《旅游學(xué)概論》教案

《旅游學(xué)概論》教案

授課班級：卓旅13-1

課程學(xué)分：_3__________________

課程學(xué)時：_54_________________

課程周學(xué)時：_3__________________

教學(xué)進(jìn)度安排

教學(xué)進(jìn)度（章）計劃課時教學(xué)手段教學(xué)環(huán)境

第一章15講授與討論普通教室

第二章6講授與討論普通教室

第三章15講授與討論普通教室

第四章12講授與討論普通教室

第五章3講授與討論普通教室

第八早

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AnIntroductiontoGeneralKnowledgeof

第1章Tourism第1節(jié)TourismandTourism

Industry

課時3教學(xué)環(huán)境classroom

lbgivethestudentsageneralideaofthedevelopmentoftourismand

tourismindustryatpresentdaysintheworldandtheimportanceof

教學(xué)目的

tourisminworldwideeconomy;togettoknowthedifferent

approachesofstudyingtourism.

Theimportanceoftourismtodifferentcountries,economy;

重點

Approachesofstudyingtourism

Differentstatisticalfigurestosupportthestatementsaboutthe

難點descriptionsoftourism;

Somespecialtermsoftourismandtourismindustry

講

授AGeneralDescriptionofTourismNowadays

內(nèi)Theimportanceoftourism

容Basicapproachestothestudyoftourism

Topicsfordiscussion:

1.Howdoyouunderstandtheimportanceoftourismtothelocal

economyinatouristdestinationplace?(hostplace)

課外作業(yè)

2.WhydoalotofAsiancountriestrytodeveloptourismindustry?

3.HowdoyoudescribetheprospectsofthetourisminChinain

thefuture,sayby2020?

參考文獻(xiàn)

Part1AnIntroductiontoTourism(15teachinghours)

Topic1GeneralKnowledgeofTourismandTourismIndustry(3teachinghours)

LIAgeneraldescriptionoftourismnowadays(0.5teachinghour)

Tourismisnowgenerallyregardedasoneofthemostimportanteconomic,social

andculturalinfluencesofmoderntimes.Asoneofthelargestandfastestgrowing

industries,tourismisalargeanddynamicbusinessinthewholeworld.Iburismis

probablythesinglemostimportantindustryintheworld.Itcurrentlyaccountsforat

least6percentoftheworld'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP),andtheemploys127

millionpeoplearoundtheworld,onejobineveryfifteen.(SeeEnglishbookP46)

?Internationaltourismarrivalsandreceiptsintheworld:

AccordingtothemostrecentestimatebytheWorldTourismOrganization(WTO),

some903millioninternationaltrips(arrivals)weretakenplacein2007(increasing52

millionthan2006,growthrateis6.2%),withworldwidetourismreceipts(excluding

thecostofinternationalfares)reaching$856billionUSdollars.(SeeTable1.1)

?InternationaltourismarrivalsandreceiptsinChina:

AccordingtothestatisticsreleasedbyChinaTourismBureau,internationalarrivals

roseuptop132million,withtheinternationaltourismreceiptsreachingabout42

billioninUSdollars.(Thesefiguresdonotincludethevastnumberofpeopletaking

tripswithintheirowncountry;probablysixtimesthisnumberwilltakeatriplasting

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atleastfournights).

?Averageannualgrowthrate:

Therapidincreaseininternationaltravelduringtheearlypost-waryears,exceeding

10percentannualfrom1950to1960,couldnotbepermanentlysustained,ofcourse,

anditreflectedthepent-updemandwhichthewaryears,andthesloweconomic

recoveryafterthewar,hadconstrained.AccordingtothestatisticsreleasedbyWTO,

receiptsfrominternationaltourismhaveincreasedbyanaverageof4.1percent

annuallyfrom1995to2020.UNWTOforecaststhatinternationalarrivalswillreach

1.6billioneachyear,spending$2trillion,whiledomestictourismisexpectedto

accountfbr16billiontouristsspending$8trillion.

