英語國家社會與文化入門下冊課件BII-U20

《英語國家社會與文化入門》(下冊）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookTwo)

Canada

Unit20

TheCanadianEconomy

WelcometoCanadaBienvenueauCanadaQuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:

1國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值2“增值”產(chǎn)業(yè)3第三產(chǎn)業(yè)4美加《自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定》5“第三種選擇”FocalPointsthreefactorsinfluencingCanadianeconomyTheCanada-USFreeTradeAgreementnaturalresourcesinCanadaagricultureinCanadamanufacturingindustryinCanadaserviceindustryinCanadaThisUnitIsDividedintoSevenSectionsHistoryTheCanada-USFreeTradeAgreementNaturalResourcesAgricultureManufacturingIndustriesServiceIndustriesCanada’sPlaceintheWorldEconomyOverviewAleadingindustrialnationwithahighlydevelopedeconomyFactorsinfluencingtheeconomy 1.itsphysicalgeography--richinnaturalresourceswithhugesizeandsmallpopulation,thereforeextractingandtransportingdifficult 2.theU.S.–morepowerfuleconomyandlargermarket,thereforetradedevelopedmoreacrosstheborderthanwithinthecountry 3.federalgovernmenthaveplayedastrongerroleinmanagingthedevelopmentofresourcesandinfrastructure

Threemainindustries:naturalresources(primaryindustries)manufacturing(secondaryindustries)service(tertiary)industries

Naturalresources(primaryindustries)--6%ofCanada’sGDPagriculturefishing

forestry

mining

Manufacturing(secondaryindustries)--26%ofGDPmanufacturingconstructiontransportcommunications

Service(tertiary)industries--68%ofGDPTradeFinanceServicespublicadministrationBeforeWWIIaproducerofstaplecommodities--furs,fish,forestryandagriculturalproductsexportofprimaryresources--thebackboneoftheeconomyJohnA.MacdonaldattemptedtodevelopinternalmarketsandamanufacturingindustrybutfailedAfterWWIItieswiththeUKweakened,andmoreinfluencedbytheUSgrowthremainedbasedonrawmaterialstheextentofforeignownershipofcompanieswashighsmallmarketanddifficulttoaccessdifficulttocompetewithUSmanufacturersprotectionistpracticestostimulatemanufacturingindustries,eg,heavytariffsontheimportofUScarsInthe1960s&1970sAutoPact(CanadaandU.S.)signedin1965,pavedwayforFTAAfter1966,affectedbyUSinflation,worldoilcrisisofearly1970s,andeconomicrecessionof1974-75Trudeau’sneweconomicvision–floatingexchangerate,imposingexporttaxonoil,“ThirdOption”(strongertradingrelationswithJapanandEuroperatherthanrelyingtoomuchontheUS)–policiesworkedwell,butviewedasbeingsocialistandinterventionistIn1980andafterNationalEnergyPolicy(1980)– --controversialattempttocontroloftheenergyindustry --angeredwesternprovinces

Endofgovernmentinterventionism,embracetheprinciplesoffreetradeII.TheCanada-USFreeTradeAgreementBackgroundBrianMulroneybrokepromiseaftercomingintoofficein1984,startednegotiatingfreetradewithUSCanadianindustrieshadbeenhurtbytheUS’refusaltoregardCanadaasa“specialcase”andwaivetariffsBusinesseswererelocatingtotheUStheUShopedtogainmoreinternationalsupportforGATTTheFTAcameintoeffecton1January1989scheduledtoremovetariffprotectiononmostitemsby1998ControversialagreementonagriculturalproductscontroversialprovisionofaguaranteeoftheUS’accesstoCanadianenergyculturalactivitiesandbeer–leftoutoftheagreementEffectsofFTAareducedroleofgovernmentinthebenefitedresource-richwesternprovincesmorethantheheavily-manufacturingbasedeasternprovincesan“imperfect”agreementforCanada–doubtsondiminishingeconomic,politicalandculturalsovereigntywillbenefitinthelongrunasitistheinternationaltrendIII.NaturalResourcesEconomicbasedecidesthepolitical,socialandculturalconditionsInaresource-basedeconomy,localsocial,politicalandculturalconditionscanallbeheavilyinfluencedbythenatureofthelivelihoodpeopleparticipatein. e.g.UkraineinfarmingregionsEnglishandScottishasminersinBCAdvantagesandDisadvantagesvastamountsoffuel--oil,gas,coal,uranium,waterforhydroelectricityhighpercapitaratesofenergyconsumptionextraction,developmentandtransportationdifficulthightransportationcostsconflictsbetweenenergy-richprovincesandthefederalgovernmenttheeast-westpoliticalandeconomicdivision–e.g.AlbertaTheCaseofAlberta In1947,oilandnaturalgasreserveswerediscoveredinAlberta.Whenoilpricesskyrocketedin1973and1979,Albertawantedtosellatworldprices.ThefederalgovernmentissuedapolicytostabilizedomesticpricesandforcedAlbertatoselltootherprovincesatlowerprices,causingadditionalresentmentbetweeneastandwest.Alberta’ssandoilIV.AgricultureBackground88%ofthelandmassisunsuitableforfarmingsoilispoor,thegrowingseasonisshortandtheclimateisharshfarmingconcentratesonanarrowbandalongthesouthernborderproductsarefarawayfromthemetropolitanmarkets,transportationcostsexpensiveProductionBase--theprairieprovincesaccountforabout51%ofagriculturaloutputspecializeinwheatandcereals,feedstockandcattlefarmstendtobeverylargeProductionBase--Quebec&Ontariohadmorethan3/4ofCanada’sdairyfarmsand2/3ofhogfarms(1981)farmsaremuchsmallerProductionBase--NewBrunswickandPEIlargepoultrysectorsspecializinginpotatoproduction--BritishColumbiamildclimategoodfororchards,andthedevelopmentofawineindustryGovernmentpoliciesandFTAfederalgovernmentintroducedasubsidypolicyinWorldWarII,reducingtransportationcostsandallowingregionstospecializeinproducts

ImpactofFTA --adramaticdropinexports --cheapertoimportandbuyfromtheUS --displacedinefficientCanadianfarmersV.ManufacturingIndustriesexportrawresourcesandimportmanufacturedgoodsahighdegreeofforeignownershipmanufacturingproductsinclude–paper,technologicalequipment,automobiles,food,clothingetc.AdvancedTechnologynucleartechnologyforpeacefulmeans,eg.CANDUheavywaternuclearreactorhydroelectricityproductiontelecommunications,e.g.InvolvedindevelopingtheChinesetelecommunicationsindustrycontributedtotheAmericanspaceprogrambyprovidingaroboticarm(the“Canadarm”)tospaceshuttles

VI.ServiceIndustriesincludebanking,healthcare,construction,communications,education,tourismandgovernmentover70%ofCanadiansworkintheservicesectorexportofservicesthroughforumslikeGATTandFTA

GraduationCeremonyatMcGillUniversity

VII.Canada’sPlaceInTheWorldEconomy

influencestheworldeconomyasoneofthewealthyindustriali