2025年高考英語二輪熱點(diǎn)題型歸納與變式演練專題04 閱讀理解主旨大意題（原題版）

專題04閱讀理解主旨大意題目錄題型綜述 2解題攻略 3題型01文章大意題 3題型02段落大意題 5題型03標(biāo)題歸納題 7高考練場(chǎng) 9題型簡(jiǎn)介主旨大意題主要考查考生對(duì)文章中心思想或段落大意的歸納、概括和總結(jié)能力。它要求考生能夠理解文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)和主要內(nèi)容，把握作者的寫作意圖。這種題型在高考英語閱讀中占有重要地位，因?yàn)樗荏w現(xiàn)考生對(duì)文章全局的把握，是一種高層次的閱讀理解能力考查。一般來說，每篇閱讀理解文章都會(huì)涉及至少一道主旨大意題，或者與主旨相關(guān)的題目，如最佳標(biāo)題題等。主旨大意題的設(shè)問方式多樣，位置通常在文章后的題目開頭或結(jié)尾部分，但也可能出現(xiàn)在中間位置。命題類型文章主旨題：這類題目要求概括整篇文章的中心思想。例如，“What'sthemainideaofthepassage?”或者“Thepassageismainlyabout...”。答案選項(xiàng)通常是對(duì)文章核心內(nèi)容的綜合表述，涵蓋了文章多個(gè)段落的要點(diǎn)信息。段落主旨題：主要針對(duì)文章中的某一個(gè)段落，考查考生對(duì)該段落中心內(nèi)容的理解。如“What'sthemainpointofthethirdparagraph?”。答案往往是該段落主題句的同義替換或者對(duì)段落細(xì)節(jié)信息的概括。最佳標(biāo)題題：要求考生從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)最適合文章的標(biāo)題。像“Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?”。標(biāo)題要能夠準(zhǔn)確地反映文章的主題，并且具有吸引力，同時(shí)還要簡(jiǎn)潔明了，避免范圍過大或過小。解題思路尋找主題句法位置判斷：主題句在文章中的位置通常有一定規(guī)律。大部分情況下，主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭部分，開門見山地闡述文章主旨；有些文章主題句在結(jié)尾，起到總結(jié)全文的作用；還有少數(shù)文章主題句在中間，需要結(jié)合上下文來判斷。特點(diǎn)把握：主題句一般具有概括性強(qiáng)、涵蓋范圍廣的特點(diǎn)，能夠準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)文章或者段落的核心內(nèi)容。例如，在一篇講述環(huán)境保護(hù)措施的文章中，開頭的主題句可能是“Variouseffectivemeasureshavebeentakentoprotecttheenvironmentinrecentyears.”。歸納法細(xì)節(jié)整合：如果文章沒有明顯的主題句，就需要對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)信息進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。把各個(gè)段落的主要內(nèi)容提煉出來，尋找它們的共同點(diǎn)或者關(guān)聯(lián)點(diǎn)，從而概括出文章的主旨。注意事項(xiàng)：在歸納過程中，要避免遺漏重要信息，同時(shí)也要排除那些只涉及部分內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)。比如，一篇文章分別介紹了科技對(duì)教育、醫(yī)療和交通的積極影響，歸納主旨時(shí)就要涵蓋這三個(gè)方面，不能只強(qiáng)調(diào)其中一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。關(guān)注關(guān)鍵詞法高頻詞識(shí)別：注意文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞。這些關(guān)鍵詞往往與文章的主題密切相關(guān)。例如，一篇文章多次出現(xiàn)“AI（人工智能）”“machinelearning（機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)）”“bigdata（大數(shù)據(jù)）”等詞匯，那么文章主旨很可能是關(guān)于人工智能技術(shù)及其相關(guān)應(yīng)用的。同義替換詞注意：同時(shí)還要留意與這些關(guān)鍵詞意思相近的表達(dá)，它們也有助于確定文章主旨。比如，除了“AI”之外，還出現(xiàn)了“artificialintelligencetechnology”等表達(dá)。命題方式【常見考法】主旨大意題經(jīng)常使用的提問方式有：1)Whatisthetextmainlyabout?2)Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?3)Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?4)What'sthefirst/second/third....paragraphmainlyabout?5)What'sthemainideadiscussedinthefirst/second/third/..paragraph?題型01段落大意題一、常見設(shè)問方式WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?二、首尾兼顧法尋找主題句：1.段首段尾：段首--主題句多為段首一兩句(觀點(diǎn)或?qū)ο?；段尾--主題句也常為段尾句(結(jié)論或總結(jié))。2.段中：主題句有時(shí)在段中(前面的話是為引出主題）。3.無主題句：有時(shí)沒有主題句，需根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容自己概括。