高考有機(jī)化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)

高考有機(jī)化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)有機(jī)化學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納(一)一、同系物結(jié)構(gòu)相似，在分子組成上相差一個(gè)或若干個(gè)CH原子團(tuán)的物質(zhì)物質(zhì)。2同系物的判斷要點(diǎn):1、通式相同，但通式相同不一定是同系物。2、組成元素種類必須相同3、結(jié)構(gòu)相似指具有相似的原子連接方式，相同的官能團(tuán)類別和數(shù)目。結(jié)構(gòu)相似不一定完全相同，如CHCHCH和323(CH)C，前者無支鏈，后者有支鏈仍為同系物。344、在分子組成上必須相差一個(gè)或幾個(gè)CH原子團(tuán)，但通式相同組成上相差一個(gè)或幾個(gè)CH原子團(tuán)不一定是同系物，如22CHCHBr和CHCHCHCl都是鹵代烴，且組成相差一個(gè)CH原子團(tuán)，但不是同系物。3232225、同分異構(gòu)體之間不是同系物。二、同分異構(gòu)體化合物具有相同的分子式，但具有不同結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)象叫做同分異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象。具有同分異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象的化合物互稱同分異構(gòu)體。1、同分異構(gòu)體的種類:?碳鏈異構(gòu):指碳原子之間連接成不同的鏈狀或環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)而造成的異構(gòu)。如CH有三種同分異構(gòu)體，即正戊烷、異512戊烷和新戊烷。?位置異構(gòu):指官能團(tuán)或取代基在在碳鏈上的位置不同而造成的異構(gòu)。如1—丁烯與2—丁烯、1—丙醇與2—丙醇、鄰二甲苯與間二甲苯及對(duì)二甲苯。?異類異構(gòu):指官能團(tuán)不同而造成的異構(gòu)，也叫官能團(tuán)異構(gòu)。如1—丁炔與1，3—丁二烯、丙烯與環(huán)丙烷、乙醇與甲醚、丙醛與丙酮、乙酸與甲酸甲酯、葡萄糖與果糖、蔗糖與麥芽糖等。?其他異構(gòu)方式:如順反異構(gòu)、對(duì)映異構(gòu),也叫做鏡像異構(gòu)或手性異構(gòu),等～在中學(xué)階段的信息題中屢有涉及。各類有機(jī)物異構(gòu)體情況:?CH:只能是烷烴，而且只有碳鏈異構(gòu)。如CH(CH)CH、CHCH(CH)CHCH、C(CH)n2n+23233332334?CH:單烯烴、環(huán)烷烴。如CH=CHCHCH、n2n223CH2CHCH=CHCH、CH=C(CH)、、33232CH—CHCH—CH222CH—CH22?CH:炔烴、二烯烴。如:CH?CCHCH、CHC?CCH、CH=CHCH=CHn2n-2233322CH3—CH3CH——CH33?CH:芳香烴(苯及其同系物)。如:、、n2n-6—CH3—CH3?CHO:飽和脂肪醇、醚。如:CHCHCHOH、CHCH(OH)CH、CHOCHCHn2n+232233323?CHO:醛、酮、環(huán)醚、環(huán)醇、烯基醇。如:CHCHCHO、CHCOCH、CH=CHCHOH、n2n323322OCH2CH—CH22、、CHCH—CH—CH—CH—OH232OCH2?CHO:羧酸、酯、羥醛、羥基酮。如:CHCHCOOH、CHCOOCH、HCOOCHCH、HOCHCHCHO、n2n232332322CHCH(OH)CHO、CHCOCHOH332?CHNO:硝基烷、氨基酸。如:CHCHNO、HNCHCOOHn2n+1232222?C(HO):糖類。如:n2mCHO:CHOH(CHOH)CHO，CHOH(CHOH)COCHOH612624232CHO:蔗糖、麥芽糖。1222112、同分異構(gòu)體的書寫規(guī)律:?烷烴(只可能存在碳鏈異構(gòu))的書寫規(guī)律:advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-ledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovation,improveproductvalue-addedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustrelyon......Post-doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts主鏈由長到短，支鏈由整到散，位置由心到邊，排布由對(duì)到鄰到間。?具有官能團(tuán)的化合物如烯烴、炔烴、醇、酮等，它們具有碳鏈異構(gòu)、官能團(tuán)位置異構(gòu)、異類異構(gòu)，書寫按順序考慮。一般情況是碳鏈異構(gòu)?