翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題12

翻譯三級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)分類模擬題12EnglishChineseTranslation

1

Thisisaskepticalage,butalthoughourfaithinm（江南博哥）anyofthethingsinwhichourforefathersferventlybelievedhasweakened,ourconfidenceinthecurativepropertiesofthebottleofmedicineremainsthesameastheirs.

2

ThismodernfaithinmedicinesisprovedbythefactthattheannualdrugbilloftheHealthServicesismountingtoastronomicalfiguresandshowsnosignsatpresentofceasingtorise.Themajorityofthepatientsattendingthemedicalout-patientsdepartmentsofourhospitalsfeelthattheyhavenotreceivedadequatetreatmentunlesstheyareabletocarryhomewiththemsometangibleremedyintheshapeofabottleofmedicine,aboxofpills,orasmalljarofointment,andthedoctorinchargeofthedepartmentisonlytooreadytoprovidethemwiththeserequirements.Thereisnoquickermethodofdisposingofpatientsthanbygivingthemwhattheyareaskingfor,andsincemostmedicalmenintheHealthServicesareoverworkedandhavelittletimeforofferingtime-consumingandlittle-appreciatedadviceonsuchsubjectsasdiet,fightliving,andtheneedforabandoningbadhabits,etc,thebottle,thebox,andthejararealmostalwaysgrantedthem.

3

Norisitonlytheignorantandill-educatedpersonwhohassuchfaithinthebottleofmedicine,especiallyifitbewrappedinwhitepaperandsealedwithadabofredsealing-waxbyacleverchemist.ItisrecountedofThomasCarlylethatwhenheheardoftheillnessofhisfriend.HenryTaylor,hewentoffimmediatelytovisithim,carryingwithhiminhispocketwhatremainedofabottleofmedicineformerlyprescribedforanindispositionofMrs.Carlyle's.Carlylewasentirelyignorantofwhatthebottleinhispocketcontained,ofthenatureoftheillnessfromwhichhisfriendwassuffering,andofwhathadpreviouslybeenwrongwithhiswife,

4

butamedicinethathadworkedsowellinoneformofillnesswouldsurelybeofequalbenefitinanother,andcomfortedbythethoughtofthehelphewasbringingtohisfriend,hehastenedtoHenryTaylor'shouse.Historydoesnotrelatewhetherhisfriendacceptedhismedicalhelp,butinallprobabilityhedid.

5

Thegreatadvantageoftakingmedicineisthatitmakesnodemandsonthetakerbeyondthatofputtingupforamomentwithadisgustingtaste,andthatiswhatallpatientsdemandoftheirdoctors—tobecuredatnoinconveniencetothemselves.1.

正確答案：這是一個(gè)懷疑一切的時(shí)代，但是盡管我們對(duì)祖先所深信的許多事物都已信心削減了，但我們對(duì)裝在瓶中的藥物的療效卻仍然同我們的祖先一樣確信不疑。

2.

正確答案：現(xiàn)代人對(duì)藥物的信任由這一事實(shí)得到證實(shí)，即衛(wèi)生部門每年所支付的藥費(fèi)正在上升到天文數(shù)字，而且到目前為止還沒有停止增長(zhǎng)的跡象。

3.

正確答案：不僅僅是那些無知的和沒有受過良好教育的人才相信裝在瓶中的藥物，人們尤其相信由聰明的藥劑師包在白紙里并輕涂紅色火漆封口的藥物。

4.

正確答案：但是既然一種藥對(duì)某一種疾病起過如此良好的作用，它對(duì)另一種疾病一定也會(huì)同樣有效；當(dāng)想到他將給朋友帶去幫助時(shí)，他心里感到快慰，于是他急忙趕到亨利·泰勒的家里。

5.