(山東師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2024~2025學(xué)年高三12月月考英語試題)Peopleusuallywashtheirproducebeforeeatingtoremoveresidue(殘留物)frompesticides.Butareyourfruitsandvegetablesreallycleanenoughtoeat?Now14-year-oldSirishSubashfromGeorgiahaswonthe20243MYoungScreentestChallengeforinventinganAI-basedhandheldpesticidedetectorthatisveryaccurateindetectingpesticideresidue.Nowinits17thyear,thecompetitionsupportsmiddleschoolstudentstothinkcreativelyandapplySTEMprinciplestodiscoverrealworld-solutions.Whenthefinalistsarechosen,theyarepairedwitha3Mscientistwhomentorsthemoverthesummertohelptaketheirideasfromjustconceptstomodels.Sirish’sjourneytowinningtheawardcamefromwatchinghismotherwashingvegetablesandfruitsandcautioninghimalwaysdoso.Hewonderedwhetherwashingactuallymadeadifference.SincepesticideresiduesarelinkedtoillnesseslikecancerandAlzheimers’s,it’sveryimportanttoknowifthefruitsandvegetablesaresafe.That’showPestiSCANDisdesigned.Thedeviceworksbyshininglightonthesurfaceoftheproduceandmeasuringthe.wavelengthsthatbounceback.PestiSCANDusesasensorandAI-basedprocessortoachieveanaccuracyofover85percent.Sirishtestedthedeviceonmorethan12,000foodsamplesincludingstrawberries,apples,andtomatoes.Sirishaimsonmakingthistechnologywidelyaccessiblesothatconsumerswillbeabletomakesafefoodchoices.Buthestillbelievesyoushouldwashyourproduceanyway.Heplanstousethe$25,000prizefromthecompetitiontohelpfundhiseducationalgoalofattending.MIT.“Thisyear’sYoungScientistChallengefinalistshavedemonstratedanincredibleabilitytodevelopcreativesolutionstosomeoftheworld’smostpressingchallenges,”TorieClarke,EVPandchiefpublicaffairsofficerat3M,saidinthepressrelease.“Iambeyondimpressedandinspiredbytheirintelligenceandtheirscientificminds.”6.Whatdoesparagraph4mainlyfocuson?A.Thedesignprocess. B.Thewideapplication.C.Theworkingprinciple. D.Thetheoreticalfoundation.題型02文章大意題一、提問方式What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________.Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout________.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassage?Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily________.Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis________.Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________.二、主旨大意歸納法：1.略讀法：讀文章標(biāo)題；讀首尾段落；讀段落首尾句；留意表句段關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞之后的內(nèi)容。2.文體法：新聞報(bào)道、議論文和說明文--主題句在首段；記敘文、議論文--主題句一般在尾段。3.詞語法：在文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的主題詞。4.概括法：無主題句的文章，需讀者自己概括大意。?找主題句的技巧：1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infact,actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等詞，通常是主旨。(安徽省卓越聯(lián)盟2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期11月期中考試英語試題)Googleisconsideringchargingforartificialintelligence(AI)-poweredsearchinwhatwouldbethebiggestchangeofitsbusinessmodelsinceitwasfounded.Thelargesearchcompany,whichisownedbyAlphabet,hasneverbeforeputanyofitskeyproductsbehindapaywall.However,bossesareconsideringchargingfornewadvancedsearchfeaturespoweredbyAI.ThecompanyisdealingwithhowtomakeuseoftheAItechnologywithoutthreateningitsadvertising-fundedbusinessmodel.TherearefearsthattheinventionofAIchatbots(聊天機(jī)器人)willweakensearchenginessuchasGooglebyallowingpeopletoaskfortheinformationtheyrequireratherthansearchingforit.Thiswouldrob(掠奪)Googleofthevaluabledataitcollectsfromusers.ItsleadersarenowreportedlyweighingupwhethertoputAI-poweredsearchfeaturesbehindapaywallinawaythatwouldallowittotakeadvantageofthenewtechnologywithoutcompetingwithitscoresearchengine.AlphabetislookingatputtingAI-poweredsearchintoitsadvancedsubscriptionservices.Engineersarereportedlydevelopingthefunctionalityneededforthechangesbuttheleadershavenotmadeadecisiononwhetherorwhentobegintheplan.Undertheplansbeingconsidered,Google’ssearchenginewouldremainfree.AspokesmanofAlphabetsaid:“We’renotworkingonorconsideringanad-freesearchexperience.We’llgoonbuildingnewcapabilitiesandservicestoenhanceoursubscriptionofferingsacrossGoogle.”Thespokesmanadded:“Foryears,we’vebeenreinventingSearchtohelppeopleaccessinformationinthewaythat’smostnaturaltothem.WithourgenerativeAIexperimentsinSearch,we’vealreadyservedbillionsofqueries(詢問).Wewillkeeprapidlyimprovingtheproducttoservenewuserneeds.”Lastyear,Google’sincomefromsearchandadvertisingmadeupmorethanhalfofitstotalsales.Thecompanywascaughtflat-footedbythehugesuccessofChatGPT,whichhasbeenbackedbyitscompetitorMicrosoft.GooglelauncheditsownAIchatbot,Gemini,inresponsebutthetechnologyreceivedalotofcomplaintsforplacingstressondiversityandharmlessanswersinsteadofaccuracy.LaterGooglestoppedthetool’sabilitytodrawpicturesandapologized.11.Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthetext?A.Thecompetitionamongtechnologycompanies.B.Google’snewsearchengine.C.TheimportanceofAItechnology.D.AchangeinGoogle’sbusinessmodel.題型03標(biāo)題歸納題一、提問方式Thebesttitleofthepassageis________.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis______.二、文章標(biāo)題四大特性：1.概括性：概括全文，體現(xiàn)主旨；2.針對(duì)性：內(nèi)涵相符，范圍一致；

3.新穎性：新穎奇特，吸引眼球；

4.簡(jiǎn)短性：名詞短語,動(dòng)名詞短語或祈使句。文章標(biāo)題干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：斷章取義(僅為文中一細(xì)節(jié))；以偏概全；離題太遠(yuǎn)。(2024-2025學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期湖北省市級(jí)示范高中智學(xué)聯(lián)盟12月月考英語試題)Cuttingbackonanimalproteininourdietscansaveonresourcesandgreenhousegasemissions.Butconvincingmeat-lovingconsumerstoswitchuptheirmenuisachallenge.Lookingatthisproblemfromamechanicalengineeringangle,Stanfordengineersarepioneeringanewapproachtofoodtexture(n.質(zhì)地，紋理)testingthatcouldpavethewayforartificialsteaksthatfoolevencommittedmeatlovers.InanewpaperinScienceofFood,theteamdemonstratedthatacombinationofmechanicaltestingandmachinelearningcandescribefoodtexturewithstrikingsimilaritytohumantastetesters.Suchamethodcouldspeedupthedevelopmentofbetterplant-basedmeats.Theteamalsofoundthatsomeplant-basedproductsarealreadypresentingthetextureofthemeatsthey’reimitating.“Wewere’surprisedtofindthattoday’splant-basedproductscanreproducethewholetextureofanimalmeats,”saidEllenKuhl,professorofmechanicalengineeringandseniorauthorofthestudy.Meatsubstituteshavecomealongwayfromwhentofuwastheonlyoption,sheadded.Industrialanimalagriculturecontributestoclimatechange,pollution,habitatloss,andsoon.Thatburdenontheplanetcanbeeasedbyexchanginganimalproteinsforplantproteinsindiets.Onestudyestimatedthatplant-basedmeats,onaverage,havehalftheenvironmentalimpactasanimalmeat.Butmanymeateatersarereluctanttochange;onlyaboutathirdofAmericansinonesurveyindicatedtheywere“verylikely”tobuyplant-basedalternatives.“Peoplelovemeat,”saidSkylerSt.Pierre,aPhDstudentinmechanicalengineeringandleadauthorofthepaper.“Ifwewanttoconvincethemeateatersthatalternativesareworthtrying,thecloserwecanimitateanimalmeatwithplant-basedproducts,themorelikelypeoplemightbeopentotryingsomethingnew.”Tosuccessfullyimitateanimalmeat,foodscientistsanalyzethetextureofplant-basedmeatproducts.Unfortunately,traditionalfoodtestingmethodsarenotstandardizedandtheresultsarerarelymadeavailabletoscienceandtothepublic,saidSt.Pierre.Thismakesitharderforscientiststocreatenewrecipesforalternatives.35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthearticle?A.FoodTesting:AKeytoMeatRevolution.B.PlantorMeat?That’saquestion.C.NewTechinOurDailyFood.D.Plant-basedmeat:TheNewFashionontheTable.