專八寫作課件-writing-(structure)

WritingTEM-8IntroductionKeyelementsofTEM8WritingContentOrganizationGrammarAppropriatenessKeyelementsContent（50%）

觀點(diǎn)清楚，前后無矛盾，并有充分、恰當(dāng)?shù)睦C說明自己的論點(diǎn)。Organization(10%)

細(xì)節(jié)安排有條理，敘述層次清楚，段落之間聯(lián)系自然，句子連貫。Grammar(35%)

沒有句子結(jié)構(gòu)上的重大錯(cuò)誤，拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)、大小寫等正確；引文不超過文章的10%；用詞確切、恰當(dāng)。Appropriateness(5%)

語言得體，語氣恰當(dāng)，以理服人，有說服力。Content—ThoughtAsummaryofTEM8Writings:勵(lì)志人生和諧社會(huì)年份主題或題目題材content體裁genre(organization)2010Theimportantroleofacity’slocalconditionsintheurbandesign社會(huì)問題議論文argumentation2009Aredialectsjustasacceptableinpublicplaces?社會(huì)問題議論文2008WhathaveIlearnedfrommyyearsofuniversity?校園生活說明文exposition2007Financialdisparityandfriendship社會(huì)問題議論文2006Ambition個(gè)人發(fā)展說明文2005Interviewisagoodwaytoselectemployees社會(huì)問題議論文StepsinWritingaComposition

1.Planning2.WritingtheFirstDraft3.Revising4.MakingtheFinalCopyStepsinWritingaComposition

1.Planning--tothinkofasmanyrelevantfactsaspossible--tofindaproperthesisorthemefromthefacts--selectimportantfactsandarrangetheminalogicalorder--writeanoutlineStepsinWritingaComposition

3.Revisinga.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole--Aroundthetopic?--Clearthesis?Sufficientfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?--Irrelevantinformation?--Soundlogic?StepsinWritingaComposition

3.Revisingb.Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial--Introductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointornot?--Eachparagraphhasacentralideaornot?Paragraphsrelatedtotheirpreviousorfollowingoneornot?Propertransitionsbetweensections?Paragraphsarrangedinclimaticorderornot?--Concludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofthepaper’sintentionornot?Content—ThoughtWaystoimprovewritingdaily平時(shí)積累，永久獲益Second-handExperiencea.Emulation(imitation)

b.Reading

Newswebsites:1)(headlines)e.g.ShouldParentsgivecashforromance?學(xué)生校園談戀愛父母掏錢來買單ShouldPrettywomendressdownfor‘masculine’jobs?美女也遭職場(chǎng)碰壁？Internprogramscanputstudentsatrisk大學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)Content—ThoughtNewswebsites:

2)

(news&topics)e.g.Whentemperatureshitextremehighs(orlows),whatmeasuresshouldbetakentoprotectthehealthofthoseworkingoutdoors?Underwhatcircumstancesshouldoutdoorlabourbeceased?Whattypeofworkdemandssuchspecialarrangement?中國大部分地方的氣溫最近頻頻創(chuàng)下紀(jì)錄，高溫到什么程度員工可以放假？高溫天氣之下，哪些人最該享受降溫補(bǔ)貼？大家覺得什么情況下應(yīng)該停止戶外勞動(dòng)？3)http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news

(news)Books如：《英語經(jīng)典美文背誦》《晨讀英語美文》Content—ThoughtTheexercisesinThoughtsAreDialectsjustasAcceptableinPublicPlaces?Ideastosupportitsacceptabilitya.tohaveeasycommunicationwithpeoplewhocan’tspeakmuchMandarinb.tocultivatefriendshipeasierfordialectsareverypleasingtotheearsoftheirspeakersc.topreservethecolorfulvarietiesofdialectsContent—ThoughtTheexercisesinThoughtsADiscussiononStudyingAbroada.conspicuousbenefits

a)tokeepupwiththelatestacademicachievementinmanydevelopedcountries

b)todevelopabroaderoutlookbyexperiencingnewwayoflife

c)tohaveamoreprospectwithone’soverseaseducationbackgroundtogetherwithhisorherplentifulforeign-fundworkingexperienceContent—ThoughtTheexercisesinThoughtsADiscussiononStudyingAbroadb.Drawbacks

a)seriousoutflowofintelligenceandintellectuals

b)followanyvalueblindlyduetolanguagebarrierandcultureshock

c.Conclusion

Therearealwaystwosidestoeverything.Therewillbenosweetnesswithoutsweat.Acarefulthinkingabouttheoverseasstudyplanisneeded.TheexercisesinThoughtsRENTisrisingincitiesacrossChina,andyoungChinesearefeelingthebruntofthisworryingtrend.Whatarethereasonsbehindtherentrise?Pleasegiveyouropinions.

