《水處理技術(shù)（雙語(yǔ)）》課件-污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)

Commonsensoryindicatorsinwastewatertreatmentprocesses污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)在城市污水廠的運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，操作管理人員通過(guò)對(duì)處理過(guò)程中的感官指標(biāo)的觀測(cè)直接感覺(jué)到進(jìn)水是否正常，各構(gòu)筑物運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)是否正常，處理效果是否穩(wěn)定。Intheoperationprocessofurbanwastewaterplant,theoperationmanagercandirectlyfeelwhethertheincomingwaterisnormal,whethertheoperationofeachstructureisnormalandwhetherthetreatmenteffectisstablethroughtheobservationofthesensoryindicatorsinthetreatmentprocess.一個(gè)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的操作管理員往往能根據(jù)觀測(cè)做出粗略的判斷，從而能較快地調(diào)整一些運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)。Anexperiencedoperationmanagercanoftenmakearoughjudgmentbasedontheobservation,sothatsomeoperationstatuscanbeadjustedmorequickly.污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess感官指標(biāo)主要有以下幾方面：Themainsensoryindicatorsarethefollowing.1、顏色Color

城市污水處理廠，比較新鮮進(jìn)水顏色通常為糞黃色，如果進(jìn)水呈黑色且臭味特別嚴(yán)重，則污水比較陳腐，可能在管道內(nèi)存積太久。Municipalwastewatertreatmentplants,relativelyfreshwatercolorisusuallyfecalyellow,iftheincomingwaterisblackandsmellsparticularlybad,thesewageismorestaleandmaybestoredinthepipelinefortoolong.曝氣池中混合液的顏色應(yīng)該呈現(xiàn)巧克力樣的顏色。Thecolorofthemixtureintheaerationtankshouldhaveachocolate-likecolor.污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess感官指標(biāo)主要有以下幾方面：Themainsensoryindicatorsarethefollowing.1、顏色Color顏色也能夠作為污泥的健康指標(biāo)，一個(gè)健康的好氧活性污泥的顏色應(yīng)是類(lèi)似巧克力的棕色。Thecolorcanalsobeusedasanindicatorofthehealthofthesludge,ahealthyaerobicactivatedsludgeshouldhaveabrowncolorsimilartochocolate.深黑色的污泥典型地表明它的曝氣不足，污泥處于厭氧狀態(tài)（即腐敗狀態(tài)），曝氣池中一些不正常的顏色也可能表明某些有色物質(zhì)（例如化學(xué)染料廢水）進(jìn)入處理廠。Darkblacksludgetypicallyindicatesthatitisunder-aeratedandthatthesludgeisinananaerobicstate(i.e.,spoiled),andsomeabnormalcolorintheaerationbasinmayalsoindicatethatcertaincoloredsubstances(e.g.,chemicaldyewastewater)areenteringthetreatmentplant.污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess污水廠的進(jìn)水除了正常的糞臭外，有時(shí)在集水井附近有臭雞蛋味，這是管道內(nèi)因污水腐化而產(chǎn)生的少量硫化氫氣體所致。Inadditiontothenormalfecalodoroftheincomingwaterfromthesewageplant,sometimesthereisarotteneggsmellnearthecatchmentwells,whichiscausedbythesmallamountofhydrogensulfidegasproducedinthepipesduetothedecayofsewage.氣味也能夠指示污水廠運(yùn)行是否正常。Theodorcanalsoindicatewhetherthewastewaterplantisoperatingproperly.正常的污水廠不應(yīng)該產(chǎn)生令人討厭的氣味，從曝氣池采集到完好的混合液樣品應(yīng)有輕微的霉味。Anormalwastewaterplantshouldnotproduceunpleasantodors,andintactsamplesofthemixturecollectedfromtheaerationtanksshouldhaveaslightmustysmell.一旦污泥的氣味轉(zhuǎn)變成腐敗性氣味，污泥的顏色顯得非常黑，污泥還會(huì)散發(fā)出類(lèi)似臭雞蛋的氣味（硫化氫氣味）。Oncetheodorofthesludgeturnsintoaputridodor,thecolorofthesludgeappearsverydarkandthesludgealsoemitsarottenegg-likeodor(hydrogensulfideodor).