2019高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)課時(shí)作業(yè)34Astronomythescienceofthestars

課時(shí)作業(yè)(十四)必修3Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsⅠ.閱讀理解A(2018·成都市高中畢業(yè)班第二次診斷性檢測(cè))Isabelhasturneddowntwojoboffersinthepastyear.ThefirstjobsheconsideredwasthedirectorofHRforapanyinUtah.Aftertheinitialinterviews,shefeltthejobfitherexceptforthelocation.Still,sheflewwesttomeetthehiringmanager.ThehiringmanagerexplainedthatIsabelwasthetopcandidateforthejobbutthat,beforeshecontinuedwiththeprocess,sheshouldbetterunderstandthefirm'sculture.ShedirectedIsabeltoseveralvideosofthepany'sCEO,whoregularlyappearedinfrontofthepanyincostumeaspartofmorale-buildingexercisesandexpectedhisseniorleaderstodothesame.“EventhoughIwasdesperateforajob,IknewIcouldn'tdothat，”Isabelsays.Shecalledthepanytoturndownthejobandexplainedthatshedidn'tfeeltherewasaculturalfit.Afewmonthslater,shehadaninterviewforanotherjob:adirectorofemployeerelationsatalocaluniversity.Afterseveralinterviews,thehiringmanagertoldherthejobwashersifshewantedit.Thejobhadmanypositives:itprovidedalow-stressenvironment,itofferedgreatbenefits,andtheuniversitywasanemployee-friendlyplace.ButthejobwasrelativelyjuniordespitethetitleandIsabelworrieditwouldn'tbechallengingenough.Finally,sheturneditdown.“ItwouldbegreattohaveapaycheckandgreatbenefitsbutIwoulddefinitelyhavetroublesleepingatnight，”shesays.Inbothcases,shewasfrankwiththehiringmanagersaboutwhyshewasn'ttakingthejobs.“Inthepast，itfeltlikedating,andIwasworriedabouthurtingpeople'sfeelings，”shesays.However，theyappreciatedherfranknessandthankedherforherhonesty.Shesaysitwashardtoturndownthejobsanditwasariskforherfinanciallybutshefeltshehadto.【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了Isabel拒絕兩份工作的經(jīng)歷和感想?！倦y句分析】ShedirectedIsabeltoseveralvideosofthepany'sCEO,whoregularlyappearedinfrontofthepanyincostumeaspartofmorale-buildingexercisesandexpectedhisseniorleaderstodothesame.分析：該句為主從復(fù)合句。句中who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。譯文：她領(lǐng)著Isabel看了幾段公司首席執(zhí)行官的視頻，作為激勵(lì)員工士氣的活動(dòng)的一部分，首席執(zhí)行官經(jīng)常穿著公司制服出現(xiàn)在員工們面前，并希望他的高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)也能這樣做。1.WhichfactormadeIsabelturndownthefirstjobfinally?A．Thepany'slocation.B．Theinitialinterviews.C．Thefirm'sculture.D．Thehiringmanager.答案與解析：C'考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Shecalledthepanytoturndownthejobandexplainedthatshedidn'tfeeltherewasaculturalfit”可知，Isabel認(rèn)為這種企業(yè)文化不適合自己，所以拒絕了這份工作，故C項(xiàng)正確。根據(jù)第一段第三、四句“Aftertheinitialinterviews，shefeltthejobfitherexceptforthelocation.Still，sheflewwesttomeetthehiringmanager”可知，在最初的幾輪面試之后，Isabel覺(jué)得這份工作適合她，除了公司的位置之外。盡管如此，她還是飛往西部去見(jiàn)了人事部經(jīng)理；據(jù)此可知，她拒絕這份工作的原因不是最初的幾輪面試、公司地點(diǎn)和人事部經(jīng)理，故排除A、B、D項(xiàng)。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“junior”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Challenging.B．Easy.C．Beneficial.D．Stressful.答案與解析：B考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句“ButthejobwasrelativelyjuniordespitethetitleandIsabelworrieditwouldn'tbechallengingenough”可知，盡管這份工作的頭銜不錯(cuò)，但是Isabel擔(dān)心這份工作沒(méi)有足夠的挑戰(zhàn)性，即這份工作相對(duì)容易；據(jù)此可以判斷，畫線詞意為“容易的”，故B項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)意為“具有挑戰(zhàn)性的”，C項(xiàng)意為“有益的”，D項(xiàng)意為“充滿壓力的”，都與語(yǔ)境不符。3．WhatisthemostimportantthingforIsabelinjobhunting?A．Beingtruthfultoothers.B．Ajobwithastableine.C．Arelaxingworkingatmosphere.D．Avoidinghurtingpeople'sfeelings.答案與解析：A考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第二句“However,theyappreciatedherfranknessandthankedherforherhonesty.”