高考英語非謂語動詞的運(yùn)用與比較

高考英語非謂語動詞的運(yùn)用與比較b.其它詞性：詞性在句中成分名形副主賓表賓補(bǔ)定狀不定式分詞動名詞√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√XXXX2.句法功能的區(qū)別：1主語動名詞不定式Inmanycountries,shakingone’sheadmeans“no”andnoddingmeans“yes”.Towriteasciencefictionishiswish.It’sdangeroustoplay/playingwithfire.1.兩者作主語一般可以通用，意義沒有多大差別。2.不定式一般表示特定的，具體的行為，特別是表將來的一次行為；動名詞常表示抽象的，一般的行為。Itisnouse_______(argue)withhimaboutthat.arguing3.在含有no,-less，常用動名詞短語作主語。Eg.Itisnousedoing….;Itisuselessdoing…Itisnogooddoing…;Itisnohelpdoing…2.表語不定式動名詞分詞Thestoryismoving.Awayofsaying“Iamhungry”ispattingthestomachbeforeameal.Mytaskthisclassistoteachyouhowtograspthegrammar.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的特征，相當(dāng)于形容詞，因此它前面可用very,quite或表示比較意義的more,most來修飾；動名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容，可以與句中的主語交換位置。由于動名詞具有明顯的名詞特征，故不能用以上表示程度或比較意義的詞修飾。不定式則表示某一次具體的行為，類似于作主語。Hishobbyisplayingfootball.Or:Playingfootballishishobby.Thevolleyballmatchwewatchedwasveryexciting.2.動名詞作表語時(shí)，該句的主語有很大的局限性，主要是job,work,task,duty,wish,happiness,等；現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時(shí)的主語范圍廣泛得多。HeTheThescientificnovelToreadanovelatthemomentWhathesaidisinteresting.3.賓語動名詞不定式根據(jù)習(xí)慣搭配和語義區(qū)分習(xí)慣接動名詞作賓語的有：mind,finish,enjoy,avoid,risk,consider,practise,suggest,advise,miss,appreciate,imagine,putoff,keep(on),giveup,insist,beusedto,lookforwardto,stickto,devoteone’slifeto,bebusy,beworth,can’thelp,excuse,escape,admit(承認(rèn))，delay,keep,risk,objectto（反對）,payattentionto,etc.習(xí)慣于后接動詞不定式而不接動名詞作賓語的動詞有：want,wish,hope,expect,promise,pretend,decide,manage,refuse,learn,agree,plan,offer,long,demand,help,manage,prepare,learn,determine,prefer,intend,etc.動名詞與不定式的不同含義：beafraidtodo不敢、害怕、膽怯去做某事beafraidofdoing擔(dān)心、恐怕出現(xiàn)Weareneverafraidtolaydownourlivesfortherightcause.為了正義的事業(yè)我們絕不怕犧牲自己的生命。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusbandup.

2)forgettodosth.忘記去做某事（未做）forgetdoingsth.忘記做過了某事（已做）

Thelightintheofficeisoff.Itwasshewhoturneditoff,butsheherselfforgot_______(turn)itoff.Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Sheforgot______(turn)itoff.3)remembertodosth.記著去做某事（未做）rememberdoingsth.記著做了某事（已做）Doyouremember______(meet)meatapartylastyear?Youmustremember______(leave)tomorrow.4)regrettodosth.遺憾地說/告訴…regretdoingsth.后悔做了…Iregret_____(go)tohishometown.Iregret_____(tell)youthetruth.5)stoptodosth.stopdoingsth.6)trytodosth.trydoingsth.Youmusttry_____(do)itagain.Let’stry_____(do)theworkinsomeotherway.7)meantodosth.meandoingsth. Ifitmeans_____(delay)morethanaweek,I’llnotwait.Imean_____(go),andnothingcanstopme.8)goontodosth.goondoingsth.9）can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁，不禁can’thelp(to)dosth.不能幫忙做…10.permit/allow/advise+doingsth. +sb.todosth.11.start/begin/continue/like/love/hate +todosth. +doingsth.但有些動名詞在句中是主動形式，卻有被動含義 Thehouserequires/needs/wants

repairing.Thebookisworth

reading.

