingresults.

Usinghundredsofmouseeggs,Stacheckiandhiscolleaguesfoundthatthecholinesolutionallowed90percenttosurvivefreezingandthawing.Andwhenthesurvivingeggswerefertilized,60percentdevelopedintotheballofcellscalledablastocyst.

"Theresultsareveryencouraging,"saysRogeryGosden,areproductivebiologistattheUniversityofLeeds.Withconventionalsaline,only50percentofeggssurvivedfreezingandjust10percentofthosefertilizedwentontoformablastocyst.

"Theplannowistodomoreworkinhumanstotesthowwellitworks,"saysStachecki.Severalwomenhavealreadyvolunteeredtodonatetheireggsfortheresearch.Ifthenewtechniqueworksforhumans,itmayalloweasiereggbankingatfertilityclinics.6.

NewJerseybiologistsdifferfromIVFspecialistsinthat______.A.theybelievehumaneggsarelikemouseeggsB.theybelievewomen'sovarieswillbedamagedifegg-freezingtechniqueisnotusedC.theydon'ttrytopreserveeggsinasolutionthatresemblesbodyfluidsD.theywillprovidewomenwithbetterchancesofbecomingmothers正確答案：C

7.

Thepassageindicatesthat______.A.fertilitycentresseldomusefrozeneggsforbirthpurposesB.survivalrateswithfrozenspermandeggshavenotbeensatisfactoryC.humaneggscanhardlysurvivefreezingconditionsD.salinesolutionisnolongerusedtofreezehumaneggs正確答案：B

8.

Onereasoncryobiologistsusethesalinesolutionisthat______.A.itcantoacertainextentpreventicecrystalsfromformingwithinthecellsB.itcanfunctionasbodyfluidsC.itdoesnotpullwateroutofthecellsbyosmosisduringfreezingD.itisaconcentratedsolutionthatfreezesmoreeasilyandquickly正確答案：A

9.

Itseemsthatsalinesolutionischaracterizedbythefactthat______.A.itssodiumionsmightharmtheeggsB.itscholineionsdonotreadilyentercellsC.itscholineexistsinmanyplantandanimaltissuesD.itwillbeapromisingsolutionincryopreservation正確答案：A

10.

Allofthefollowing,EXCEPT______,arefactorsthatencourageStachecki'sfurthercryopreservationexperimentation.A.higherpercentageinmouseeggfertilizationwithcholinesolutionthanthatwithsalinesolutionB.cholinesolution'sallowingforrepeatedeggfreezingandthawingC.thepresenceofabodyofvolunteersfortheexperimentationD.thepossibilityofthenewtechnique'seffectivenesswithhumaneggs正確答案：B

SynchronizedSex

性的同步

byMennoSchilthuizen

Whenthebiologicalclocksofmalesandfemalesareoutofsync,theirsexlivessuffer.Oratleastitdoesiftheyaremelonflies,Japaneseentomologistshavefound.Theysaythatdifferencesindailyrhythmsmightevenpromotetheevolutionofnewspecies.

TakahisaMiyatakeandToruShimizuofOkinawaPrefecturalAgriculturalExperimentalStationmadetheirdiscoverywhilestudyingthemelonflyBactroceracucurbitae,anotoriouspestofmelons,couregttesandothermembersofthegourdfamily.Byselectivebreedingfromfliesthatwerequickesttomatureandmate,theybuiltupapopulationoffastdevelopingindividuals.Inasimilarway,theyalsobredalineofslowdevelopers.After25generations,theslowdevelopers'larvaetookmorethan12daystomature,whilethefastdevelopersmaturedinjust6days.

Totheirsurprise,MiyatakeandShimizunoticedthatthiswasnottheonlydifferencebetweenthetwolines.Innature,themelonfliesmatearounddusk.Butamongthefastdevelopers,sexualactivitypeakedinlateafternoon,onehourbeforedusk,whiletheslowdevelopersonlystartedgettinginterestedinsexaroundthree-and-a-halfhoursafternightfall."Apparently,bothrhythmsareregulatedbythesameclockgene,"saysMiyatake.

Toseehowthiswouldinfluencetheabilityoftheslowandthefastlinestocrossbreed,theresearchersmarkedfliesfrombothlines,putthemtogetherincages,andwatchedtoseewhichmatedwithexpected,whichasmostmatingstookplacebetweenmalesandfemalesfromthesameline.Thefinding,whichwillbereportedinthejournalEvolution,suggeststhatdifferencesinbodyclockscouldcausenewspeciestoevolve.

