專題一 第1講　題型突破-細(xì)節(jié)理解題

四選一閱讀專題一新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)明確指出四選一閱讀主要考查學(xué)生理解書面語篇的能力，其中包括對(duì)語篇內(nèi)容、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的理解和把握，也包括對(duì)語篇內(nèi)容的分析、闡釋和評(píng)價(jià)。要求考生能判斷和識(shí)別書面語篇的意圖，獲取其中的重要信息和觀點(diǎn)；能識(shí)別語篇中的主要事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)之間的邏輯關(guān)系，理解語篇反映的文化背景；能推斷語篇中的隱含意義；能識(shí)別語篇中的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)和相應(yīng)支撐論據(jù)；能根據(jù)定義線索，理解概念性詞匯或術(shù)語；能理解文本信息與非文本信息的關(guān)系?？记榉治鼍韯e年份體裁題目類型細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷詞句猜測主旨大意新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷2023應(yīng)用文記敘文說明文說明文67112022應(yīng)用文說明文說明文說明文67112021應(yīng)用文記敘文說明文議論文9312考情分析卷別年份體裁題目類型細(xì)節(jié)理解推理判斷詞句猜測主旨大意新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷2023應(yīng)用文記敘文說明文說明文67112022應(yīng)用文記敘文說明文說明文84212021應(yīng)用文記敘文夾敘夾議文說明文85111.文章題材豐富高考英語試卷中的所有語篇都緊扣“人與自我”“人與社會(huì)”以及“人與自然”三大主題語境，題材涉及故事、科普、人文、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象、文化活動(dòng)等。2.短文體裁廣泛短文體裁包括應(yīng)用文、記敘文、說明文、議論文等，說明文占比較高。3.題型分布多樣近三年新課標(biāo)卷四選一閱讀突出考查考生理解和運(yùn)用語言解決問題的基本能力，以考查細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷為主，以考查詞句猜測、主旨大意為輔。4.語篇特點(diǎn)鮮明(1)原汁原味：高考閱讀語篇一般選自各大主流英文報(bào)刊和媒體網(wǎng)站，新材料盡量原汁原味。(2)詞匯量大：高考閱讀語篇詞匯量豐富，含有大量的派生詞、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換詞、熟詞生義詞以及英語短語和習(xí)語。(3)長難句多：高考閱讀語篇中含有大量的長句和難句，句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。命題專家談高考根據(jù)表格分析可知，近年來四選一閱讀體裁類型以應(yīng)用文、記敘文和說明文為主，夾敘夾議文、議論文等為輔，其中科普知識(shí)類和生態(tài)環(huán)保類的說明文是考生的難題；題型考查中細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷題所占比重較大，詞句猜測和主旨大意題所占比重較小。各類四選一閱讀中的長難句日益增多，因此，在復(fù)習(xí)備考中，我們應(yīng)該著重從題型、體裁和題材等方面進(jìn)行高效復(fù)習(xí)。復(fù)習(xí)定向第1講題型突破——細(xì)節(jié)理解題細(xì)節(jié)理解題相對(duì)比較簡單，但在高考四選一閱讀中占了60%的比重。細(xì)節(jié)理解題常分為直接信息題、間接信息題、綜合信息題、數(shù)字計(jì)算題和細(xì)節(jié)排序題等。分析近三年的高考真題可知，直接信息題、間接信息題和綜合信息題為高頻考點(diǎn)，其他皆為低頻考點(diǎn)。[設(shè)問方式]設(shè)問方式以特殊疑問句形式為主，常以when，where，what，which，who，howmuch/many等疑問詞引出問題。[選項(xiàng)特征]技法一直接信息題——定位比對(duì)找答案直接信息題指的是其答案可以或幾乎可以直接從原文中找出來，考生可先從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中尋找細(xì)節(jié)。廣告類、活動(dòng)安排類、書籍或電影介紹類、演出信息類等語篇中的直接信息題較多。設(shè)問方式多為以5W1H(what，who，when，where，why和how)等開頭的特殊疑問句。如：1.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart？(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ,23題)2.WhatistheshorttalkatArtistPointabout？(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ,22題)3.WherewilltheparticipantsmeetfortheJuly10photographyworkshop？(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ，23題)4.Whichrestaurantoffersalargesetmenu？(2023·全國甲，22題)5.Whoopenedthedoortophilosophyfortheauthor？(2023·全國甲，28題)6.WhowasthefirstAfricanAmericanwithamedicaldegree？(2023·全國乙，23題)7.Onwhichofthefollowingdatescanyoucancelyourregistrationwithafullrefund？