?China'spositionintheworldtourism:

AccordingtoUNWTO,Chinaisoneofthetenleadingtourism-generating

countriesinthewholeworld,rankingthetenthandoneofthetenleading

tourism-receivingcountriesrankingtheseventh,andwillrankthefirst

tourist-receivingcountryandthefourthtourist-generatingcountryby2020.(SeeTable

1.2and1.3)

So,wecanseethattourismisofmoreandmoreimportanceintheworldmarket

andinpeople'slife,butnotonlyineconomicfield.Here,thereisaquestionfor

discussion.Howdoyouunderstandtheimportanceoftourismtothedestination?

(Includingeconomic,social,environmentalfacetsandsoon.)

Theimportanceoftourism

Tourismhasgrowntobeanactivityofworldwideimportanceandsignificance

(accordingtotheanswersofstudents):

?Thethirdlargestretailindustryandfacilitatethelocaleconomyasawhole

?Accountsforbillionsindomesticandforeignvisitorspending,exceeding5

percentoftheGDP

?Directlyemploysmillionspersonsateverylevelofskill

?Generatebillionswagesandsalariesandtaxrevenues

?Hasbecomeamajorsocialandeconomicforceintheworld

1.2Profileofthestudyontourism(1.5teachinghours)

Tourismactivityhasalonghistory,butitisonlyaboutonehundredyearssinceit

wasresearchedintoasaresearchsubjectandsystematictheory.Sincethenalthough

greatachievementshavebeingmadeintheresearchoftourism,butbecausetourismis

akindofcomplicatedandloosesocialphenomenonandisinterrelatedwithother

socialphenomena,sofarwcdon'thaveacompletesystematicfundamentalformation

oftourismtheory,someoftheconceptshaven'tgotcommonrecognition.Westill

havemanythingstoargueaboutandmanyquestionstodiscusson.

LThebeginningofthestudyontourism

Studyontourismfirstlystartedbytheendof19thcenturyandthebeginningofthe

20lhcentury.Thefirstpublishedarticleontourismstudy,“OntheFlow&

ExpendituresofForeignVisitorstoItaly”,waswrittenin1899,byL.Bodio,whowas

thentheministerofCommerceofItaly.Thiswasthefirstarticlefocusingonthe

touristbehaviour.Andthiswasalsothefirsttheoreticalillustrationandattentionto

tourismstudy,drawingopenthecurtain(幕)oftourismstudy.

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InChina,thestudyontourismstartedinthe30soflastcenturywhenthefirst

tourismacademicbook“TheResearchofTravelinAncientChina“waspublished,

whichwaswrittenbyJiangShaoyuan,whodiscussedtheearlytourismphenomenaof

Chinafromthemodernperspective.

Attheverybeginning,peopletooktourismasaneconomicphenomenon,

influencedbythesocialenvironmentsandobjectiveconditionsatthattime.Withthe

developmentoftourismandtheprogressoftourismstudy,peoplebegantorealizethat

tourismisnotonlyaneconomicphenomenonbutasocialphenomenon.Eversince,

anincreasinglygreatnumberoftheoreticalliteraturesontourismhavecomeoutand

moreandmorepracticalcaseshavebeenconducted,abasicframeworkoftourism

studybegantoform.

2.Definitionoftourismasanacademicstudyandthecontents

Thetourismstudyisinter-disciplinaryandmulti-disciplinaryconcerningmany

fields,suchassociology,economicsandculture.Inthetourismcircle,scholarsof

differentdisciplinebackgroundsconducttheresearchesfromdifferentangles,thus

havedifferentdefinitions:generallysummarizedasthefollowing:

1)Itisthesciencestudyingthebasiclawoftourismactivities;

2)Itisthesciencestudyingfunctionsoftourismindustryinthemodernsociety;

3)Itisthesciencestudyingtourists,tourismindustryandsocial,cultural,economic

andenvironmentalimpactsoftheinteractionactivitiesofthetwotothe

destinationregions.

