無(wú)損檢測(cè)概述NondestructivetestingOv

鄭州鐵路職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院無(wú)損檢測(cè)概述NondestructivetestingOverview車輛檢測(cè)技術(shù)Vehicledetectiontechnology主講人：時(shí)蕾FUNDAMENTALSOFSENSORTECHNOLOGYLecturer:ShiLei無(wú)損探傷的基本概念人們?cè)谑褂酶鞣N材料（尤其是金屬材料）的長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐中，觀察到大量的斷裂現(xiàn)象，它曾給人類帶來(lái)許多災(zāi)難事故，涉及艦船、飛機(jī)、軸類、壓力容器、宇航器、核設(shè)備等。Inthelong-termpracticeofusingvariousmaterials(especiallymetalmaterials),alargenumberoffracturephenomenahavebeenobserved,whichhasbroughtmanydisasterstohumanbeings,involvingships,aircraft,axes,pressurevessels,spacevehicles,nuclearequipmentandsoon.路軌斷裂事故Railbreakageaccident無(wú)損探傷的方法對(duì)缺陷的檢測(cè)手段有破壞性試驗(yàn)和無(wú)損探傷。由于無(wú)損探傷以不損壞被檢驗(yàn)對(duì)象為前提，所以得到廣泛應(yīng)用。Thedetectionmethodsfordefectsincludedestructivetestandnon-destructivetesting.Sincenondestructivetestingisbasedonthepremiseofnotdamagingthetestedobject,itiswidelyused無(wú)損檢測(cè)的方法有磁粉檢測(cè)（MT）射線檢測(cè)（RT）超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）滲透檢測(cè)（PT）渦流檢測(cè)（ET）和Methodsofnon-destructivetestingareMagneticParticleDetection(MT)RadiographicInspection(RT)UltrasonicInspection(UT)PenetrationTesting(PT)EddyCurrentTesting(ET)目錄CATALOGPART

01磁粉檢測(cè)（MT）MagneticParticleDetection(MT)PART

02射線檢測(cè)（RT）RadiographicInspection(RT)PART

03超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）UltrasonicInspection(UT)PART

04滲透檢測(cè)（PT）PenetrationTesting(PT)PART

05渦流檢測(cè)（ET）EddyCurrentTesting(ET)磁粉檢測(cè)（MT）MagneticParticleDetection(MT)Part

01車輛檢測(cè)技術(shù)Vehicledetectiontechnology一.磁粉檢測(cè)（MT）將鐵磁性材料直接通以電流或置于磁場(chǎng)中，使其磁化。磁力線遇到缺陷時(shí)，會(huì)繞過(guò)缺陷而產(chǎn)生漏磁，漏磁場(chǎng)將吸引磁粉，在合適的光照下形成目視可見(jiàn)的磁痕，從而顯示出缺陷的位置、大小、形狀和嚴(yán)重程度。Aferromagneticmaterialismagnetizedbypassinganelectriccurrentdirectlyorbyplacingitinamagneticfield.Whenthemagneticfieldlineencountersadefect,itwillbypassthedefectandproducemagneticleakage,whichwillattractmagneticpowderandformvisualmagneticmarksundertherightlight,thusshowingthelocation,size,shapeandseverityofthedefect基本原理fundamental（一）一.磁粉檢測(cè)（MT）優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)relativemerits（二）缺點(diǎn)

drawback只能探測(cè)鐵磁性材料，不能發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)部缺陷，難于確定缺陷深度。Onlyferromagneticmaterialscanbedetected,internaldefectscannotbefound,anditisdifficulttodeterminethedepthofdefects.優(yōu)點(diǎn)

merit靈敏度高、速度快、操作簡(jiǎn)單、費(fèi)用低廉，直觀顯示缺陷的位置、形狀和大小。Highsensitivity,fastspeed,simpleoperation,lowcost,intuitivedisplayofdefectlocation,shapeandsize.一.磁粉檢測(cè)（MT）使用范圍usablerange（三）磁粉檢測(cè)儀磁懸液檢測(cè)鑄件、鍛件、焊縫和機(jī)械加工零件等鐵磁性材料。主要檢測(cè)鐵磁性材料的表面和近表面缺陷，如裂紋。Inspectferromagneticmaterialssuchascastings,forgings,weldsandmachinedparts.Itmainlydetectssurfaceandnear-surfacedefectsofferromagneticmaterials,suchascracks.Magneticparticledetectormagneticsuspension射線檢測(cè)（RT）RadiographicInspection(RT)Part