可知，雖然Isabel拒絕了這兩份工作，但是人事部經(jīng)理仍然欣賞她的坦率，并感謝她的誠(chéng)實(shí)；據(jù)此可知Isabel在尋找工作時(shí)誠(chéng)實(shí)待人是她最重要的品質(zhì)，故A項(xiàng)正確。根據(jù)第二段第三句中的“itprovidedalow-stressenvironment,itofferedgreatbenefits,andtheuniversitywasanemployee-friendlyplace”可知，在大學(xué)做員工關(guān)系主管的工作薪酬高而且無(wú)壓力，但是Isabel仍然拒絕了，故B、C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)第三段第二句可知，D項(xiàng)與題干無(wú)關(guān)。4．Theabovetextismostlikelyintendedforthe________.A．directorofHRB．librarianC．doctorD．a(chǎn)rtist答案與解析：A考查推理判斷。通讀全文可知，本文主要講述了Isabel拒絕人力資源總監(jiān)和大學(xué)員工關(guān)系主管兩份工作的經(jīng)歷和感想；據(jù)此可以判斷，人力資源總監(jiān)會(huì)從她的經(jīng)歷中得到啟示，故A項(xiàng)正確。B(2018·沈陽(yáng)市高三下學(xué)期第三次模擬考試試題)Wildelephantscantellwhetheravoiceesfromaman,awomanoraboy,anewstudysays.That'swhatresearchersfoundwhentheyplayedrecordingsofpeopleforelephantsinKenya.Scientistssaythisisanadvancedthinkingskillthatotheranimalshaven'tshown.Itletselephantsfigureoutwhoisathreatandwhoisn't.Theresultshowsthatthecleveranimalsarealsostudyingpeople,saidstudyauthorKarenMcb.“Basically,theyhavedevelopedthisveryrichknowledgeofthehumansthattheysharetheirhabitatwith，”saidMcb,aprofessorattheUniversityofSussexinEngland.“MemoryisKey.Theymustbuildupthatknowledgesomehow.”ThestudywasreleasedonMondayintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.It'sclosetobutnotquiteliketheDr.Seussbook,wheretheelephantHortonhearssomethingthatotherscan'thear.McbandcolleagueswenttoAmboseliNationalParkinKenya,wherehundredsofwildelephantsliveamonghumans,sometimesinginconflictoverscarcewater.ThescientistsusedvoicerecordingsofMaasaimen,whoonoccasionkillelephants,andKambamen,whoarelessofathreattotheelephants.Asaresult,theelephantsreactedmoredefensively—retreatingandgatheringinabunch—totheMaasailanguagerecordingbecauseitwasassociatedwiththemorethreateninghumantribe,saidstudyco-authorGraemeShannon.TheyrepeatedtheexperimentwithrecordingsofMaasaimenandwomen.Sincewomenalmostneverspearelephants,theanimalsreactedlessdefensivelytothewomen'svoices.Thesamethinghappenedwhentheysubstitutedyoungboys'voices.“Makingthiskindoffinedistinctionsinhumanvoicepatternsisquiteremarkable，”saidEmoryUniversityanimalcognitionexpertFransdeWaal,whowasnotpartofthestudy.【文章大意】研究表明野生大象能夠識(shí)別男、女和男孩的聲音，它們通過(guò)思維區(qū)分聲音并判斷誰(shuí)能對(duì)他們產(chǎn)生威脅?！倦y句分析】McbandcolleagueswenttoAmboseliNationalParkinKenya,wherehundredsofwildelephantsliveamonghumans,sometimesinginconflictoverscarcewater.(倒數(shù)第三段第一句)分析：這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。where引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)；sometimesinginconflictoverscarcewater作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。譯文：Mcb和同事去了位于肯尼亞的安博塞利國(guó)家公園，在那里有成百上千頭野象與人類一起生活，他們有時(shí)因?yàn)樗Y源匱乏而發(fā)生沖突。5．Whowerethepeopletakingpartinthestudy?A．FransdeWaalandKarenMcb.B．Dr.SeussandGraemeShannon.C．GraemeShannonandFransdeWaal.D．KarenMcbandGraemeShannon.答案與解析：D'考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“studyauthorKarenMcb”和第六段中的“studyco-authorGraemeShannon”可知，KarenMcb和GroemeShannon都參加了研究，故選D項(xiàng)。6．Whatcanwildelephantsbenefitfromtheirspecialability?A．Identifyingandavoidingpossibledanger.B．Growingmuchfasterthananyotheranimals.C．Havingabetterunderstandingofhumans.D．Developingtheirlanguageskills.答案與解析：A'考查推理判斷。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Scientistssaythisisanadvancedthinkingskillthatotheranimalshaven'tshown.Itletselephantsfigureoutwhoisathreatandwhoisn't.”可知，這種高等的思維方式使野象能夠分辨出誰(shuí)能對(duì)他們?cè)斐赏{，這樣它們可以避免可能的危險(xiǎn)，故A項(xiàng)是正確的。7．Whichcanreplacetheunderlinedword“substituted”inthelastparagraph?A．Distinguished.B．Repeated.C．Used.D．pared.答案與解析：C'考查詞義猜測(cè)。畫線詞所在句中的“Thesamethinghappened”指的是前一句中的“theanimalsreactedlessdefensivelytothewomen'svoices”，畫線詞所在句講的是野象對(duì)年輕男孩的聲音做出的反應(yīng)，說(shuō)明當(dāng)時(shí)研究者在對(duì)野象播放年輕男孩的聲音，選C項(xiàng)。8．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．Wildelephantscandistinguishhumanlanguages.B．Theconflictbetweenhumansandwildelephantsisgrowing.C．Wildelephantsuselanguageskillstomakediscrimination.D．Wildelephantscanbuildupgoodmemoryandlearntricks.答案與解析：A'考查主旨大意。根據(jù)文章第一句“Wildelephantscantellwhetheravoiceesfromaman,awomanoraboy”和全文內(nèi)容可知，野象能夠通過(guò)人的聲音區(qū)分不同人類群體的性別和年齡，故選A項(xiàng)(野象能夠區(qū)分人類的語(yǔ)言)。Ⅱ.七選五(2018·甘肅省蘭州市高考實(shí)戰(zhàn)模擬)TipstoManageStressYoucan'tridstressfromyourlifepletely,butyoucanreduceit.Knowthatittakessomeeffortsbecauseyoumayhavetomakechangesinyourattitudeandlifestyle.Reducingstressrequiresthatyouknowhowyoureacttostress.Ifyouknow,youcanchangeyourbehavior.__1__Seetheglassashalffullinsteadofhalfempty.Also,developastrategyforhandlingstressfulsituations.Thisway,youwon'tbecaughtoffguard(措手不及).Herearethehelpfultips：?__2__Whenyourbodyishealthy,itcanstanduptostress.Keepyourbodyhealthyandstrongwithnutritiousfoods.Alow-fatdiethelpsslowtheprogressofsomestress-relateddiseases.Avoidcaffeine(咖啡因),nicotine(尼古丁)andalcohol.?Laugh__3__Whenyoulaughorjustsmile,thebloodwhichflowstothebrainisincreased.Itisduetothereleaseofendorphins(內(nèi)啡肽)whichresultsinadropinthelevelofstresshormones(荷爾蒙)．?BesocialWhenyoufeelstress,yourinstincts(本能)tellyoutoisolateyourself.Whenyouwithdraw,youallowyourselftoconcentratemoreontheproblem,whichmakesyourstresslevelgreater.__4__Bearoundwithyoungchildren,whocanhelpmakeyouforgetyourselfandyourworries.?KnowyourstresspersonalityDoyouknowhowtoreacttostress?Doyouyellandkickthefurniture?Ordoyouretreatintostonysilence?__5__Makenoteofanystressor,thetime,theplace,howyoufeel,andwhatyoudoasaresult.Byknowingyourownpersonality,youcanlearntorespondtostressbeforeyoureachthecrisismode.A．Callfriends.B．Supportyourco-workers.C．Addgoodnutritionandexercise.D．Keepastressdiaryfortwoweeks.E．Participateasactivelyaspossible.F．Trytobemoreoptimisticandconfident.G．Itmaybeoneofthehealthiestwaystoreducestress.【文章大意】本文主要介紹了幾種應(yīng)對(duì)壓力的方法和策略?！倦y句分析】Whenyouwithdraw,youallowyourselftoconcentratemoreontheproblem,whichmakesyourstresslevelgreater.(“Besocial”部分第二句)分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。When引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)。譯文：當(dāng)你不去社交時(shí)，你就是在讓自己更多地關(guān)注一個(gè)問(wèn)題，這樣會(huì)讓你的壓力水平更高。1．答案與解析：F'由下文的“Seetheglassashalffullinsteadofhalfempty.”可推知，改變態(tài)度很重要，要努力變得更加樂(lè)觀和自信，所以選F項(xiàng)。2．答案與解析：C'空處為本段的標(biāo)題，根據(jù)本段中的“Keepyourbodyhealthyandstrongwithnutritiousfoods.”可知，本段主要講的是增加營(yíng)養(yǎng)和多鍛煉身體可以應(yīng)對(duì)壓力，故選C項(xiàng)。3．答案與解析：G'根據(jù)常識(shí)并結(jié)合本段的整體內(nèi)容可推知，笑是減少壓力的最健康的方法之一，所以選G項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)G中的It代指“Laugh”。4．答案與解析：A'結(jié)合本段的標(biāo)題“Besocial”可推知，本段主要講的是多參加社交活動(dòng)，不要自我封閉，所以選A項(xiàng)。5．答案與解析：D'由下文的“Makenoteofanystressor,thetime,theplace,howyoufeel,andwhatyoudoasaresult.”可知，把與壓力有關(guān)的東西都記下來(lái)，分析并采取相應(yīng)的策略，這與D項(xiàng)契合，所以選D項(xiàng)。Ⅲ.短文改錯(cuò)WithTeachers'Daydrawnear,IwouldliketoexpressmythankstoMs.Li,whotaughtmeEnglishlastyear.Atthattime,IwashavingatroublestudyingEnglishandmyscoresfell.Ms.Liencouragedmeandtellmeherstorythatshenevergaveupbeforeherstudiesdidn'tgowell.Shealsosaidthatitwasnecessarytomakeef