澳大利亞歷史人物

Prominentpeople

ofAustralianHistory

Aselectionofpeople,andiconiclegends,ofAustralianhistory.

Manythousandscouldbelistedhere,however,hereareaselectedfew:

TheBarcaldinestrikeleaders

The1891Shearers'Strike,centredaroundBarcaldineinQueensland,duringthedepressionofthe1890s,wasinresponsetothepastoralists'reactiontofallingwoolpricesofintendingtoreducetheshearers'wages.Duringtheunrest,thecolonialadministrationorderedthearrestoftheshearers'leadersonchargesofseditionandconspiracy.Theeventualfailureofthestrikebrokeworkermilitancy戰(zhàn)斗性andledtotheformationofalabourpoliticalmovementtorepresenttheinterestsofworkingpeople.

ArthurCalwell

Born28August1896,WestMelbourne,Victoria

Died8July1973

ArthurCalwellwasAustralia'sfirstMinisterforImmigration(1945to1949),andlaterbecametheleaderoftheAustralianLaborParty(1960to1967).HewasthechiefarchitectofAustralia'spost-warimmigrationscheme,andpopularisedtheslogan"populateorperish".Alsowell-knownforhismuch-misquotedcomment"TwoWongsdon'tmakeaWhite".Hisimmigrationprogramco-incidedwithaperiodwhenAustralianindustrywasgrowingrapidlyandsufferingfromshortagesofskilledandsemi-skilledlabour.AlthoughhewasanadvocatefortheWhiteAustraliaPolicy,itisinterestingtonotethatCalwellspokeChineseandhadagreatrespectforAsiancultures.

See:

ArthurCalwell

/a/arthur-calwell.html

See:

ArthurCalwell

/a/ar/arthur_calwell.html

CarolineChisholm

Born1808,England

Died1877

CarolineChisholmarrivedinAustraliain1838andsetupahomeforotherwomenwhohadcometolivehere.SheworkedtoimprovelifeontheshipsbringingpeopletoAustraliatostartanewlifeandstartedaloansplantobringpoorchildrenandfamiliestoAustralia.ShearrangedfreetripssothatthefamiliesofconvictswhoweretransportedtoAustraliacouldcometojointhem.

C.J.Dennis

Born7September1876,Auburn,SouthAustralia

Died22June1938,Melbourne

C.J.Dennis,poetandjournalist,waspopularinAustraliaforhisdown-to-earthworks,writteninthevernacularofthetimes.In1913Dennispublishedavolumetitled

Backblockballadsandotherverses,butitwasnotafinancialsuccess.Immediatesuccesswasachievedwith

TheSongsofasentimentalbloke,alovestorywritteninslang,whichwaspublishedinOctober1915;threeeditionswererequiredin1915,ninein1916,andby1976fifty-seveneditionshadbeenpublishedinAustralia,England,Canada,andtheUSA.

See:PerryMiddlemiss'sitere.

C.J.Dennis

/lit/authors/denniscj

MaryGilmore

Born1864(MaryCameron),CottaWalla(nearGoulburn),NewSouthWales

Died1962

MaryGilmorewasateacherandwriter.Shewastheeditorofthewomen’spagesoftheAustralian

Workernewspaperfor23years.ShejoinedWilliamLane's"NewAustralia"utopianexperimentsettlementinParaguay,andmarriedWilliamGilmoretherein1897(theybothreturnedtoAustraliain1902).Awell-knownAustralianpoet,hermostpopularpieceis"NoFoeShallGatherOurHarvest".

NedKelly

Birthdateunknown,commonlybelievedtobebetweenNovember1854andJanuary1855,atBeveridge(25milesnorthofMelbourne),Victoria

Diedonthe11thNovember1880,hungatMelbourneGaol,Victoria

NedKellyisAustralia'smostfamousbushranger.Saidtohavebeenforcedintobushrangingbythepolice,whowerelookingtoshoothim,heandhisgangrobbedbanksratherthanrobbingcommonfolk.TheKellyganghadmanyactivesupportersandawidefollowing,andhemadeplansfortheestablishingaRepublicofNorthEastern.NedwascapturedatGlenrowan,andwastriedatMelbourne,wherehewassentencedtodeathbyhanging.