題型01段落大意題(2024年新課標(biāo)高考英語I卷B篇)B“Iamnotcrazy,”saysDr.WilliamFarber,shortlyafterperformingacupuncture(針灸)onarabbit.“Iamaheadofmytime.”Ifheseemsalittledefensive,itmightbebecauseevensomeofhiscoworkersoccasionallylaughathisunusualmethods.ButFarberiscertainhe’llhavethelastlaugh.He’soneofasmallbutgrowingnumberofAmericanveterinarians(獸醫(yī))nowpracticing“holistic”medicine–combiningtraditionalWesterntreatmentswithacupuncture,chiropractic(按摩療法)andherbalmedicine.Farber,agraduateofColoradoStateUniversity,startedoutasamoreconventionalveterinarian.Hebecameinterestedinalternativetreatments20yearsagowhenhesufferedfromterriblebackpain.Hetriedmuscle-relaxingdrugsbutfoundlittlerelief.Thenhetriedacupuncture,anancientChinesepractice,andwasamazedthatheimprovedaftertwoorthreetreatments.Whatworkedonaveterinarianseemedlikelytoworkonhispatients.So,afterstudyingthetechniquesforacoupleofyears,hebeganofferingthemtopets.LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.Farberiscertainthattheholisticapproachwillgrowmorepopularwithtime,andifthepastisanyindication,hemayberight:Since1982,membershipintheAmericanHolisticVeterinaryMedicalAssociationhasgrownfrom30toover700.“Sometimesitsurprisesmethatitworkssowell,”hesays.“Iwilldoanythingtohelpananimal.That’smyjob.”26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Stepsofachiropractictreatment.B.Thecomplexityofveterinarians’work.C.Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.D.Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.題型02文章大意題(2024年新課標(biāo)高考英語II卷C篇)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.11.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.題型03標(biāo)題歸納題(2024年全國高考英語甲卷B篇)Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動(dòng)物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!7.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthyA（24-25高三上·安徽合肥·階段練習(xí)）Ifirstsawtheearth—thewholeearthfromtheshuttleChallengerin1984.Theviewtakesyourbreathawayandfillsyouwithchildlikewonder.That’swhyeveryshuttlecrewhastocleannoseprintsofftheirspaceraft’swindowsseveraltimesaday.Anincrediblybeautifultapestry(織錦)ofblueandwhite,tan,blackandgreenseemstoglidebeneathyouatanelegant,statelypace.Butyouareactuallygoingsofastthattheentiremapoftheworldspinsbeforeyoureyeswitheach90-minuteorbit.Afterjustoneortwolaps,youfeel,maybeforthefirsttimelikeacitizenofaplanet.Allthecolorsandpatternsyousee—thevisibleevidenceofthecomplexworkingofthenaturalsystemsthatmakeourplanethabitable—seembothvastandprecise,powerfulandyetsomehowfragile.Youseevolcanoesspewingsmoke,hurricanesroilingtheoceansandevenfinetendrils’ofSaharandustreachingacrosstheAtlantic.Youalsoseethebig,graysmudgesoffields,paddiesandpastures,andatnightyoumarvelatthelights,likebrilliantdiamonds,thatrevealamosaicofcities,roadsandcoastlines—impressivesignsofthehandofhumanity.Scientiststellusthatourhandisheavy,thatwearewipingoutofotherspeciesatanunprecedentedrateandprobablytransformingourclimate.Willtheimmensepowerofglobalsystemswithstandtheimpactofhumanity?Orisitpossiblethatourcollectiveactionswillchangethenatureofourplanetenoughtocrippleitsabilitytosupportlife?Inolongerbelievethatwecanwaitforallthescientificdataneededtoanswerthesequestionsconclusively.Wemustrecognizeimmediatelywhatitmeanstobecitizensofthisplanet.Itmeansacceptingtheobligationtobethestewardsoftheearth’slife-givingcapacities.Ashomeowners,wewouldn’tneglectordamageourhousesuntiltheyweren’tfittolivein.Whywouldwedothatwithourplanet?1．