02車輛檢測(cè)技術(shù)Vehicledetectiontechnology二.射線檢測(cè)（RT）利用射線源向工件發(fā)出射線，因工件的材料結(jié)構(gòu)或缺陷的存在，使透過(guò)工件的射線強(qiáng)度發(fā)生不均勻變化，經(jīng)照相底片感光和顯影處理后，獲得該工件結(jié)構(gòu)和缺陷相對(duì)應(yīng)的投影圖像。通過(guò)對(duì)圖像的觀察分析，確定工件內(nèi)缺陷的種類、大小和分布狀況。Theraysourceisusedtoemitraystotheworkpiece.Duetotheexistenceofthematerialstructureordefectoftheworkpiece,therayintensitythroughtheworkpiecechangesunevenly.Afterthephotographicplateissensitizedanddeveloped,theprojectedimagecorrespondingtothestructureanddefectoftheworkpieceisobtained.Throughtheobservationandanalysisoftheimage,thetype,sizeanddistributionofthedefectsintheworkpiecearedetermined.基本原理fundamental（一）優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)relativemerits（二）缺點(diǎn)defect檢驗(yàn)成本高，工件厚度受限制，對(duì)人體有傷害，需考慮安全防護(hù)問(wèn)題Theinspectioncostishigh,thethicknessoftheworkpieceislimited,anditisharmfultothehumanbody,andsafetyprotectionneedstobeconsidered優(yōu)點(diǎn)merit不受工件形狀限制，能永久保存，記錄缺陷直觀。Itisnotlimitedbytheshapeoftheworkpiece,canbepermanentlystored,andthedefectsarerecordedintuitively.二.射線檢測(cè)（RT）使用范圍usablerange（三）主要用于檢測(cè)鑄件和焊件等構(gòu)件的內(nèi)部缺陷，尤其是體積型缺陷，如氣孔、夾渣、縮孔、疏松等，對(duì)片狀缺陷檢出較難。Itismainlyusedtodetecttheinternaldefectsofcastingsandweldparts,especiallythevolumedefects,suchaspores,slaginclusion,shrinkageholes,porosity,etc.,anditisdifficulttodetectsheetdefects.二.射線檢測(cè)（RT）X光探傷X-raydetection計(jì)算機(jī)斷層成像技術(shù)(CT)是一種重要的無(wú)損檢測(cè)技術(shù)(NDT)，是物理學(xué)與計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)物。它是基于射線與物質(zhì)的相互作用原理，通過(guò)投影重建方法獲取被檢測(cè)物體的數(shù)字圖像，全面解決了傳統(tǒng)x射線攝影裝置的影像重疊、密度分辨率低等缺點(diǎn)。ComputedTomography(CT)isanimportantnondestructivetestingtechnique(NDT),whichisaproductofthedevelopmentofphysicsandcomputerscience.Itisbasedontheprincipleofinteractionbetweenraysandmatter,andobtainsthedigitalimageofthedetectedobjectthroughprojectionreconstructionmethod,whichcomprehensivelysolvestheshortcomingsoftraditionalX-rayphotographicdevicessuchasimageoverlapandlowdensityresolution.二.射線檢測(cè)（RT）計(jì)算機(jī)斷層成像技術(shù)(CT)探傷Computedtomography(CT)detection超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）UltrasonicInspection(UT)Part