4.定語動名詞分詞不定式Doyouknowthemantalkingwithablackthere?Thecarryingpoleremindsmeofourbitterdaysinthepast.Therewillbemanypeopletohelpyou.=whoistalking…Thepoleforcarryingthings1所含時(shí)態(tài)意義thelaughingaudienceHaveyoureadthebook20,000LeaguesUndertheSeawrittenbyJulesVerne?Thenextboytoplaywenttothepiano.Heisalwaysthefirstonetogetup.分詞－正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生了的動作不定式－尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)的將來的行為或表示一般性敘述而無一定的時(shí)間性。動名詞－表示被修飾詞的目的或用途2邏輯關(guān)系：分詞－主謂關(guān)系（可改成定語從句）動名詞－表示被修飾詞的目的或用途不定式－多種邏輯關(guān)系ThelabtobebuiltbeingbuiltbuiltlastyearTherisingsun---thesunthatisrisingAbrokenglass---aglassthatisbrokenThelightisoff.Pleasegivemesomecandlestogivelight.(somecandlesthatgivelight)主謂關(guān)系

Ahardjobtodo---ahardjobthatonemustdo動賓關(guān)系A(chǔ)placetorest---aplacewhereonecanrest動狀關(guān)系Theplantoopenupricefields同謂關(guān)系3.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞fallingleavesfallenleavesexitingnewsexitedstudents-ing令人…;-ed表示所修飾詞本身的特征adisappointingvoice;adisappointedvoice注意：1?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表示動作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動詞的表示的動作幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。如兩個(gè)動作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，而要用定語從句。

1.Theteachercriticizedthestudentwho

hadbrokenthewindow. 2.Yesterday,mothertoldmeanevent whichhappenedfiveyearsago.

2.不定式作定語

Changethefollowingintoinfinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosay?Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread.Hethoughtoutaplan_____(punish)Tom.Heisalwaysthelast_____(come)toofficePleasegivemeaknife_____(cut)with.作定語的不定式如是不及物動詞，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。5。賓語補(bǔ)足語不定式分詞使役動詞：make,have,let,hear,listento,see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,etc.感覺動詞：find,see,watch,notice,hear,feel,etc.It’scoldoutside,wehadthefireburningallnight.Mumhadhimwashtheplates.Isawhimgoupstairs.Isawhimgoingupstairs（已經(jīng)上去了，全過程）（此刻的行為）6。狀語不定式分詞1.Everydayheclimbedtoahighrocknearhiscavetokeepwatch.2.Twoyearslater,herfatherdisappeared,nevertoreturn.3.I’mverygladtohavethisstampagain.4.Itistoodarkforustoseeanythingintheroom.5.Heisoldenoughtolookafterhimself.目的結(jié)果原因程度程度不定式主要作目的，結(jié)果和程度狀語1.OncefleeingGermany,EinsteinwentfirsttoFrance,thentoBelgium…2.Beingashyman,Einsteindidn’tattendthegreatcelebration.3.Thetrainerappeared,followedbysixlittledog.4.Givenmoretime,Icandoitbetter.5.Weighingalmost100jin,thestonewasmovedbyhimalone.6.Theboystoodup,obligingmetorise,too.時(shí)間原因方式，伴隨條件讓步結(jié)果1。分詞在句中主要作時(shí)間，原因，方式或伴隨，條件，讓步，結(jié)果狀語。分詞和不定式作結(jié)果狀語MygrandfatherlivedtoseetheliberationofChina.Tony’sfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.Hewenthome,onlytofindhismoneystolen.（動作行為）（狀態(tài)）2。不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生的過程或未曾料到的不愉快的結(jié)果；分詞主要表示動作發(fā)生后所引起的結(jié)果狀態(tài)或必然產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語Manypeoplecometothemeparks,lookingforthrillsandentertainment.Oncepublished,hisworkbecamefamousfortheabsenceofrhymeattheendofeachline.主語是分詞所表示動作的執(zhí)行者分詞用doing/havingdone，如果是分詞所表示動作的承受者，分詞用done/havingbeendone。注意：1。狀態(tài)動詞或相當(dāng)于狀態(tài)動詞的一些詞。Shesatthere,lostinthought.Afteraday’swork,hewenthome,tiredout.2.一些使役性動詞，如：disappoint/excite/surprise/move/interest/puzzle…。Thegame________(interest)theboys.