4)Itisthesciencestudyingthedifferentfactorsandtherelationshipofthefactorsin

thetourismactivities.

Conclude:Tourismstudytakesbasiccontradictions(矛盾)inthetourismactivities

andtourismphenomenonastheobjectofresearch,withthethreefactorsandthe

relationsamongthemasthecore,toexplorethelawofdevelopmentoftourismand

therelationsoftheoperationoftourismindustryandthesocial,cultural,economic

andenvironmentalimpacts.

Thecontentsoftourismstudyincludes:a.basiclawofdevelopmentoftourism

activities;b.thefourfactorsandtherelationsamongthem;c.relationsofthe

operationoftourismindustry;d.thesocial,cultural,economicandenvironmental

impactsoftourism;e.basicapproachestothestudyoftourism.

3.Puzzlesandproblemswearefacinginthestudyoftourism

1)Tourismresearcheshavenofixedstartingpoint.Scholarsarejustcostumedto

researchtourismphenomenonfromthepointsoftheirownsubjectbackgrounds.This

makesthestudyoftourismdependentandparasitic(寄生的、靠他人維生的)onother

subjects.

2)Becauseofthedynamismandcomplexityoftourismphenomenonandthe

opennessandthefuzzyboundaryoftourismindustry,wejustdon'tknowwhich

disciplineorspecialitythetourismtheorysystemshouldbelongto.Thishaslongbeen

arguedbyscholarsandnocommonagreementhasbeenreachedyetsofar.Soitis

essentialtosetupacertainframeunderwhichwecandecidetheobjectiveand

approachesoftheresearchesoftourismdiscipliningandtourismindustry.

3)Someoftheconceptsarenotobvious,andsomearenotclearlyexplainedorstated.

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Someofthedefinitionsoftourismarenotcommonlyshared.

4)Tourismindustryiscomposedofmanysectorsanddepartments.Butwecan't

definitelytellthetruecompositionofit.Scholarsdon'tagreeonthedescriptionsof

thenatureandstructureoftourismindustry.

5)Sincetourismismulti-facetandtourismindustryismulti-sectorandthestudyof

tourisminvolvesindifferentfields,thestatisticalfiguresoftourismindustryare

inaccurateandunreliable.Thatmakesitdifficulttoconducteffectiveresearches.

4.Thesystematicframeoftourism

1)McIntoshandGoeldner'sModel

2)Leiper'sModel

Althoughtourismismulti-dimensional,multi-facetandmulti-sectorinvolvingin

manysocialaspects,itisalsoacomplicatedopensystem.Theterm“TourismSystem”

hasbeenwidelyacceptedbythescholarsofthetourismcircle.Usingthesystematic

theoreticalapproachtochaintheseparateandcomplexfactorsoftourismasan

organicsystem,wefindthefeaturesofunity,dynamic,multi-factor-relevance

structureandhierarchyoftourism.Leiper'sModelisconsideredtohavepresentedthe

basicsystemoftourism,(seefigure2-6)

Thebasiccharacteristicsofthesystemareunity,hierarchy,complicity,openness,

dynamicstateandregionalism.

(英國地理學(xué)家雷鉗在1979年提出的雙目的地地理要素模型，并在1990年進(jìn)

一步完善，受到了包括道格拉斯?皮爾斯等地理學(xué)出身并研究旅游的學(xué)者的推崇；

1993年著名旅游學(xué)者現(xiàn)任澳大利亞昆士蘭大學(xué)的克里斯?庫珀(ChrisCooper)

主編的《旅游學(xué)——原理與實踐》(1993年第一版，1998年第二版由Pitman出

版社出版，高等教育出版社2004年出版)中正式引入這一模型作為基本的研究框

架；這一模型引入中國旅游學(xué)書的研究是在1990年代中期旅游規(guī)劃學(xué)派興起之

后，1999年中國學(xué)者保繼剛、吳必虎等人把這一模型引入旅游規(guī)劃的研究，把

單一的客源地與目的的模型發(fā)展成多種空間模式)

IntroductiontoLeiper'sModel

Locationoftravail?rs/

tourizts,and?！阾he

'travelandtourism

industry

Threeelements:subject,object,media.