(2023·浙江1月，21題)解此類試題常用“定位比對(duì)”法。解題流程如下：GuidedCityToursThe2.5-hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill，theSkinnyBridge，theRijksmuseum，HeinekenBreweryandmuchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour，startingat1：00pmeveryday.YoucanbuyyourticketinaMacBikeshoporbookonline.真題體驗(yàn)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ·A片段)23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart?A.TheGooyerWindmill.B.TheSkinnyBridge.C.HeinekenBrewery.D.DamSquare.√直接信息題。一、在題干中標(biāo)注定位詞(where，theguidedcitytour，start)；二、在原文中找出信息句(ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour)；三、比對(duì)選項(xiàng)與信息句，可知答案為D。技法二間接信息題——同義轉(zhuǎn)換定答案間接信息題通常不能直接從原文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的詞或短語，但考生可以根據(jù)文章的隱含意義，如原因、前提或結(jié)果等仔細(xì)推敲得出正確答案。此類題型常在記敘文、說明文或議論文中考查。常以下列形式設(shè)問：1.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.

(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，33題)2.Whataretheselectedartworksabout？(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ，29題)4.Howdidsomedrinkscompaniesrespondtothesugartax？(2022·全國乙，33題)3.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson？

(2022·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，32題)此類試題與直接信息題相比，其命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng)，正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改造。解答間接信息題時(shí)，要做到“兩關(guān)注”“一防范”。“兩關(guān)注”是指關(guān)注正確選項(xiàng)的兩個(gè)特征：一是同義異構(gòu)，即通過把文中的語言(詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu))改頭換面來表達(dá)相同的意思；二是對(duì)文章信息的歸納?！耙环婪丁笔侵阜婪陡蓴_選項(xiàng)的逼真性，稍有不慎就會(huì)落入命題人設(shè)置的陷阱中。解此類試題常用“同義轉(zhuǎn)換”法。解題流程如下：...Inmoretechnicalterms，thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons，people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent，theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.真題體驗(yàn)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ·D片段)ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion，theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance，theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.33.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent√間接信息題。一讀題干，鎖定關(guān)鍵詞，即“Navajas’study，theaverageaccuracy，increase”；二掃原文，鎖定信息區(qū)間，即“Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion，theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.”可知，D項(xiàng)是對(duì)信息區(qū)間的同義描述，即估計(jì)數(shù)字在并非完全獨(dú)立的情況下，準(zhǔn)確率提高也是可以做到的。故選D。技法三綜合信息題——概括歸納定答案綜合信息題涉及一段內(nèi)的多個(gè)信息或多段內(nèi)容，且各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)信息都能在文章中找到，因此考生要不厭其煩地認(rèn)真分析、概括和歸納從而得出正確答案。設(shè)問形式如下：1.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs？(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，24題)2.WhatdoNahmandIssayaSiameseClubhaveincommon？(2023·全國甲，21題)3.WhatdotheworksbyShepherdandSmithhaveincommon？(2021·全國甲，22題)4.WhatsimilarexperiencedoSolioandKisimahave？(2021·全國甲，26題)5.WhatisthedisadvantageofHotelandHostelDesArtistes？(2021·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，23題)6.Ofthefollowingstadiums，whichistheoldest？(2021·全國乙，22題)7.Whatdothelistedstadiumshaveincommon？(2021·全國乙，23題)解此類試題常用“概括歸納”法。解題流程如下：NahmOfferingThaifinedining，NahmprovidesthebestofBangkokculinary(烹飪的)experiences.It’stheonlyThairestaurantthatranksamongthetop10oftheworld’s50bestrestaurantslist.HeadChefDavidThompson，whoreceivedaMichelinstarforhisLondon-basedThairestaurantofthesamename，openedthisbranchintheMetropolitanHotelin2010.真題體驗(yàn)(2023·全國甲·A片段)IssayaSiameseClubIssayaSiameseClubisinternationallyknownThaichefIanKittichai’sfirstflagshipBangkokrestaurant.ThemenuinthisbeautifulcolonialhouseincludestraditionalThaicuisinecombinedwithmoderncookingmethods.21.WhatdoNahmandIssayaSiameseClubhaveincommon?A.Theyadoptmoderncookingmethods.B.TheyhavebranchesinLondon.C.Theyhavetop-classchefs.D.Theyarebasedinhotels.√綜合信息題。根據(jù)Nahm部分的“HeadChefDavidThompson，whoreceivedaMichelinstarforhisLondon-basedThairestaurantofthesamename，openedthisbranchintheMetropolitanHotelin2010.”以及IssayaSiameseClub部分的“IssayaSiameseClubisinternationallyknownThaichefIanKittichai’sfirstflagshipBangkokrestaurant.”可知，Nahm和IssayaSiameseClub的共同之處是它們都有一流的廚師。故選C。技法四數(shù)字計(jì)算題——整合推算得答案數(shù)字計(jì)算題一般會(huì)涉及時(shí)間、年齡、價(jià)錢、數(shù)量、距離等的簡單計(jì)算。一般來說，計(jì)算量都比較小，容易計(jì)算。但是解答英語閱讀中的數(shù)字計(jì)算題必須要找出計(jì)算背后所隱含的信息。這些“暗”信息會(huì)涉及對(duì)某個(gè)難句的理解，從這個(gè)角度上講，理解文中相應(yīng)的復(fù)雜句是解這類題的關(guān)鍵。數(shù)字計(jì)算題的話題有：1.廣告類；2.故事類；3.科普知識(shí)類；4.史地自然類；5.文化教育類。設(shè)問方式以when，inwhichyear，howmany/much等疑問詞(組)開頭引出問題。如：1.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays？