Expertsblametherisingcostsofrentinganapartmentonanumberoffactors,suchasrecentgovernmentregulationsonhousingprices,andaninfluxofrentaldemandfromnewgraduatesandothergroups.Thegovernmentshouldcontroltheamountofviolenceinfilmsandontelevisioninordertodecreasetheviolentcrimesinsociety.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisissue?Content—Thought

TypesofWriting

1.Description2.Narration3.Exposition4.Argumentation

TypesofWriting

1.DescriptionDescriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,object,orscene.Generalprinciple:tobringoutthedominantcharacteristicoroutstandingqualityofthepersonorthingdescribedthroughcarefulandpurposefulchoiceofsensorydetailsa.Descriptionofaperson--Peculiaritiesandidiosyncrasiesb.Descriptionofaplace--Foritsownsake,butmoreoftenforthepurposeofrevealingthepersonalityandcharacterofaperson,orcreatingafeelingormood--Todescribethethingsthatmaketheplacedifferentfromotherplaces

TypesofWriting

2.NarrationTonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Narrativewritingincludesstories(realorimaginary),biographies,histories,newsitemsandnarrativepoems.Narrationoftengoeshandinhandwithdescription.Fiveaspectstoconsiderwhenplanninganarrative:a.Context--when,whereandtowhomtheactionhappenedb.Selectionofdetails--detailsinterestingandrelevanttothethemeorpurposec.Organization--usu.inchronologicalorder

TypesofWriting

3.ExpositionPerhapsthetypeofwritingmostfrequentlyusedbystudents,scientistsorprofessionals.Expositionsmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething.Descriptionmainlydealswithappearancesandfeelings,narrationwitheventsandexperiences,andexpositionsprocessesandrelationships.Clarityisthemostimportantqualityofexposition.

TypesofWriting

3.ExpositionMethodsforwritingexpositoryessays:a.Illustration:theuseofexampletoillustrateapoint(exampleonP183)b.DivisionandClassification:twowaystosortthingsout--division:separatethingsintoparts--classification:groupthingswhichsharecertainqualitiessystematicallyc.ComparisonandContrast

TypesofWriting

3.ExpositionAnalogy:aspecialkindofcomparison,whichshowsthesimilaritiesbetweentwothingsofdifferentclass.Oneitemisusedonlytoexplaintheother.Theitemusedtoclarifytheothermustbequitefamiliartothereaderandprovidesanewinsightorperspective,butnottoproveanything.E.g.1）AcupistoDionysuswhatashieldistoAres.酒杯之于酒神，正如盾牌之于戰(zhàn)神。

2）Toreadwithoutreflectingislikeeatingwithoutdigesting.學(xué)而不思猶如食而未化。

TypesofWriting

3.Expositiond.CauseandEffect:showingofexplainingthecauseand/oreffectofsth.--distinguishbetweendirectandindirectcausesandeffectsandbetweenmajorandminorcausesandeffects--donotomitlinksinachainofcausesandeffects--beobjectiveandsupporttheanalysiswithsolid,factualevidencee.Definition:todefineatermandmakethemeaningclearanddefinite

TypesofWriting

4.ArgumentationThepurposeofexpositionistoinformwhilethatofargumentationistoconvinceorpersuade(triestomakethereaderagreewiththepointofviewandsupportit.)Itfrequentlymakesuseofdescription,narrationandexposition.Featuresofargumentativeessays--a.Thesis/debatablepointa)merestatementsoffactsb)statementofpersonalpreference--b.SupportingIdeaswithsufficientevidenceevidenceincludescommonknowledge,specificexamples,facts,expertorauthoritativeopinions,statistics,quotationsfromauthorities,etc.Organization—ThestructuringofThoughtsStructure3-part5-paragraphessay(Argumentation)

introductoryparagraph

supportingparagraphsconcludingparagraph

Para.1Para.2Para.3(e.g.LosingTouch,WhatILivedFor)Organization—ThestructuringofThoughtsStructure