?Geographicalelements-tourist-generatingregion,touristdestinationregion

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andtransitrouteregion.

a.Thetourist-generatingregionrepresentsthegeneratingmarketfbrtourism.

Inasense,itprovidesthe"push"tostimulateandmotivatetravel.Itisfromthis

placethatthepotentialtouristssearchforinformation,makethebookingsanddepart

fordifferentdestinations.

b.Thetouristtransitrouteregionincludestheintermediariesandsomeotherfactors

involvedinthecourseoftraveling.

Itdoesnotsimplyrepresenttheshortperiodoftraveltoreachthedestination,but

thereisalwaysanintervalintripwhenthetouristfeelshehaslefthishomeregionbut

hasnotyetarrived.

Tourismindustry:transportation,modeoforganization(packageorindividual).

c.Thetouristdestinationrepresentsthesupplysideforthetourist.

Thetouristdestinationisacrucialelementoftourismsystem.Inmanyaspectsthis

isthemostimportantonebecausedestinations,andtheirimages,attracttourists,

motivatethevisitandthereforeenergizethewholetouristsystem.Notonlydoesthe

destinationprovideafocalpointfortourismactivitybutitalsorepresentsthe“puH”

factorforthetourist.(P7)

>Size

>Essentialelements:attractions,facilities,accessibility.

?Environmentsfortourism-human,socio-culture,economic,technological,

politicalandlegal,etc.

?FurtherunderstandingofLeiper9sModel

a.Itisasystematicexplanationoftourismactivity,(systemandelements,positiveand

negativefunctions,multidiscipline,theboundarycannotbedefined)

b.Therelationshipofdifferentelementsisinterdependent,(internalandexternal

relationship,economicandculturedistance)

c.Therolesofthesethreeregionsaredouble.

1.3Basicapproachestothestudyoftourism(0.5teachinghour)

Itisbecausemanyaspectsareinvolvedintourismandthereisnoindependent

theoryofitthatmanyresearchershavetriedtostudytourismfromdifferentangles,

throughavarietyofmethods.Thoughthereislittleornoagreementonhowthestudy

oftourismshouldbeundertaken,thefollowingareseveralmethodsthathavebeen

used.(Firstlyseefigure1inTourism:principles,practices,philosophiestoletthe

studentshaveageneralideaofthedisciplinesandtourismcourses,andthenintroduce

themethods.)

?Institutionalapproach—themajorapproachtothestudyoftourism

considersthevariousintermediariesandinstitutionsthatperformthetourism

activities.Itemphasizesinstitutionssuchastravelagency.Thisapproachrequiresan

investigationoftheorganization,operatingmethods,problems,costs,andeconomic

placeoftravelagentswhoactonbehalfofthecustomer,purchasingservicesfrom

airlines,rentalcarcompanies,hotelsandsoon.TheUSCensusBureauconductsa

surveyeveryfiveyearsonselectedservicesthatincludestravelagentsandlodging

places,thusprovidingadatabaseoffurtherstudy.

?Productapproach-involvesthestudyofvarioustourismproductsofhow

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theyareproduced,marketedandconsumed.Forexample,onemightstudyanairline

seat:howitiscreated,whoarethepeopleengagedinbuyingandsellingit,howitis

advertisedandsoon.Repeatingthisprocedureforothertouristservicesgivesafull

pictureofthefield.Butthismethodistootimeconsuminganddoesnotallowthe

studenttograspthefundamentalsoftourismquickly.

?Historicalapproach-involvesanalysisoftourismactivitiesand

institutionsfromanevolutionaryangle.Itsearchesforthecauseofinnovations,their

growthordecline,andshiftsininterest.Becausemasstourismisafairlyrecent

phenomenon,thismethodhaslimitedusefulness.