正確答案：服藥的一大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，除了要求服藥者在片刻時(shí)間里忍受可憎的味道外，別無其他的要求，而這也正是所有的病人對(duì)他們的醫(yī)生提出的要求——在不給自己帶來不便的情況下把病治好。

6

Thehistoricalusedinviewingacivilization,ratherthanacountry,asthesignificantunitisofrelativelyrecentorigin.

SincetheMiddleAges,mostEuropeanhistorianshaveadoptedeitherareligiousornationalperspective.ThereligiousviewpointwaspredominantamongEuropeanhistoriansuntilthe18thcentury.RegardingtheChristianrevelationasthemostmomentouseventinhistory,theyviewedallhistoryaseitherthepreludetoortheaftermathofthatevent.TheearlyhistoriansofEuropehadlittleoccasiontostudyotherculturesexceptascuriositiesoraspotentialareasformissionaryactivity.Thenationalviewpoint,asdistinctfromthereligiousone,developedintheearly16thcentury,largelyonthebasisofthepoliticalphilosophyoftheItalianstatesmanandhistorianMachiavelli,forwhomtheproperobjectofhistoricalstudywasthestate.

7

Afterthatperiod,however,themanyhistorianswhochronicledthehistoriesofthenationalstatesofEuropeandAmericararelydealtwithsocietiesbeyondtherealmofEuropeancultureexcepttodescribethesubjectionofthosesocietiesby,intheirview,themoreprogressiveEuropeanpowers.

8

Earlyinthe19thcentury,philosophersandhistoriansidentifiedwiththeRomanticMovementcriticizedthe18th-centuryassumptionthatpeoplewerethesameeverywhereandatalltimes.TheGermanphilosophersJohannyonHerderandG.W.F.Hegelemphasizedtheprofounddifferencesinthemindsandworksofhumansindifferentcultures,therebylayingthefoundationforthecomparativestudyofcivilizations.

Accordingtomodemhistoriansofcivilizations,itisimpossibletowriteafullyintelligiblehistoryofanynationwithouttakingintoconsiderationthetypeofculturetowhichitbelongs.

9

Theymaintainthatmuchofthelifeofanationisaffectedbyitsparticipationinalargersocialentity,oftencomposedofanumberofnationsorstatessharingmanydistinctivecharacteristicsthatcanbetracedtoacommonorigin.Itisthislargersocialentity,culturalratherthanpolitical,thatsuchhistoriansconsiderthetrulymeaningfulobjectofhistoricalstudy.

10

Inmoderntimes,theexistingcivilizationshaveimpingedmoreandmoreupononeanothertothepointthatnoonecivilizationpursuesaseparatedestinyanymoreandallmaybeconsideredparticipantsinacommonworldcivilization.6.

正確答案：把一種文明而不是一個(gè)國家看作一個(gè)重要單位來研究的歷史觀是相當(dāng)近的產(chǎn)物。中世紀(jì)以來，大多數(shù)歐洲歷史學(xué)家所采用的不是宗教觀就是民族觀。

7.

正確答案：然而，從那以后，許多對(duì)歐洲及美洲民族國家進(jìn)行編年史研究的歷史學(xué)家很少關(guān)注歐洲文化以外的社會(huì)，除了根據(jù)他們自己的觀點(diǎn)來描述那些社會(huì)是如何被更進(jìn)步的歐洲強(qiáng)國所征服的。

8.

正確答案：早在19世紀(jì)，認(rèn)同浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的哲學(xué)家和歷史學(xué)家們對(duì)18世紀(jì)所提出的“各地和各個(gè)時(shí)代的人都一樣”的設(shè)想進(jìn)行了批判。

9.

正確答案：他們主張，一個(gè)民族的生命在很大程度上受它在一個(gè)更大的社會(huì)實(shí)體中所參與行為的影響，這一更大的社會(huì)實(shí)體由一些具有許多共同的鮮明特征而且有著共同淵源的民族或國家組成。

10.