如果有其他刺鼻的令人難以忍受的氣味時(shí)，則表示有工業(yè)廢水進(jìn)入。Whenthereareotherpungentandunbearableodors,itindicatesthatindustrialwastewaterisentering.2、氣味Scent污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess3、泡沫Foam泡沫可分為兩種，一種是化學(xué)泡沫，另一種是生物泡沫。化學(xué)泡沫是由于污水中的洗滌劑在曝氣的攪拌和吹脫下形成的。Therearetwotypesoffoam,oneischemicalfoamandtheotherisbiologicalfoam.Chemicalfoamisformedbythedetergentintheeffluentundertheagitationandblow-offofaeration.在活性污泥的培養(yǎng)初期，化學(xué)泡沫較多，有時(shí)在曝氣池表面會(huì)堆成高達(dá)幾米的白色泡沫山。Intheearlystageofactivatedsludgecultivation,chemicalfoamishighandsometimesamountainofwhitefoamseveralmetershighispileduponthesurfaceoftheaerationtank.污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess3、泡沫Foam在日常的運(yùn)行當(dāng)中，若在曝氣池內(nèi)，發(fā)現(xiàn)有白浪狀的泡沫，應(yīng)當(dāng)減少剩余污泥的排放量。Indailyoperation,ifwhitewave-likefoamisfoundintheaerationtank,theresidualsludgedischargeshouldbereduced.濃黑色的泡沫表明污泥衰老，應(yīng)當(dāng)增加剩余污泥排放量。生物泡沫呈褐色，也可在曝氣池上堆積很高，并進(jìn)入二沉池隨水流走。Thickblackfoamindicatessludgeagingandshouldincreaseresidualsludgedischarge.Biologicalfoamisbrownincolorandcanalsobuilduphighontheaerationtankandenterthesecondarysettlingtankwiththewaterflow.這可能是由于卡諾菌引起的生物泡沫，通常原因是由于進(jìn)水中含有大量油及脂類(lèi)物質(zhì)，如賓館污水等。ThismaybeduetobiologicalfoamcausedbyCarnotobacteria,usuallyduetothelargeamountofoilandlipidsubstancesinthefeedwater,suchashotelsewage.污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess4、氣泡Airbubbles二沉池中出現(xiàn)氣泡表明在池中的污泥停留時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)，應(yīng)該加大污泥回流率，如果沉淀池中的污泥層太厚，底層污泥會(huì)處于厭氧狀態(tài)，產(chǎn)生硫化氫、甲烷、二氧化碳等氣體。Theappearanceofbubblesinthesecondarysedimentationtankindicatesthatthesludgeresidencetimeinthetankistoolong,andthesludgerefluxrateshouldbeincreased.Ifthesludgelayerinthesedimentationtankistoothick,thebottomsludgewillbeinananaerobicstate,producinghydrogensulfide,methane,carbondioxideandothergases.這些氣體以氣泡形式逸出水面，當(dāng)氣泡上升時(shí)，會(huì)使絮凝體與氣泡一起上升，隨沉淀池出水一起流出，從而引起出水水質(zhì)下降。Thesegasesescapefromthewatersurfaceintheformofbubbles,andwhenthebubblesrise,theycausetheflocstorisewiththebubblesandflowoutwiththesedimentationtankeffluent,thuscausingtheeffluentwaterqualitytodrop.5、水溫Watertemperature水溫與曝氣池的處理效率有著很大的關(guān)系。污水處理廠的水溫隨季節(jié)逐漸緩慢變化的，一天內(nèi)幾乎無(wú)變化。Watertemperaturehasagreatrelationshipwiththetreatmentefficiencyoftheaerationtank.Thewatertemperatureinwastewatertreatmentplantschangesgraduallyandslowlywiththeseasonsandhardlychangesduringtheday.如果發(fā)現(xiàn)一天內(nèi)變化較大，則要進(jìn)行檢查，是否有工業(yè)冷卻水進(jìn)入。Iflargevariationsarefoundthroughouttheday,acheckismadetoseeifindustrialcoolingwaterhasentered.當(dāng)曝氣池中的低于8℃時(shí)，BOD5的去除率常低于80%。Whentheaerationtankisbelow8°C,theremovalrateofBOD5isoftenbelow80%.污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess觀察曝氣池的水流狀態(tài)，可確定短路情況。Theshortcircuitcanbedeterminedbyobservingthestateofthewaterflowintheaerationtank.短路是指污水從進(jìn)口直接流到出水口，導(dǎo)致停留的有效時(shí)間低于設(shè)計(jì)值，并使處理效果降低。