?Managerialapproach—firmoriented(microeconomic),focusingonthe

managementactivitiesnecessarytooperatetouristenterprises,suchasplanning,

research,pricing,advertising,control,andthelike.Itisapopularapproach.When

products,institutionsandsocietychanges,managerialobjectivesandproceduresmust

begearedtochangetomeetshiftsinthetourismenvironment.

?Economicapproach-becauseofitsimportancetobothdomesticand

worldeconomies,tourismhasbeencloselyexaminedbyeconomistswhofocuson

supply,demand,balanceofpayment,foreignexchange,employment,multipliers,and

othereconomicfactors.Thisapproachisusefulinprovidingaframeworkfor

analyzingtourismanditscontributionstoacountry'seconomyandeconomic

development.Whiletourismisanimportanteconomicphenomenon,ithas

noneconomicimpactsaswell.Theeconomicapproachdoesnotusuallypayadequate

attentiontoenvironmental,cultural,psychological,sociologicalandanthropological

approaches.

?Sociologicalapproach-studythetourismbehaviorofindividuals,groups

ofpeople,andtheimpactoftourismonsociety.Thismethodexaminessocialclasses,

habits,andcustomsofbothhostsandguests.Astourismcontinuestomakeits

massiveimpactonsociety,itwillbestudiedmoreandmorefromasocialpointof

view.

?Geographicalapproach-specializesinthestudyoflocation,environment,

climate,landscape,andeconomicaspects.Thegeographer'sapproachtotourism

shedslightonthelocationoftouristareas,themovementsofpeoplecreatedby

tourismplaces,thechangesthattourismbringstothelandscapeintheformoftourism

facilities,dispersionoftourismdevelopment,physicalplanning,andeconomic,social,

andculturalproblems.Becausethegeographers,approachisencompassing,astudy

oftheircontributionsishighlyrecommended.

?Interdisciplinary(systematic)approach-integratestheotherapproaches

intoacomprehensivemethoddealingwithbothmicroandmacroissues,suchas

psychological,legal,politicaleconomicandsocialsystems.Tourismembracesall

aspectsofoursociety.Culturaltourismcallsforananthropologicalapproach.

Becauseindividualsbehaveindifferentwaysandtravelfordifferentreasons,itis

necessarytouseapsychologicalapproachtodeterminethebestwaytopromoteand

markettourismproducts.Sincetouristscrossbordersandrequirepassportsandvisas

fromgovernmentoffices,andsincemostcountrieshavegovernment-operatedtourism

developmentdepartments,wefindthatpoliticalinstitutionsareinvolved.Thefact

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simplyisthattourismissovast,socomplex,andsomultifacetedthatitisnecessary

tohaveanumberofapproachestostudyingthefield,eachgearedtoasomewhat

differenttaskorobjective.

Specialterms:Arrivals

Receipts

Touristdestination,

Internationaltourism

Internaltourismordomestictourism

Resort

Excursion

Incentivetrip

Cateringservice

Migrants

Priceelasticmarket

Urbanization

Multiplieseffect

Leakage

Labour-intensiveindustry

Proportion

Expenditure

Accommodation

Facilities

AnIntroductiontoBasicconceptsoftourism

第1章第2節(jié)

Tourism

課時9教學(xué)環(huán)境classroom

?Understandwhattourismisanditsmultidimensionalaspects.

?Distinguishtourismfromtravel,leisureandrecreation

教學(xué)目的?Knowthenatureofatouranditscharacteristics

?Definewhatismeantbytourism,bothconceptuallyand

technically

1.Definitionoftourismvisitor,touristproduct,tourismindustry;

重點2.Whyisthedefinitionof4tourism?problematic?

3.Inwhatwaystourismactivitiesareclassified?

1.Inwhatwaysaretheboundariesbetween4leisure',4recreation?

and'tourism'becomeincreasinglyindistinct?

難點

2.Identifyanddescribetheperspectivescontainedinthe

conceptualdefinitionoftourism.

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