4-part5-paragraphessay(Exposition)

introductoryparagraph

supportingparagraphsbalancingparagraphconcludingparagraphPara.1Para.2(e.g.Ambition)Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphMethodsofOpeningNarration敘述Quotes引用Description描寫PresentandPast現(xiàn)在與過去的對(duì)比Classification分類Criticalreasoning推理General-Focus-Survey引入-焦點(diǎn)-分析Emphasis強(qiáng)調(diào)Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphMethodsofOpeningFocusing1)AdditionTotakeaquickglanceattheentertainmentcolumninanynewspaperormagazine,youareeasytofindsomegossipsaboutdifferentcelebrities.Plentyofthemareonlyliesmadeupbytiresomenewsreporters,andsomeothersareevenpublicizedtoattackfamouspeopleinanimmoralway.

Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphMethodsofOpeningFocusing2)ConcessionAccordingtotheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglish,frustration,bydefinition,meansthefeelingofbeingupsetorannoyed,especiallybecauseofinabilitytochangeorachievesomething.Sincefrustrationseemstobeanegativefeeling,somepeoplemaybetemptedtothinkthatfrustrationisbadforpeople.Theybelievethatconstantfrustrationmaycauseseriousmentalproblems.Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphContentinopeningparagraphIntroductoryremarks—引言句

a)介紹與主題相關(guān)的當(dāng)前背景

b)介紹不同觀點(diǎn)

c)對(duì)要討論的問題進(jìn)行設(shè)問

d)引用調(diào)查研究的數(shù)據(jù)、名人名言或有代表性的看法Thesissentence—主旨句主旨句要清楚明確，應(yīng)控制結(jié)構(gòu)

Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表達(dá)描述現(xiàn)象drawn/arousedpublic/popular/

Recentlytherisein…grave/world-wideattention.phenomenonof…caused/arousedwide/general/

problemof…h(huán)asconsiderableconcern.

questionof…arisen/loomedup/croppedup

ascontroversial/asnote-worthy/moredistinctlyforsettlemente.g.Recentlytheissueofwhethertheelderlyshouldbetakencareofbythegovernmentortheiryoungchildrenhasbeenposedamongthegeneralpublic.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表達(dá)呈現(xiàn)不同觀點(diǎn)Whenaskedabout….,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplesay/think/believemost/many/quiteafew

that….Butotherpeopleregard/view/see/thinkoftheproblem/theissueas….e.g.Thereisafamoussayingthat“Looksaren’teverything”.Peoplewhoargueforitclaimthattheappearanceisonlysuperficial.Thosewhoopposeithavetheirsoundreasons.Undeniably,therearepointsinbothsidesoftheargument,however,tomymind,Iwouldliketosupportthestatementstrongly.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表達(dá)呈現(xiàn)不同觀點(diǎn)Whenaskedabout….,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplesay/think/believemost/many/quiteafew

that….Butotherpeopleregard/view/see/thinkoftheproblem/theissueas….e.g.Thereisafamoussayingthat“Looksaren’teverything”.Peoplewhoargueforitclaimthattheappearanceisonlysuperficial.Thosewhoopposeithavetheirsoundreasons.Undeniably,therearepointsinbothsidesoftheargument,however,tomymind,Iwouldliketosupportthestatementstrongly.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表達(dá)進(jìn)行設(shè)問

Should/What….?Opinionsof/Attitudestoward…varywidely/greatlyfrompersontoperson.Somethinkof/regard/view…as….Otherscontend/argue/claimthat….e.g.Thereisafamoussayingthat“Looksaren’teverything”.Peoplewhoargueforitclaimthattheappearanceisonlysuperficial.Thosewhoopposeithavetheirsoundreasons.Undeniably,therearepointsinbothsidesoftheargument,however,tomymind,Iwouldliketosupportthestatementstrongly.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph引言句常用表達(dá)引經(jīng)據(jù)典