Ashortcircuitisadirectflowofeffluentfromtheinlettotheoutlet,resultinginaneffectiveresidencetimelowerthanthedesignvalueandareductionintreatmenteffectiveness.有時(shí)廢水流的短路形式可通過(guò)觀察池中的泡沫、懸浮固體和漂浮物質(zhì)的流動(dòng)狀況識(shí)別。Sometimestheshort-circuitingformofthewastewaterstreamcanbeidentifiedbyobservingtheflowoffoam,suspendedsolidsandfloatingmaterialinthepool.設(shè)置合適的擋板能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。Settingtherightbafflecansolvethisproblem.6、水流狀態(tài)Waterflowstatus污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess觀察曝氣池曝氣量是否均勻，曝氣量是否把污泥全部攪拌起來(lái)，是否存在死角，在機(jī)械曝氣方面觀察浪花大小，浪花大小意味著曝氣機(jī)浸沒(méi)深度是否適合。Observewhethertheaerationpoolaerationisuniform,whethertheaerationvolumestirsupallthesludgeandwhethertherearedeadends,andobservethesizeofthewavesintermsofmechanicalaeration;thesizeofthewavesmeanswhethertheaerationmachinesubmersiondepthissuitable.曝氣池中的溶解氧濃度低，也表明葉片入水深度不適合，應(yīng)注意觀察葉片的浸沒(méi)深度，使之達(dá)到最佳的充氧效率Dissolvedoxygenconcentrationintheaerationtankislow,alsoindicatesthatthebladeintothewaterdepthisnotsuitable,shouldpayattentiontoobservethebladesubmersiondepth,sothatitreachesthebestoxygenationefficiency.7、曝氣量的大小Thesizeoftheaerationvolume污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess正常污水處理廠處理后出水透明度很高，懸浮顆粒很少，顏色略帶黃色，無(wú)氣味。Thenormalwastewatertreatmentplanttreatedeffluenthashightransparency,fewsuspendedparticles,slightlyyellowishcolorandnoodor.在夏季，二沉池內(nèi)往往有大量的水蚤（俗稱(chēng)魚(yú)蟲(chóng)），此時(shí)出水BOD5可能在3～5mg/L左右。Inthesummer,thereisoftenalargenumberofdaphnia(commonlyknownasfishworms)inthesecondsink,whentheeffluentBOD5maybearound3-5mg/L.8、出水觀測(cè)Wateroutflowobservation污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的操作管理者，能用肉眼粗略地判斷出水的水質(zhì)狀況。Experiencedoperationmanagerscanusethenakedeyetoroughlydeterminetheconditionofthewaterquality.

如果出水透明度突然變差，含有較多的懸浮固體時(shí)，應(yīng)馬上檢查排泥是否及時(shí)，排泥管是否被堵塞或者是否由于高峰流量對(duì)二沉池的沖擊太大。Ifthewaterclaritysuddenlydeterioratesandcontainsmoresuspendedsolidsshouldimmediatelycheckwhetherthemuddischargeistimely,whetherthemuddischargepipeisblockedorwhethertheimpactonthesecondarysedimentationtankistoolargeduetopeakflow.8、出水觀測(cè)Wateroutflowobservation污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewatertreatmentprocess首先要觀測(cè)二沉池污泥出流井中的活性污泥是否連續(xù)不斷地流出，且有一定的濃度。Thefirstthingtoobserveiswhethertheactivatedsludgeinthesludgeoutflowwellofthesecondarysedimentationtankflowscontinuouslyandwithacertainconcentration.如果在排泥時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有污水流出，則要從閘閥的開(kāi)啟程度和排泥時(shí)間的控制方面來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)。Ifsewageisfoundtoflowoutduringmuddischarge,itisregulatedintermsofthedegreeofopeningofthegatevalveandthecontrolofthemuddischargetime.對(duì)污泥濃縮池要經(jīng)過(guò)觀測(cè)撇水中是否有大量污泥帶出。Thesludgethickeningtankshouldbeobservedtoseeifalargeamountofsludgeiscarriedoutintheskimmedwater.9、排泥觀測(cè)Muddischargeobservation污水處理過(guò)程中的常見(jiàn)感官指標(biāo)Commonsensoryindicatorsinthewastewater