03車輛檢測(cè)技術(shù)Vehicledetectiontechnology基本原理fundamental（一）利用超聲波入射被檢工件，當(dāng)超聲波遇到缺陷時(shí)會(huì)全部或部分反射，反射回來(lái)的超聲波被探頭接收，通過(guò)儀器內(nèi)部的電路處理，在儀器的熒光屏上就會(huì)顯示出不同高度和有一定間距的波形?？梢愿鶕?jù)波形的變化特征，判斷缺陷在工件中的深度、位置和形狀。Theuseofultrasonicwaveincidenttotheworkpiecetobeexamined,whenultrasonicdefectswillbereflectedinwholeorinpart,thereflectedultrasonicwaveisreceivedbytheprobe,processedbythecircuitinsidetheinstrument,andthewaveformofdifferentheightsandacertaindistancewillbedisplayedonthefluorescentscreenoftheinstrument.Accordingtothechangingcharacteristicsofthewaveform,thedepth,positionandshapeofthedefectintheworkpiececanbejudged.三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)relativemerits（二）缺點(diǎn)defect顯示不直觀，技術(shù)難度大，容易受到外界因素影響，并且結(jié)果不便于永久保存，對(duì)工件表面要求平滑，難于對(duì)缺陷作精度定性和定量，要求工作人員經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富，才能辨別缺陷種類。Thedisplayisnotintuitive,thetechnicaldifficultyislarge,itiseasytobeaffectedbyexternalfactors,andtheresultsarenoteasytobepermanentlypreserved,thesurfaceoftheworkpieceissmooth,itisdifficulttomakethequalitativeandquantitativeaccuracyofthedefects,andthestaffisrequiredtobeexperiencedinordertoidentifythetypesofdefects.優(yōu)點(diǎn)merit檢測(cè)厚度大、靈敏度高、速度快、費(fèi)用低廉、對(duì)人體無(wú)害，能對(duì)缺陷進(jìn)行定位和定量。Thedetectionthicknessislarge,thesensitivityishigh,thespeedisfast,thecostislow,thehumanbodyisharmless,andthedefectscanbelocatedandquantified.三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）使用范圍usablerange（三）適用于金屬、非金屬及符合材料的鑄、鍛、焊件與板材，主要檢測(cè)工件的內(nèi)部缺陷，同時(shí)也可發(fā)現(xiàn)工件表面的裂紋。Itissuitableformetal,non-metalandconformingmaterialscasting,forging,weldingpartsandplates,mainlydetecttheinternaldefectsoftheworkpiece,andalsofindthecracksonthesurfaceoftheworkpiece.起始波

缺陷工件缺陷反射波底波三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）滑板式探頭鋼軌探傷車三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）rail-defectdetectorcarSlideprobe鐵路鋼軌探測(cè)用的滾軸式探頭（也稱做輪式探頭）Rollerprobe(alsocalledwheelprobe)高速鋼軌探傷車High-speedrailflawdetectioncar三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）鐵路鋼軌探頭

Railprobe三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）缺陷defect焊縫鐵路鋼軌探傷用滑板式探頭鐵路鋼軌對(duì)接焊縫探測(cè)用探頭ProbesfordetectingbuttweldsofrailwayrailsSlideprobeforrailwayrailflawdetectionweldseam管道環(huán)焊縫超聲波檢測(cè)裝置PipegirthweldUltrasonictestingdevice三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）管道環(huán)焊縫超聲波檢測(cè)裝置原理Principleofultrasonictestingdeviceforpipelinegirthweld三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）超聲探傷儀reflectoscope三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）構(gòu)件的超聲探傷Ultrasonicflawdetectionofcomponents三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）構(gòu)件的超聲探傷Ultrasonicflawdetectionofcomponents三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）超聲探傷的計(jì)算顯示器的x軸為10

s/div(格)，現(xiàn)測(cè)得B波與T波的距離為6格，F(xiàn)波與T波的距離為2格。Thexaxisofthedisplayis10s/div(grid).ThedistancebetweenBwaveandTwaveis6grids,andthedistancebetweenFwaveandTwaveis2grids.設(shè)1）t