Oneofthegreatearlymen/writer/philosophers/psychologistssaid/wrote/remarkedthat….Ifthisistrue/thecase,thenthepresent/currentview/value/attitude/situationshouldmakeusponderover/wonderwhether….e.g.AgiftedAmericanpsychologisthassaid“Worryisaspasmoftheemotion;themindcatchesholdofsomethingandwillnotletitgo.”Inotherwords,itisuselesstoarguewiththemindinthiscondition.Thestrongerthewillis,themorefutilethetaskis.Onecanonlygentlyinsinuatesomethingelseintoitsconvulsivegrasp.Ifitistrue,thenthecultivationofahobbyisapolicyoffirstimportancetoamodernmanwhoeasilygetsanxiousanddepressed.Organization—Howtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraph主題句常用表達(dá)AsfarasIamconcerned,Ifirmlybelievethat….Iconsider…tobe…Personally,Idonotsharethispointofview.Inthisdiscussion,Iwillsupport/refutetheviewthat…Formypart,…Itis,therefore,natural/mostconspicuous/mostpredictable/obvious/apparentthat…Thereisnodenyingthat…Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…Thereisagrowingbodyofevidencetosupportthat…Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphExamples.Muchofthecontroversyontheartisticprojectshasitsmaintheme—thequestionofwhetherornotgovernmentshouldspendsomuchfundonhighart.Somecitizensclaimthatitsinksmoneyandistooextravagantfordevelopingcountries.Othersholdtheviewthatitispartoftheculture,whichisasymbolofhumancivilization.Personally,Itakethesideofthelatterview.Fundamentallyspeaking,itisawidelybelievedtruththatknowledgelearnedfrombooksisofsignificantimportancebeforesomeoneisabletomakeanysubstantialcontributiontohisfuturecareer.Yet,inmypointofview,personalexperience,whichhasbeentestifiedbycountlessfacts,hasdisplayeditsgreatervalueinsocialpractices.Organization—HowtowriteagoodintroductoryparagraphWaysofsupportingaparagraphListingofcauses原因分析Listingofeffects結(jié)果分析Listingofspecificexamples舉例論證Synonymousreinforcement強(qiáng)調(diào)

positiveandnegative正反論證強(qiáng)調(diào)

‘inotherwords’解釋

comparison/contrast/analogy比較/對(duì)比/類比/推展

Organization—Howtodevelopthesupportingparagraphs常用表達(dá)因果表達(dá)

1)Why…?Onereasonis….Anotherreasonfor…is….Besides,….2)Thephenomenon/changein…mainlyresultsfromthefactthat…3）Onemayregardthephenomenonasasignof…4)Thereasonsforthisarenotfartoseek.Foronething,….Foranother….5)Thereisnodoubtthat…h(huán)asproducedquitemanynegativeeffectsonoursociety.Themostsevereconsequenceis….Asecondeffectis….Organization—Howtodevelopthesupportingparagraphs常用表達(dá)舉例/列舉

1)Thereareanumberof….First,….Second,….Finally…2)…h(huán)asawidevarietyof….Forthose….Forthose…3)Foronething,….Foranother….4)Tobeginwith,….Then,….Furthermore/Moreover/Inaddition/Additionally,….Finally/Inconclusion/Lastbutnotleast,….5）Toillustrate,--------.Asanotherinstance,------.Ifonemorecasewereneeded,Icouldmentionthat------.Organization—Howtodevelopthesupportingparagraphs常用表達(dá)舉例/列舉e.g.IntheUnitedStatesanypersonwhocompletessecondaryschoolhasavarietyofadvancededucationalopportunities.Forthoseinterestedinafour-yeareducationingeneralpreparationforwork,therearehundredsofliberalartscolleges.Forthosewhowantatechnicaleducation,therearespecializedcolleges,too.Organization—Howtodevelopthesupportingparagraphs常用表達(dá)比較/類比

1)Nothingismore…than…

2)ComparedwithA,B...3)Thereisastrikingcontrastbetween…and…4)Likewise/Similarly/Inthesameway/Equallyimportantare,…

5)Unlike/Bycomparison/Onthecontrary/Instead,…e.g.Intheessaythefirstparagrap