See:

NedKelly:AustralianIronOutlaw

incl.

ahistoryoftheKellyGang

/html/history_01.html

ThemenofKokoda-thesavioursofAustralia

1942

TheNewGuineacampaign,whichincludedMilneBayandwastypifiedbytheKododaTrack,isseenasadefiningmomentinAustralia'shistory.ThiswaswherethepreceivedinvincibilityoftheJapaneseArmywasfirstseentobebroken.ThecourageandheroismofourtroopsontheKokodaTrackisoneoftheproudestandandmostmemorableepisodesinAustralia'swartimehistory.

See:

TheKokodaTrackMemorialWalkway

.au

incl.animpressive

map[§ionaldiagram]ofKokodaTrack

.au/stations/map.html

See:

BattleForAustralia

.au/kokoda1.html

TheLambingFlatRebellion

1861

TheLambingFlatRebellionwasaseriesofviolentanti-ChinesedemonstrationsthattookplacearoundtheLambingFlat(nowYoung)areaofNewSouthWales.TheMiners'ProtectiveLeaguedemandedparliamentaryrepresentation,protectionofindustry,andtheexpulsionoftheChinese.IthasbeensaidthatitwasthisrebellionthatwasthestartingpointfortheeventualWhiteAustraliaPolicyatFederation.

JackLang

Born21December1876,Sydney,NSW

Died27September1975,Auburn,NSW

JohnThomasLang(familiarlyknownas"Jack",andnicknamed"TheBigFella")wasTreasurerintheNSWLaborgovernmentof1920-21,andPremierandTreasureroftheStatetwice(1925-27and1930-32).Hisfirsttermbroughtmanysignificantinnovations,includingchildendowment,widows'pensions,increasedworkers'compensationrates,reversiontothe44-hourweek,abolitionofsecondaryschoolfees,andvotesforallinlocalgovernmentelections.Lang'ssecondterm,whichcoincidedwiththeworstyearsoftheGreatDepression,endedwiththedismissalofhisgovernmentbytheStateGovernor(SirPhilipGame).Lang'sdismissalarosefromhisrefusaltopayinterestongovernmentloansborrowedfromfinanciersintheUnitedKingdomattheheightoftheGreatDepression.

JohnDunmoreLang

Born1799

Died1878

TheRev.JohnDunmoreLangwas,besidesbeingaministerofreligion,arepublicanorator,writerandpoliticalorganizer,whocampaignedforarepublicinthe1840sand1850s,puttingforwardhisplanfora"UnitedStatesofAustralia,thegreatrepublicoftheSouthernSeas".Langlobbiedfortheendoftransportation,whichhesawasanendlessconduitofiniquitypouringintotheColony.

See:

JohnDunmoreLang-Patriot,Republican,Statesman,Evangelical,&Engima

.au/~gsmunro/TEXT/essays/Lang.html

See:

JohnDunmoreLangBicentenary1999

.au/Lang/welcome.html

HenryLawson

Born17June1867,ontheGrenfellgoldfields(372kmwestofSydney),NSW

Died2September1922,Abbotsford,Sydney,NSW

HenryLawsonwasoneofAustralia'sgreatestwriters.Hisinterestintherepublicanmovementwassparkedbyhisexposuretotheradicalismoffriendsofhismother,Louisa.In1887hebecametitularpublisherofthe

Republican

(inwhichhisfirstwritingsappeared),andhisfirstpublishedverse,"SongoftheRepublic",appearedin

TheBulletin.LawsonbecameoneofAustralia'smostinfluentialwritersandshowedhisinterestintheordinarymenandwomenofAustralia,suchasinhisstory"TheDrover'sWife"aboutawomanlivingandsubsistingoffthelandonanAustralianselection.Hiswritingwasoftentakenfrommemoriesofhischildhood,especiallyatPipeclay/Eurunderee.Towardstheendof1892,hewasunemployed,andJ.F.Archibald(editorof