Theboysare________________thegame. Thegameis__________. Iwonderwhyfootball_____boys. A.hasinterested B.isinterestedin C.interesting D.interested_______(excite)atthenews,theboysrushedtowatchthegame.________(Fill)withjoy,Istartedoff.interestsinterestedininterestingAExcitedFilled3不定式在作表語/補(bǔ)語的形容詞后面作狀語，用主動形式表被動意思。

Thisquestionisdifficult_______(answer). Doyouthinkhimeasy______(work)with? Wefindthisrulehard_____(remember).

4有些分詞已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠?dú)立成分，含有“泛指”意義，在句中常作插入語。如：generallyspeaking,judgingfrom…,talkingof…,supposing,considering…Judgingfromhisaccent,heisasoutherner.toanswerto/to/注1：分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語須與句子的主語一致，構(gòu)成主動或被動的關(guān)系。注2：表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時(shí)可由連接詞while或when引導(dǎo)。注3：有時(shí)，”with+名詞（或代詞賓格）+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨狀況。注4:當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時(shí)，分詞須有自己的主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。（見后）WhilewatchingTV,heheardsomeoneshoutingshoutforhelp.Withtheworkdone,hewenthome.Weatherpermitting,we’llgooutingtomorrow.Movedbyhiswords,tearscametomyeyes.3非謂語動詞的各種形式：（以動詞do為例）主動被動一般完成進(jìn)行完成進(jìn)行一般完成不定式分詞TodoTobedoneTohavedoneTohavebeendoneTobedoingTohavebeendoingdoingBeingdoneHavingdoneHavingbeendone1。不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)：

1）一般式：不定式表示的動作常與謂語的動作同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或在它之后發(fā)生。

Isawhimgoout. Iplantoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.2）進(jìn)行式：不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行。I’mverygladtobeworkingwithyou.3）完成式：不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting. Thearticleissaidtohavebeenreadbymanypeople.

2。動名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1）動名詞的時(shí)態(tài)：一般式和完成式

如G.的動作沒明確表示出時(shí)間是與謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語之前發(fā)生，用一般式。

Weareinterestedin_____(play)chess.

如G.的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，通常用完成式。

I’msorryfornot_____(keep)mypromise.

但在某些詞后，常用一般式，盡管其動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生。

Onhearingthebadnews,shecried.I’llneverforgetseeingthatfilmforthefirsttime. 2）動名詞的語態(tài)

doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone Hewasafraidof_____(leave)athome.Thehouseshowednosignof_____(damage).XuBenyuinsistedonbeingsenttothemountainareatoservethechildrenthere.3現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)：分詞的動作如發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后doing，用一般式，如發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，用完成式havingdone。HavingenjoyedtheridesattheHeadland,visitorscantakeashuttletotheLowland.Butthemeparksalsotrytomakesurethatvisitorsleaveknowingmoreabouttheirtheme.4非謂語動詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯主語能發(fā)出該動作（發(fā)）邏輯主語不能發(fā)出該動作（收）不發(fā)不收用結(jié)構(gòu)： 動詞不定式：用獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。動名詞：用復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞：用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)如果要說明不定式表示的動作是誰做的，可以在不定式前加一個(gè)由for/of引起的短語。

Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.1不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):for/ofsb.todosth.It’swrongofhimtospeakbadbehindothers.2動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

名詞所有格(Mary’s)/形容性物主代詞（my）+動名邏輯主語是有生命的名詞：作主語時(shí)，須用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞；作賓語時(shí)，也可用普通格或人稱代詞賓格。

Tom’s(His)comingiswhatwehaveexpected.Shedidn’tmindJack/Jack’s(him/his)cominghere.2.邏輯主語是無生命的名詞：只用名詞普格。

Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?3.邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone時(shí)，只有普通格。Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.3分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞/代詞＋分詞Weatherpermitting,we’llgooutingtomorrow.Therebeingnointerestingprograms,heturnedofftheTVset.Swordinhand,theboyrushedout.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于狀語從句。不定式作獨(dú)立成分。Totell(you)thetruth,hedoesn’tagreewithyou.Tobeginwith,Beijingisaverybeautifulcity.不定式中作結(jié)果狀語的注意點(diǎn)：

1）某些形容詞在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)中表示肯定，這類詞是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willing… Shewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas. 2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的”too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)中，”too”的含義為”very”，不定式?jīng)]有否定含義。

I’monlytoogladtostayathome. It’snevertoooldtolearn.不定式一般不能作介詞的賓語，只有在極少數(shù)介詞如：but,except等后才行，此時(shí)不定式可帶to或不帶to.Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Wehavenochoice

buttowaitoutside.Theycoulddonothingbutas