官能團(tuán)位置異構(gòu)?異類異構(gòu)。?芳香族化合物:二元取代物的取代基在苯環(huán)上的相對(duì)位置具有鄰、間、對(duì)三種。3、判斷同分異構(gòu)體的常見方法:?記憶法:?碳原子數(shù)目1~5的烷烴異構(gòu)體數(shù)目:甲烷、乙烷和丙烷均無異構(gòu)體，丁烷有兩種異構(gòu)體，戊烷有三種異構(gòu)體。?碳原子數(shù)目1~4的一價(jià)烷基:甲基一種(—CH)，乙基一種(—CHCH)、丙基兩種323(—CHCHCH、—CH(CH))、22332丁基四種(—CHCHCHCH、、—CHCH(CH)、—C(CH))CHCHCHCH222323233323?一價(jià)苯基一種、二價(jià)苯基三種(鄰、間、對(duì)三種)。?基團(tuán)連接法:將有機(jī)物看成由基團(tuán)連接而成，由基團(tuán)的異構(gòu)數(shù)目可推斷有機(jī)物的異構(gòu)體數(shù)目。如:丁基有四種，丁醇(看作丁基與羥基連接而成)也有四種，戊醛、戊酸(分別看作丁基跟醛基、羧基連接而成)也分別有四種。?等同轉(zhuǎn)換法:將有機(jī)物分子中的不同原子或基團(tuán)進(jìn)行等同轉(zhuǎn)換。如:乙烷分子中共有6個(gè)H原子，若有一個(gè)H原子被Cl原子取代所得一氯乙烷只有一種結(jié)構(gòu)，那么五氯乙烷有多少種,假設(shè)把五氯乙烷分子中的Cl原子轉(zhuǎn)換為H原子，而H原子轉(zhuǎn)換為Cl原子，其情況跟一氯乙烷完全相同，故五氯乙烷也有一種結(jié)構(gòu)。同樣，二氯乙烷有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，四氯乙烷也有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)。?等效氫法:等效氫指在有機(jī)物分子中處于相同位置的氫原子。等效氫任一原子若被相同取代基取代所得產(chǎn)物都屬于同一物質(zhì)。其判斷方法有:?同一碳原子上連接的氫原子等效。?同一碳原子上連接的—CH中氫原子等效。如:新戊烷中的四個(gè)甲基連接于同一個(gè)碳原子上，故新戊烷分子中的312個(gè)氫原子等效。CHCH33CH—C—C—CH?同一分子中處于鏡面對(duì)稱(或軸對(duì)稱)位置的氫原子等效。如:33分子中的18個(gè)氫原子等效。CHCH33三、有機(jī)物的系統(tǒng)命名法1、烷烴的系統(tǒng)命名法?定主鏈:就長不就短。選擇分子中最長碳鏈作主鏈(烷烴的名稱由主鏈的碳原子數(shù)決定)?找支鏈:就近不就遠(yuǎn)。從離取代基最近的一端編號(hào)。?命名:?就多不就少。若有兩條碳鏈等長，以含取代基多的為主鏈。?就簡不就繁。若在離兩端等距離的位置同時(shí)出現(xiàn)不同的取代基時(shí)，簡單的取代基優(yōu)先編號(hào)(若為相同的取代基，則從哪端編號(hào)能使取代基位置編號(hào)之和最小，就從哪一端編起)。?先寫取代基名稱，后寫烷烴的名稱;取代基的排列順序從簡單到復(fù)雜;相同的取代基合并以漢字?jǐn)?shù)字標(biāo)明數(shù)目;取代基的位置以主鏈碳原子的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字編號(hào)標(biāo)明寫在表示取代基數(shù)目的漢字之前，位置編號(hào)之間以“，”相隔，阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字與漢字之間以“—”相連。?烷烴命名書寫的格式:取代基的編號(hào)—取代基—取代基的編號(hào)—取代基某烷烴簡單的取代基復(fù)雜的取代基主鏈碳數(shù)命名2、含有官能團(tuán)的化合物的命名?定母體:根據(jù)化合物分子中的官能團(tuán)確定母體。如:含碳碳雙鍵的化合物，以烯為母體，化合物的最后名稱為“某烯”;含醇羥基、醛基、羧基的化合物分別以醇、醛、酸為母體;苯的同系物以苯為母體命名。?定主鏈:以含有盡可能多官能團(tuán)的最長碳鏈為主鏈。?命名:官能團(tuán)編號(hào)最小化。其他規(guī)則與烷烴相似。alprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtecity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesociaddedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycenter-ogicalinnovation,improveproductvaluechnolFourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtendofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.sformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekiledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