(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，22題)2.Howmanyhoursofclasswillyouhavealtogetherifyouregisterforasingleweek?

(2023·浙江1月，23題)3.Howmanypartsisastudent’sfinalgrademadeupof？(2022·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ，22題)4.Howmuchwouldacouplewithtwochildrenunder12payforadmission？(2022·全國乙，22題)解此類試題常用“整合推算”法。解題流程如下：Prices真題體驗(yàn)(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ·A片段)

HandBrake，ThreeGearsFootBrake，NoGears1hour€7.50€5.003hours€11.00€7.501day(24hours)€14.75€9.75Eachadditionalday€8.00€6.0023.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?A.€15.75. B.€19.50.C.€22.75. D.€29.50.√數(shù)字計(jì)算題。一讀題干查找關(guān)鍵詞“abikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays”；二在Prices部分中標(biāo)記“1day(24hours)，€14.75”和“Eachadditionalday，€8.00”；三用加法計(jì)算答案，即€14.75＋€8.00＝€22.75。

故選C。A(外刊閱讀·原創(chuàng)題)(From

https：//www.guideposts.org)Adozenyearsago，Williamnoticedhissix-year-oldneighbor，Camran，seemedangry.He’dstormoutofthehouse，shoutingathismom.Oneday，Williamsawtheboyoutsideandstartedaconversation.Camransharedthathisdadwasn’tinhislife.隨堂演練語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了William通過帶領(lǐng)父愛缺失的孩子釣魚來培養(yǎng)孩子的健全人格的故事。WilliamaskedCamran’smomforpermissiontotakehimfishing.Camranwasfascinatedbythatfirsttrip.Thetwofishedtogetherseveraltimesaweek，andWilliamsawpositivechangesinCamran’sbehavior.ThatinspiredhimtosetupTakeaKidFishing，Inc.，anon-profitorganization，inLakeland，F(xiàn)lorida.Duringtheweek，Williamworksasatiresalesman.Onweekends，heandafewothervolunteerstake20to25kidsoutfishingonacharterboat.Williamalsoreachesouttolocalfoster(寄養(yǎng))homesandgrouphomestoinvitethekidstospendthedayonthewater.Manyhaveneverbeenfishingorevenonaboat，soWilliam—orBigWill，asthekidscallhim—startsbyteachingthebasics.Thencomethelifelessonsthatfishingoffers：patience，teamworkandthesimplejoyofrelaxingintheoutdoors.Uptonow，ithastakenmorethan600fishingtripswithalmost2,000kidswhodon’thaveafatherintheirlives.WilliamgrewupinMiamiinarougharea.HisdadranalobsterbusinessintheFloridaKeys，andWilliamhelpedwithit.Heandhisdadhadagreatrelationship.Fishingwasahugepartofthat.“Fishingwassopeaceful，”Williamsays.“Itwaslikeanescape.”Hewantstosharehisloveoffishingwithkidswhodon’thaveafathertotakethem.