TheBulletin)stakedhimforhisfamousBourkejourney;whiletherehefoundemploymentpaintinghouses,andthen,duringabrutaldrought,humpedhisbluey,thereandback,toHungerford.ThisrevelationoftheharshnessoftheoutbackwaspivotalinLawson'sunderstandingofthecountry,leavingadeepmarkonLawson'spsycheandvalidatinghisbeliefinthe"horrorsofbushlife",andsuppliedtheimpetusfor"TheUnionBuriesItsDead"and"Hungerford".Lawsonwaswellknownforhisbushballads"TheTeams","TheRoaringDays",and"Andy'sGonewiththeCattle",aswellashissocialandpoliticalworks,suchas"WatchontheKerb","FacesintheStreet","FreedomontheWallaby",and"TheArmyoftheRear".In1986,LawsonmarriedBerthaBredt(stepdaughteroftheradicalSydneybooksellerW.H.McNamara,andsister-in-lawofJackLang).HetriedhishandinNewZealand(1897),theninEngland(1900),andreturnedtoSydneyin1902.Hisalcoholism,datingfrom1898,thenbecameamajorproblemleadingtoseparationfromhiswifein1903.From1907to1918Lawsonwasoftendestitute,althoughhewaslaterawardedaweeklypensionfromtheCommonwealthLiteraryFundin1920.Whenhediedin1922,LawsonwasgivenastatefuneralatSt.Andrew'sChurch.

See:

OldPoetry

/authors/Henry_Lawson

See:

ThePoetryofHenryLawson

.au/~natinfo/lawson

TedMack

TedMackistheonlyAustraliantoeverhavebeenelectedandre-electedasanindependenttolocal,state,andfederalgovernment.HewaselectedtotheNorthSydneyCityCouncilasanAldermanin1974,whereheserveduntil1988(hewasMayorofNorthSydney1980-1988);whileservingasmayor,hewaselectedtotheNewSouthWalesstateparliamentastheMemberoftheLegislativeAssemblyforNorthShore1981-1988;andwaselectedasthefederalMemberofParliamentforNorthSydneyfrom1990to1996.Heinstituteddemocraticreformsinhislocalareaandiswell-respectedasamanofdemocracy.Mackhasbeenastaunchdefenderofelectors'rightsandapassionatesupporterofpeoples'righttoagreatersayingovernment.HewasalsoelectedasanindependentRepublicandelegatetothe1998ConstitutionalConvention,whereheopposedthemodelfavouredbytheAustralianRepublicanMovement,andarguedthatAustralianvotersshouldhaveadirectsayintheprocesstodecidetheirHeadofState.

See:

TedMack-TheIndependent

/ted_mack_a.html#tmp

See:

ThetrulyhonorableMrMack

.au/www_root/pdf/ti010402.pdf

CaptainMoonlight

Born1842,NorthIreland

Died20January1880,hunginDarlinghurstGaol,Sydney,NSW

AndrewScott,betterknownasCaptainMoonlight,wasabushranger.HerobbedtheMt.Egertonbranch(Victoria)oftheLondonCharteredBank,on20December1870,hewasbroughtbeforetheSydneyQuarterSessionsforpassingbadchequesandandhewassentencedtotwelvemonthsinMaitlandGaol.OnhisreleaseinMarch1872hewaspromptlyarrestedandextraditedtoVictoriatofaceare-openingoftheMt.Egertonbankrobberycase,JudgeRedmondBarry(thesamejudgethattriedNedKelly)sentencedhimtotenyearsimprisonmentfortherobberyandgavehimanadditionaltwelvemonthsforescapingfromBallaratGaolforafewdayswhilstawaitingtrial.Hewasreleased18March1879,andwassoonafterstronglysuspectedofrobbingtheLancefieldbank,wenttoNSW,helduptheWantabadgeryStationhomestead(endingupwithover30hostages);however,whenthepolicewerealerted,Scottandhispartners-in-crimeescaped,althoughtheywerelaterrecapturedwhentheyholedupinanotherhomestead.HewastriedinSydneyon8December1879,andsentencedtodeath.