,ha-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-Tianjin-jingadvantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beiindexpertsdoctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytof-d.Third,wemustrelyon......Postpharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneenery,danumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachint,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroduceftalerises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationonsurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterpstoechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproduct2如:CH3—C—CH—CHCH33，叫作:2,3—二甲基—2—丁醇OHCH3—CHCH32，叫作:2,3—二甲基—2—乙基丁醛—CH—C—CHOCH3CHCH33四、有機(jī)物的物理性質(zhì)1、狀態(tài):固態(tài):飽和高級(jí)脂肪酸、脂肪、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麥芽糖、淀粉、維生素、醋酸(16.6?以下);氣態(tài):C以下的烷、烯、炔烴、甲醛、一氯甲烷、新戊烷;4液態(tài):油狀:乙酸乙酯、油酸;粘稠狀:石油、乙二醇、丙三醇。2、氣味:無味:甲烷、乙炔(常因混有PH、HS和AsH而帶有臭味);323稍有氣味:乙烯;特殊氣味:甲醛、乙醛、甲酸和乙酸;香味:乙醇、低級(jí)酯;3、顏色:白色:葡萄糖、多糖黑色或深棕色:石油4、密度:比水輕:苯、液態(tài)烴、一氯代烴、乙醇、乙醛、低級(jí)酯、汽油;比水重:溴苯、乙二醇、丙三醇、CCl。45、揮發(fā)性:乙醇、乙醛、乙酸。6、水溶性:不溶:高級(jí)脂肪酸、酯、溴苯、甲烷、乙烯、苯及同系物、石油、CCl;4易溶:甲醛、乙酸、乙二醇;與水混溶:乙醇、乙醛、甲酸、丙三醇。五、最簡式相同的有機(jī)物1、CH:CH、CH(苯、棱晶烷、盆烯)、CH(立方烷、苯乙烯);2266882、CH:烯烴和環(huán)烷烴;23、CHO:甲醛、乙酸、甲酸甲酯、葡萄糖;24、CHO:飽和一元醛(或飽和一元酮)與二倍于其碳原子數(shù)的飽和一元羧酸或酯;如乙醛(CHO)與丁酸及異構(gòu)n2n24體(CHO)4825、炔烴(或二烯烴)與三倍于其碳原子數(shù)的苯及苯的同系物。如:丙炔(CH)與丙苯(CH)34912六、能與溴水發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)而使溴水褪色或變色的物質(zhì)1、有機(jī)物:doctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytofindexperts-on......Posttrelyanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneed.Third,wemustyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachinery,pharmaceuticalmecounncreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroducedanumberoftheatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoime,crductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Hoengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintros,stro,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtechnologyprojectisthecitycentercity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesocialprotection.Saddedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talent-n,improveproductvalueyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtechnologicalinnovatiohnologachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.Fourstroketeconplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,hasformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekindofprojectseledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromoti-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-Tianjin-advantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beijing3?不飽和烴(烯烴、炔烴、二烯烴等)?不飽和烴的衍生物(烯醇、烯醛、烯酸、烯酯、油酸、油酸酯等)?石油產(chǎn)品(裂化氣、裂解氣、裂化汽油等)?含醛基的化合物(醛、甲酸、甲酸鹽、甲酸酯、葡萄糖、麥芽糖等)?天然橡膠(聚異戊二烯)2、無機(jī)物:?,2價(jià)的S(硫化氫及硫化物)?+4價(jià)的S(二氧化硫、亞硫酸及亞硫酸鹽)?+2價(jià)的Fe6FeSO+3Br=2Fe(SO)+2FeBr422433變色6FeCl+3Br=4FeCl+2FeBr22332FeI+3Br=2FeBr+2I2232?+Mg+Br===MgBr(其中亦有Mg與H、Mg與HBrO的反應(yīng))?Zn、Mg等單質(zhì)如22?,1價(jià)的I(氫碘酸及碘化物)變色?NaOH等強(qiáng)堿、NaCO和AgNO等鹽233Br+HO=HBr+HBrO222HBr+NaCO=2NaBr+CO?+HO2322HBrO+NaCO=NaBrO+NaHCO233七、能萃取溴而使溴水褪色的物質(zhì)上層變無色的(ρ>1):鹵代烴(CCl、氯仿、溴苯等)、CS等;42下層變無色的(ρ<1):直餾汽油、煤焦油、苯及苯的同系物、低級(jí)酯、液態(tài)環(huán)烷烴、液態(tài)飽和烴(如己烷等)等八、能使酸性高錳酸鉀溶液褪色的物質(zhì)1、有機(jī)物:?不飽和烴(烯烴、炔烴、二烯烴等)?不飽和烴的衍生物(烯醇、烯醛、烯酸、烯酯、油酸、油酸酯等)?石油產(chǎn)品(裂化氣、裂解氣、裂化汽油等)?醇類物質(zhì)(乙醇等)?含醛基的化合物(醛、甲酸、甲酸鹽、甲酸酯、葡萄糖、麥芽糖等)?天然橡膠(聚異戊二烯)?苯的同系物2、無機(jī)物:?氫鹵酸及鹵化物(氫溴酸、氫碘酸、濃鹽酸、溴化物、碘化物)?+2價(jià)的Fe(亞鐵鹽及氫氧化亞鐵)?,2價(jià)的S(硫化氫及硫化物)?+4價(jià)的S(二氧化硫、亞硫酸及亞硫酸鹽)?雙氧水(HO)22【例題】例1某烴的一種同分異構(gòu)體只能生成一種一氯代物，該烴的分子式可能是()A.CHB.CHC.CHD.CH38410512818〖考點(diǎn)直擊〗本題考查了判斷同分異構(gòu)體的等效氫法。〖解題思路〗主要通過各種同分異構(gòu)體分子的對(duì)稱性來分析分子中的等效氫。CH、CH的各種同分異構(gòu)體分子中都存在兩種等效氫～所以其各種同分異構(gòu)體的一氯代物應(yīng)該有兩種。38410從CH、CH的結(jié)構(gòu)看～其分子中H原子都等效。因而它們的氫原子被甲基取代后的衍生物分子中的氫原子也分別都426是等效的。故CH、CH的各一種同分異構(gòu)體C(CH)、(CH)C—C(CH)一氯代物各有一種。512818343333nsurethatintroductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterpstoechnologyprojects,strengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductalprotection.So,intermsofskills:tocatch...Competitive.Encouragingenterprisestoactivelyundertakescienceandtecity'sfirstresource,istheprimaryindustrydevelopment,andrevitalizationofthesociaddedandimproveeconomiccompetitiveness,istheinevitablewaytoachieveleapfrogdevelopment.Talentisthecitycenter-ogicalinnovation,improveproductvaluechnolFourstroketechnologyandscience.DeterminantsoftechnologyistheCounty'seconomicdevelopmentthroughscientificandtendofprojectseachtownstreethasthekindofresources,whatlocation,focusonthedevelopmentofthekindofindustries.sformedakindofscale,needtobringinthekiledunitandvarioustownstreetsaredevelopingdetailedpromotionplans,thebasisofwhatisspecifictoeachindustry,ha-Tangshanarea,targetedinvestmentpromotionseveraltimes.Industry-Tianjin-jingadvantages,facingtheYangtzeRiverDelta,PearlRiverDelta,Shandongpeninsula,Beiindexpertsdoctoralworkstation,......Foodresearchstationplatform,totheXXUniversitytof-d.Third,wemustrelyon......Postpharmaceuticalmanufacturingresearchanddevelopmentinhighereducation,suchastheintroductionoftalenttomeettheneenery,danumberofthecountyneededscarceeducation,healthprofessionals,meetsocialdevelopmentneedstoinvestmoreinmachint,effortstoincreasevocationaleducationandtrainingandmeetthebasicdemandofenterprisedevelopment.Thenintroduceftalerises......Home,creatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationo4〖答案〗CD例2下列各對(duì)物質(zhì)中屬于同分異構(gòu)體的是()1213A.C與CB.O和OHCHH233CHCHCHCH323H—C—CH—C—CHCH—C—CHCH33333C.與D.與CH3CH3HCH3〖考點(diǎn)直擊〗本題考查對(duì)同位素、同素異形體、同系物和同分異構(gòu)體等概念的掌握情況?！冀忸}思路〗A選項(xiàng)的物質(zhì)互為同位素。B選項(xiàng)的物質(zhì)互為同素異形體。C選項(xiàng)的一對(duì)物質(zhì)為同一物質(zhì)的不同寫法。D選項(xiàng)的一對(duì)物質(zhì)分子式相同～但結(jié)構(gòu)不同～互為同分異構(gòu)體?！即鸢浮紻例3用式量為43的烷基取代甲苯苯環(huán)上的一個(gè)氫原子，所得芳香烴產(chǎn)物的數(shù)目為()A.3B.4C.5D.6〖考點(diǎn)直擊〗本題既考查了學(xué)生對(duì)苯的二元取代物的同分異構(gòu)體數(shù)目的判斷～又考查了根據(jù)式量求烴基的方法。〖解題思路〗式量為43的烷基為CH—～包括正丙基,CHCHCH—,和異丙基[(CH)CH—]～分別在甲苯苯環(huán)的鄰、間、3732232對(duì)位上取代～共有6種烴及烴基的推算～通常將式量除以12,即C原子的式量,～所得的商即為C原子數(shù)～余數(shù)為H原子數(shù)。本題涉及的是烷基,CH—,～防止只注意正丙基,CHCHCH—,～而忽略了異丙基[(CH)CH—]的存在。3732232〖答案〗D【習(xí)題】1、下列各組物質(zhì)互為同系物的是(D)CHCH23A.—OH—CHOH2—OHB.葡萄糖和核糖[CHOH(CHOH)CHO]23C.乙酸甲酯和油酸乙酯D.α—氨基乙酸和β—氨基丁酸2、有機(jī)物CHO—CH—CHO，有多種同分異構(gòu)體，其中屬于酯且含有苯環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的共有(D)364A.3種B.4種C.5種D.6種3、具有解熱鎮(zhèn)痛及抗生素作用的藥物“芬必得”的主要成分的結(jié)構(gòu)簡式為CH—CH(CH)—CH——CH(CH)COOH它為(A)3323A.它為芳香族化合物B.甲酸的同系物C.易溶于水的有機(jī)物D.易升華的物質(zhì)4、1，2，3—三苯基環(huán)丙烷的三個(gè)苯基可以分布在環(huán)丙烷環(huán)平面的上下，因此有如圖所示的兩種異構(gòu)體φφφφφΦ是苯基，環(huán)用鍵線表示，C、H原子都未畫出。據(jù)此，可以判斷1，2，3，4，5—五氯環(huán)戊烷(假定五個(gè)碳原子也處一個(gè)φ平面上)的異構(gòu)體數(shù)目是(A)A.4B.5C.6D.7eatinginnovativeplatforms......Genericclassifier.In:first,wemuststrengthenthecultivationoftalent,effortstoime,crductionoftransformingscientificandtechnologicalachievementsduringtheyear......Newresearchenterprises......Hoengtheningresearchcooperation,usingadvancedtechnologytoincreasetheaddedvalueoftheirproductstoensurethatintros,s