“IjustwanttoshowthemthatIcareaboutthem，andthatI’mthereforthem，”hesays.Becausemanykidsgoonmultipletrips，Williamisabletobuildrelationshipswiththem.HeandCamran，now20，stillregularlyfishtogether，andCamranseesBigWillasafatherfigure.1.WhichcanbestaccountforCamran’srudebehavior?A.Hismother’signorance.B.Hisfather’sabsence.C.Hisbadrelationshipwithneighbors.D.Hislackofsports.√直接細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容尤其是“Camransharedthathisdadwasn’tinhislife.”可知，Camran之所以朝母親大喊大叫是由于父愛缺失。故選B。2.WhatdoesTakeaKidFishing，Inc.mostprobablydo?A.Sellfishingequipmenttokids.B.Trainvolunteerstoaidkids.C.Helpfatherlesskidslearnfishing.D.Organizeoutdoortripsforthehomeless.√綜合信息題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句中的“anon-profitorganization”和第三段中的“Onweekends，heandafewothervolunteerstake20to25kidsoutfishingonacharterboat...Manyhaveneverbeenfishingorevenonaboat，soWilliam—orBigWill，asthekidscallhim—startsbyteachingthebasics.Thencomethelifelessonsthatfishingoffers...”可知，TakeaKidFishing，Inc.主要是幫助父愛缺失的孩子學(xué)習(xí)釣魚，以此來培養(yǎng)孩子的健全人格。故選C。3.Whatisthepurposeofparagraph4?A.Tosharehispassionforfishing.B.TointroduceWilliam’schildhoodlife.C.Tosummarizethepreviousparagraphs.D.Toaddsomebackgroundinformation.√寫作意圖題。

通讀第四段內(nèi)容可知，本段交代William與父親的親密關(guān)系以及釣魚在父子關(guān)系中發(fā)揮的作用是為了更好地讓讀者理解William為何會(huì)有“帶領(lǐng)父愛缺失的孩子釣魚”的想法，由此推測本段的目的是補(bǔ)充背景信息。故選D。4.WhichcanbestdescribeWilliam?A.Caring. B.Honest.C.Determined.

D.Generous.√推理判斷題。綜合分析文章可知，文章主要講述了William通過帶領(lǐng)父愛缺失的孩子釣魚來培養(yǎng)孩子的健全人格的故事，所以可以推斷William是個(gè)關(guān)愛他人的人。

故選A。B(2023·廣東佛山一模)TotalSolarEclipse(日食)2023AustraliaOneofnature’smostremarkableevents—atotalsolareclipse—willtakeplaceonthewesternedgeofAustraliaonApril20th,2023andwehavechosentheperfectwayforyoutoenjoythisevent：onacruise(航游)atsea.語篇解讀本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章主要介紹了通過海上巡航的方式觀看澳大利亞西部邊緣發(fā)生的日全食現(xiàn)象的相關(guān)信息。TherehavebeenonlyfivetotalsolareclipsesinAustraliaoverthepastcenturyandthisisthefirsthybrideclipseinmorethan1,000years.Unlikeothercruisesforthisevent，ourshasthewell-knownastronomerAbigailBealltoaccompanyyou.Youwillhavethebestpossibleviewoftheeventaswellasenjoyinglecturesandstargazingonlandandatsea.Abigailwillbeonhandthroughout，givinglecturesonthehistoryandscienceofeclipses，theblackholeatthecentreofthegalaxy—alongwithprovidingmanyopportunitiesforguidedstargazing.Plus，therewillbeadditionaltalksfromtheAstronomicalSocietyofAustralia.Clickherefordetailedarrangementsofthetour.

SingleoccupancyPerguestbasedontwopeoplesharingInteriorcabin￡2,429￡1,699Oceanviewcabin￡3,229￡2,199Ifyouwishtoaddathirdadultorchildtoyourroom，pleasea