WhatdoesthewriterwanttoexpressinParagraph1?A．Theyareawedbytheviewoftheearth. B．Theyarehomesickinthespaceshuttle.C．Theyfeelscaredflyingintheouter-space. D．Theyfeelexcitedtoexploretheuniverse.2．What’sthemainfunctionofParagraph3?A．Providingdataforthewriter’sargument. B．Summarizingthemainideaofthetext.C．Settingthestageforfurtherdiscussion. D．Introducingdifferentideasonhumanimpact.3．Accordingtothelastparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementdoesthewriteragreewith?A．It’snotclearwhathumanscandotonatureB．Wemustactnowtotakecareofnaturebeforeit’stoolateC．HumanbeingsarenottheonlycreatureoftheearthD．Theearthisstrongenoughtosupportmorelives.4．Whatisthebesttitleofthetext?A．AGlimpseofHome B．GoingGreenwithOurEarthC．FlyingtotheFuture D．MyExperienceasanAstronautB（24-25高三上·廣東東莞·階段練習(xí)）Ifastrangerofferedyouafreecookie,youmightwelleatit.Butwhatiftheyofferedtoalsogiveyou$2?Youmightpolitelydeclineandwalkawaythinking,“Somethingsmellsfishy.”InastudypublishedinPersonalityandSocialPsychologyBulletin,researchersfoundthatpeopletendtoturndownoffersof“freemoney”(aswellasunusuallyhighsalariesorsuspiciouslycheapservices)becausetheyseem“toogoodtobetrue”.Theresearchbridgeseconomicsandpsychologytoexplainwhyfinancialattractioncanbackfire.Intheinitialexperiment,nearly40percentofparticipantsateacookieofferedfreely,comparedwithabout20percentofthoseoffered$2aswell.“Peopletypicallyimaginethingslikethatsomeonedidsomethingdisgustingtothecookie,”saysstudyleadauthorAndrewJ.Vonasch,apsychologicalscientistatUniversityofCanterburyinNewZealand.Ninefurtherexperiments,involvingmorethan4,000participants,usedonlinequestionnairestopresentothercases.Theseincludedbeingofferedmoneytoacceptaridehome,incrediblyhighconstruction-jobwagesandsurprisinglycheapflights.Ineachcase,pastacertainthreshold(門檻),higherfinancialprofitreducedparticipants’potentialofacceptingtheoffer.Ifsomeoneseemstogoagainstacceptednormssuchasself-interestwithoutexplanation,weassumetheyhavehiddenmotivesandinfertherewillbe“phantomcosts”:imaginedconsequencesthatreducewhatVonaschcallsanoffer’s“psychologicalvalue”.Factorsbeyondthepresentmomentmaycomeintoplay.“Understandingthatothers’perceivedovergenerositymayputusintheirdebtcouldalsohelpexplainpeople’sreluctance,”saysRachelMcCloy,apsychologiststudyingdecision-makingatEngland’sUniversityofReading.“Theoldsaying‘there’snosuchthingasafreelunch’isclearlyaliveandwell.”Anotherexperimentfoundthathighscorersonmeasuresofdistrustinferredmorephantomcosts.Theresearchersalsoshowedhowtoalleviatetheeffect:simplyprovideareasonforthedeal.The“cheapflights”experimentincludedaconditionwheretheseatswererevealedtobeveryuncomfortable.“Uncomfortableseatsaren’ttypicallyasellingpoint,”Vonaschsays.“Buttellingpeopletheseatswereuncomfortablemadethemmorewillingtotakethembecauseitwassufficientexplanation.”5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“backfire”inPara.1mean?A．