See:

AndrewGeorgeScott(alias"CaptainMoonlight")

.au/bushrangers/scott_a.htm

BreakerMorant

BornChristmas1865,Bideford,Devon,England(accordingtohim)

Died27February1902,Pretoria,SouthAfrica,shotbyafiringsquad

Harry"Breaker"Morantwasahorsebreakerofmuchrepute,aswellasbeingawriterfor

TheBulletin.Hisoriginsareshroudedinmystery,andseemstohaveappearedinAustraliafromnowhere(or,atleast,noofficialtraceofhimarriving,orofhisorigins,hasyetbeenfound).HesignedupfortheBoerWar,wasallegedtohaveshotsomeBoerprisonersunderordersfromhissuperiorofficer,CaptainHunt,andwasexecutedbytheBritishArmy.Thefilm

BreakerMorant

isworthwhilewatching.

HenryParkes

Bornin1815,England

Diedin1896

SirHenryParkeswasafamousjournalistandpolitician.Hewasanex-chartistandhemigratedtoSydneyin1839andworkedasatoymaker,alabourerandajournalist.HeestablishedtheEmpireNewspaperin1850,whichfailedfinancially.Heledpublicprotestsagainstre-introductionofconvictlabour.ElectedtoLegislativeCouncilin1854,hewasastrongdemocratanddisagreedwithWilliamWentworth'samendedConstitution-heconsideredita"squatter'sconstitution".Heorganisedlocalgovernmentbodies,andinitiatedhospitalreforms.Healsointroducedcompulsoryfreeeducation,withdrawingallstateaidtochurchschoolsin1880.HewasappointedColonialsecretary(1866)andPremierofNewSouthWalesin1872;andremainedapoliticalgiantuntilthefinalcollapseofhisgovernmentin1891whichmarkedtheendofhispoliticalcareer.HewasagreatadvocateofFederation.In1880hecalledanIntercolonialConferencetodiscussChineseimmigration,followingwhichallstates(exceptWesternAustralia)agreedtoimposerestrictions.HemadeafamousafterdinnerspeechatTenterfieldin1889whichwasapowerfulemotionalappealonbehalfofFederation.LatersimilarspeechesthroughoutN.S.W.resultedinanunsuccessfulFederalConferenceinMelbourne(1890).Parkeswasthepresidentof1891NationalConventionbutdisapprovedofthedraftconstitutions.TheAustralianNativesAssociationatCorowa(1893)adoptedhissuggestionthataconventionbeelectedtodrawupaconstitution.

BanjoPaterson

Born17February1864,nearOrange,NewSouthWales

Died5February1941,Sydney,NSW

AndrewBartonPatersonispossiblyAustralia'smostpopularpoet,withhiscompositionsincludingWaltzingMatilda,TheManfromSnowyRiver,ClancyoftheOverflow,andTheGeebungPoloClub.Heusedthepseudonymof"TheBanjo"forhismagazinewritings(analiasderivedfromthenameofaracehorsethefamilyowned),andhadadeepaffectionforhorses,beinganaturalhorseman,and,notsurprisingly,manyofhisworkshavea"horsetheme".PatersonwascaughtupincolonialAustralia'scommitmenttotheunfortunateBoerWar,becomingawarcorrespondent.Beforehisdeathin1941,hehadprovidedatimelessliterarylegacyofAustralia'suniqueculturalheritageandidentity.

See:

OldPoetry

/authors/A_B_Banjo_Paterson

W.G.Spence

Born1846,inavillageintheOrkneyIslands,Scotland

Died13December1926

WilliamGuthrieSpenceiswell-knownasatradeunionleader.HecametoAustraliawithhisfatherhopingtofindgoldontheBallaratgoldfieldsin1853.Asaminer,SpenceheldseveralminorpostsintheAmalgamatedMiners'AssociationofVictoriauntileventuallybeingelectedSecretaryin1882.In1886,SpencebecamefoundationpresidentoftheAmalgamatedShearers'UnionofAustralasiaandguidedtheunionthr