Miyatakesaysthebehaviourofsomespeciessuggesttheymayhavearisenthisway."Manycloselyrelatedspeciesofinsectdifferintheirdailymatingtime,"hesays."Forexample,theonlythingthatseparatestwootherflies,Bactroceratryoniandbactroceraneohumeralis,isthefactthattheformermatesatdusk,thelatterinthedaytime."

"Thisisinterestingwork,"saysJeffreyFeder,anevolutionarygeneticistwhostudiesfruitfliesattheUniversityofNotreDameinIndiana."ItisveryexcitingthatMiyatakeandShimizuhaveshownhowselectiononthelarvaecanaffectthematingpatterninadultsandpreventcrossbreeding."

Federagreesthattheeffectcouldbeimportantintheevolutionofnewspecies,especiallywheninsectsundergoashiftinlifestyle.Forexample,ifapopulationoffliesstartsfeedingonanewfruitthatrotsquickly,thiscouldselectforfast-developinglarvaewithadifferentmatingtimeandwhichwouldnotbreedwiththeancestralstock."ThisisgettingattheheartofwhatDarwinwassayinginOntheOriginofSpecies,"saysFeder.11.

Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat______.A.theJapaneseentomologistshaveexperimentedwithlotsofinsectsontheirsexlivesB.melonfliesaretheironlyobjectofstudyC.melonfliesdifferfromotherinsectspeciesintheirsexlivesD.melonflies'sexliveshavebeenconfirmedtobeaffectedbytheirbiologicalclocks正確答案：D

12.

TakahisaMiyatakeandTomShimizu'sselectivebreedingproduced______.A.newspeciesofmelonfliesB.surprisingdifferencesbetweenfast-developersandslow-developersC.thesameclockgenethatregulatesmelonflies'matingtimeD.25generationsoflarvaethatdifferindurationofmaturation正確答案：A

13.

Mostmatingsoccurredwithinthesamelinebecause______.A.differentlinesareregulatedbythesameclockgenesB.eachindividuallineissubjecttothesamebodyclockC.thelinesarenotfamiliarwitheachother'smatingpatternsD.onelinedevelopsfasterthantheotherline正確答案：B

14.

FederthinksthatMiyatakeandShimizu'sdiscoveryisinterestingpartlybecauseA.ithelpsdistinguishdifferentspeciesB.itsuggestsawayofpreventingcrossbreedingamongfruitfliesC.matingpatternsamongfruitflieshavebeendiscoveredD.selectiononthelarvaehasbeenpartoftheirexperiment正確答案：B

15.

WhichDarwiniantheoryisFederreferringtobyhisexampleinthelastparagraph?A.Survivalofthefittest.B.Allrelatedorganismsaredescendedfromcommonancestors.C.Theearthitselfisnotstaticbutevolving.D.TheVariationofAnimalsandPlantsUnderDomestication.正確答案：A

CleverKitty

聰明的貓咪

byDuncanGraham-Rowe

ThemostambitiousartificialbrainyetdesignedistakingshapeinalaboratoryinColorado.Thebrain'sdevelopersaimtolinkittoarobotkittencalledRobokoneko,whichtheyhopewillbecomeoneofthefirstsuperstarsofartificiallife.

"Observerswon'tneedaPhDtoappreciatethatthereisabrainbehindit,"saysHugodeGarisofAdvancedTelecommunicationsResearchinKyoto,Japan,thebrain'sprincipalarchitect.

Genobyte,acompanyinBoulder,Colorado,isbuildingDeGaris'sCellularAutomataMachine(CAM)brainundercontract.Itwillcontainnearly40millionartificialneurons,comparedwiththefewhundredneuronsthatmostotherspecialistsinartificialintelligenceareworkingwith.TheCAMbraindiffersnotonlyinitsimmensescale,butalsointhefactthatitsneuronsarerealelectronicdevicesratherthansoftwaresimulations.

TheCAMbrainusesaspecialtypeofcomputerchipcalledaFieldProgrammableGateArray(FPGA).Unlikeconventionalchips,thecircuitsinFPGAscanbereconfiguredbyalteringtheconnectionsbetweentheirtransistors.Wh