Resultinanoppositeeffect.B．Boostthesuccessofanoffer.C．Increasetheappealofaproposal.D．Causeapositiveoutcomeunexpectedly.6．Whyisthequote“there’snosuchthingasafreelunch”mentionedbytheauthor?A．Toprovethephantomcosts.B．Topromotegenerosityinsociety.C．Todoubthiddencostsofgenerousoffers.D．Toremindpeopletobecautiousoffreeitems.7．Whathelpsmakethe“cheapflights”moreacceptableaccordingtotheexperiment?A．Offeringmoreflightcredits.B．Discountingthepricefurther.C．Providingadditionalunrelatedgifts.D．Givingaseeminglyreasonableexplanation.8．Whichcouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．WhyPeopleEmbraceHigh-ValueOffersB．WhyPeopleRejectFreeMoneyandOffersC．WhySomeDealsSeemTooGoodtoBeTrueD．HowOffersofMoneyIncreaseAcceptanceRatesC（24-25高三上·重慶·階段練習(xí)）Haveyoueverjoyouslysteppedouttoyourbackyardgardenonlytofindyourwell-cared-forplantswitheredanddying?Wasthesoiltoodry?Didpestsfindtheirwayin?Duringtimeslikethese,somefrustratedgardenersmaywishtheirplantswouldjusttellthemwhattheyneed.AnewMicrosoft-partneredprojectintheUKistryingtoseeifthatconceptcanbedemonstratedintherealworld.Nextyear,attheChelseaFlowerShow,theRoyalHorticulturalSocietyinEnglandwillshowoffan“intelligentgarden”thatusesanAImodeltomonitorthegarden’senvironmentandinformgardenerswhenitneedscare.VisitorscanasktheAI-poweredgardenquestions.Themodelcouldthenrespondwithphraseslike“Ineedabitmorewater,”or“Icoulduseahaircut”dependingondatacapturedinthesoil.Asidefromthepleasantnoveltyofchattingwithplants,thegardenwillprovidevisitorswithaphysicalrepresentationofthemanywaysAItechnologiescouldbeusedtoenhancesustainabilityefforts.TheIntelligentgardenwillrelyonanetworkofsensorsnestledthroughoutthegardenmeasuringenvironmentalfactorslikesoilmoistureandnutrientlevelsaswellaswindandrainfall.AllofthatdataisthensenttoaspeciallydesignedAImodel.Themodel,poweredbyMicrosoft’sAzureOpenAIService,canthenanalyzethosefactorsandinformgardenersonfeeding,watering,ortrimming.Onsiteplantcaretakersaren’ttheonlyoneswhocaninteractwiththegarden.Visitorstotheshowcanalsowalkuptovirtualplatformsandasktheintelligentgardenquestionsaboutitscurrentenvironmentalstate.TheAIlanguagemodulewilltheninterpretthedataandrespondtothevisitorsinaconversationaldialogue.Intheory,insightsprovidedbymodelslikethiscouldhelpgardenersallocateresourcesefficientlyandavoidover-wateringplantsbeforerainfall,bothofwhichcanaidinsustainabilityefforts.Thosetoolscouldbringconveniencetocasualgrowersorbusinesseslookingtoreducecosts.It’sunclear,however,whethereventhebestmodelscanprovidethesamelevelofcareasexperiencedgardeners.9．What’sthepossibleeffectoftheintelligentgardenproject?A．It’llincreasetheprofitsforgardeningindustry.B．It’llreplacehumangardenerswithAItechnology.C．It’llpromotesustainabledevelopmentofgardening.D．It’llcreateanattractionattheChelseaFlowerShow.10．Howdoestheintelligentgardenknowwhatplantsneed?A．Viadialogueswithgardeners.B．Throughcomputersinthegarden.C．Byanalyzingdatafromthesensors.D．Byexaminingplantsforsignsofpests.11．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A．TheAImodelwillbewidelyused.B．TheAImodelhelpssaveresources.C．TheAImodelcanforecasttheweather.D．TheAImodelmakesgardenersunnecessary.12．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．FuturegardenswillbecontrolledbyAI.B．TheChel