正確答案：在現(xiàn)代，現(xiàn)存的文明之間沖突不斷加劇，以至于任何一種文明都不能再追求其單獨(dú)的命運(yùn)，而所有的文明都被認(rèn)為是同一個(gè)世界文明的參與者。

11

Whatalanguageguidedoesneed,though,isathoroughandpracticalknowledgeofhowthelanguageworks,aconsciousknowledgethatsheorhecanarticulateinawaytheordinarynativespeakercannot.Studentsshouldbeabletosensethattheirguideshaveagenuineinterestinthelanguage,andthattheyhavefoundoutaboutitbythinkingforthemselves,notbymereuncriticalmemorizingoftextbooksorlectures.

12

Itisonlythroughsuchcriticalawarenessandinterestthatguidescandeveloptheabilitytoexplainanygivenaspectofthelanguageinvariedwayssoastosuittheparticularneedsandmodeofthoughtofanyindividualstudent.

Oneofthemostmisguidedprinciplesofmodernpedagogyisthe"structuredlesson".Thisisjustwhatshouldbeavoided,eveninclassesaswellasprivatelessons.Agoodlanguageguideiscompletelyflexible,andcanrespondinstantaneouslyatanymomenttoanyneedofthestudentsthatarises.

13

Thosewiththiscapacityneverneed—nevershould—spendlonghoursplanningandpreparinglessons;butthecorollaryisthatguidesneedtoreallyknowtheirstuff.Thebestplacetodevelopthesortofknowledgeandabilityis"onthejob",throughanapprenticeshipwithexperienced,sympatheticandencouragingcolleagues,ingoodconditionsofwork.

Whenstudentshavetheessentialindependence,theywillneedonlyafractionofthenumberofregularsessionsthattheyatpresentattendatteachinginstitutions.

14

Thusalthoughtheywillprobablystillpayhighfeesfortheindividualattentiontheyget,theywillonlyhavetopayatinyproportionofwhattheynormallyhavetospendtodayonprivatelessons,orevenonclassesatschools.

15

Butequally,languageadviserswillbeabletohelpafarlargernumberofdifferentindividualsthanprivateteacherscanatthemoment,whiletherewillbeaneedforjustasmany,ifnotmore,advisers.Inthiswaytheywillbeabletomakeadecentlivingoutofprovidingaservicewithfarmoretangibleresultsthantheycanhopeforatpresent.11.

正確答案：然而，一個(gè)語言指導(dǎo)者確實(shí)需要對(duì)所教語言的用法有全面而與實(shí)際相符的了解，這是一種以該語言為母語的人都不能表達(dá)出來的有意識(shí)的了解。

12.

正確答案：只有對(duì)該語言具有批判性的理解和興趣，指導(dǎo)者才能以不同的方式解釋該語言的方方面面，從而適應(yīng)學(xué)生的特殊要求和思維方式。

13.

正確答案：具有這種能力的那些語言指導(dǎo)者不需要，也不應(yīng)該多花時(shí)間去編排教學(xué)計(jì)劃以及備課，而這就必然要求他們對(duì)本職工作十分精通。

14.

正確答案：這樣一來，盡管學(xué)生們可能仍需要為他們所得到的個(gè)別指導(dǎo)交納不菲的學(xué)費(fèi)，但是這和聘請(qǐng)家教或上學(xué)相比還是便宜得多。

15.

正確答案：可是同樣地，與私人教師相比，語言指導(dǎo)者能夠同時(shí)輔導(dǎo)多得多的不同學(xué)生，而社會(huì)也需要即使不是更多，至少也是同樣多的這樣的指導(dǎo)者。

Firstifoneconsidersthinkingtobeauniquelyhumanendeavorandintelligencetobeauniquelyhumanattribute,then,bydefinition,thisprocessandattributecannotbeassociatedwithacomputerorothermechanicalorartificialsystem.

16

Ontheotherhand,ithasbeenarguedthatifthereissomefundamentalphysicallimitationintheabilitytocompute,process,decide,judge,andthinkwhichappliestothecreationofmachineintelligence,thenthesesamelimitationsmustalsoapplytohumanintelligence.Thisargument,ofcourse,discountsthepreceptthattheessenceofintelligenceismysterious.

17

Turingproposedaquestionandanswertechniquewherethetrappingsofboththemachineandamanarehiddenandquestionsareaskedandansweredviaateletype.

18

Ifonecould,byaskingquestions,reliablydeterminewhetherthemachineorthemanisansweringthequestions,thenonewouldquestionwhetherthemachineisintelligentorwhetheritexhibitsthesameintelligenceastheman.Ontheotherhand,ifonecouldnottellthedifference,thenitcouldbesaidthatthemachineisasintelligentasman.Thislimitationgameisaninterestingapproachwhichhasnotyetbeenfullyexplored.

19

Perhapsamorerationalapproachtothisquestionistovisualizeacontinuousintelligencespacewheremen,machine,animals,plants,orwhatyouhavearepositionedinthespacebasedontheirrelativeintelligence.Thus,Onecouldconsiderallthingsashavingsomedegreeofintelligence.Thisapproachsidestepsorcompromisesthequestion"Aremachinesintelligent?"ratherthantrulyansweringit.

20

Anothercommonargumentagainsttheconceptofmachineintelligenceisthatacomputerisnothingbutadumbmachinewhichdoesonlywhatitistoldbyitshumanprogrammer.Butifonecriticallyexaminethenatureofhumanintelligence,onemustadmitthathisbiologicalsystemalongwiththeadaptiveabilityofhisbehaviorbothendowedbynatureandthetotalityofhisexperiencegivehimtheseuniquepowersofthoughtsandintelligence.16.

正確答案：另一方面，人們又爭(zhēng)辯說，如果認(rèn)為在機(jī)器智能的計(jì)算、處理、決策、判斷和思維能力等方面存在什么基本的物質(zhì)限制，那么，這些限制也必然適用于人類的智能。

17.

正確答案：特瑞提出一種問答式方法來處理這種問題：把機(jī)器和人都隱藏起來，問題的提出和回答都通過打字來進(jìn)行。

18.

正確答案：如果觀察者能通過提問準(zhǔn)確地確定是人還是機(jī)器在做出回答，那么他就可以質(zhì)疑機(jī)器是否具有智能或者機(jī)器是否具有與人一樣的智能。

19.

正確答案：或許，更合理的方法是，想象一個(gè)連續(xù)的智能空間，把人、機(jī)器、動(dòng)物、植物等按照相對(duì)智能水平在這個(gè)空間中進(jìn)行排列。

20.

正確答案：反對(duì)機(jī)器智能的另一種普遍觀點(diǎn)是，計(jì)算機(jī)只不過是一種無聲機(jī)器，只按照人們給出的程序工作。

Populationsincreaseanddecreaserelatirelynotonlytooneanother,butalsotonaturalresources.Inmostpartsoftheworld,therelationbetweenpopulationandresourcesisalreadyunfavorableandwillprobablybecomeevenmoreunfavorableinthefuture.

21

Thisgrowingpovertyinthemidstofdecreasingnaturalresourcesconstitutesapermanentmenacetopeace.Andnotonlytopeace,butalsotodemocraticinstitutionsandpersonalliberty.Foroverpopulationisnotcompatiblewithfreedom.Andunfavorablerelationshipbetweennumbersandresourcestendstomaketheearningofalivingalmostintolerablydifficult.Laborismoreabundantthangoods,andtheindividualiscompelledtoworklonghoursforlittlepay.

22

Nosurplusofaccumulatedpurchasingpowerstandsbetweenhimandthetyranniesofunfriendlynatureoroftheequallyunfriendlywieldersofpoliticalandeconomicpower.

23

Democracyis,amongotherthings,theabilitytosay"no"totheboss.Butamancannotsay"no"totheboss,unlessheissureofbeingabletoeatwhentheboss'sfavorhasbeenwithdrawn.And