及tF

；求：2）鋼板的厚度

及缺陷與表面的距離xF

。CalculationofultrasonicflawdetectionThicknessofthesteelplate

andthedistancebetweenthedefectandthesurfacexF三.超聲波檢測(cè)（UT）解1）tδ=10μs/div×6div=60μs=0.06ms，

tF=10μs/div×2div=20μs=0.02ms2）查表得到縱波在鋼板中的聲速v=5.9×103m/s則：δ=tδ×vL/2=（0.06×10-3×5.9×103/2）m≈0.2mXF=tF×vF/2=（0.02×10-3×5.9×103/2）m≈0.1mLookupthetabletogetthesoundvelocityofp-waveinsteelplate滲透檢測(cè)（PT）PenetrationTesting(PT)Part

04車輛檢測(cè)技術(shù)Vehicledetectiontechnology基本原理fundamental（一）在清洗過(guò)的工件表面施加含有色澤和熒光物質(zhì)的滲透劑，滲透劑滲入缺陷并留在空腔內(nèi)，然后洗去表面多余的滲透劑，再涂上一層顯影劑，借毛細(xì)管吸附作用，使缺陷中的滲透劑吸出。通過(guò)色澤對(duì)比或紫外線照射激發(fā)熒光物質(zhì)發(fā)光，從而將缺陷的圖像顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。Anpenetrantcontainingcolorandfluorescentsubstancesisappliedonthesurfaceofthecleanedworkpiece,andthepenetrantpenetratesintothedefectandremainsinthecavity,andthenwashesofftheexcesspenetrantonthesurface,andthencoatsalayerofdeveloper,andsucksoutthepenetrantinthedefectbycapillaryadsorption.Theimageofthedefectcanberevealedbycolorcontrastorultravioletirradiationtostimulatetheluminescenceofthefluorescentmaterial.四.滲透檢測(cè)（PT）優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)meritanddemerit（二）缺點(diǎn)defect只能檢測(cè)表面缺陷，不能顯示缺陷的深度、缺陷內(nèi)部的形狀和尺寸，無(wú)法或難于檢查多孔材料，檢測(cè)結(jié)果受表面粗糙度影響。Onlysurfacedefectscanbedetected,andthedepthofthedefect,theshapeandsizeinsidethedefectcannotbedisplayed.Itisimpossibleordifficulttocheckporousmaterials,andthedetectionresultsareaffectedbysurfaceroughness.優(yōu)點(diǎn)merit操作簡(jiǎn)單、設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單、投資小，效率高，對(duì)表面缺陷，一般不受試件材料種類及其外形輪廓限制。Theoperationissimple,theequipmentissimple,theinvestmentissmall,theefficiencyishigh,andthesurfacedefectsaregenerallynotlimitedbythetypeofspecimenmaterialanditscontour.四.滲透檢測(cè)（PT）使用范圍usablerange（三）主要用于檢驗(yàn)有色和黑色金屬的鑄件、鍛件、粉末冶金件以及各種陶瓷、塑料、玻璃制品的裂紋、氣孔、分層等缺陷。Itismainlyusedtotestthedefectsofnonferrousandferrousmetalcastings,forgings,powdermetallurgypartsandvariousceramics,plastics,glassproductssuchascracks,pores,delaminationandsoon.汽車平衡桿缺陷-熒光滲透熒光滲透缺陷四.滲透檢測(cè)（PT）Automotivebalancebardefect-fluorescentpenetrationFluorescentpermeabilitydefect渦流檢測(cè)（ET）EddyCurrentTesting(ET)Part

05車輛檢測(cè)技術(shù)Vehicledetectiontechnology基本原理fundamental（一）將載有交變或脈沖電流的試驗(yàn)線圈靠近導(dǎo)電工件時(shí)，在工件表面由電磁感應(yīng)產(chǎn)生渦電流，而感生的渦電流又產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)，反作用到原試驗(yàn)線圈的磁場(chǎng)，形成疊加磁場(chǎng)。當(dāng)工件內(nèi)有缺陷時(shí)，渦電流因流動(dòng)途徑的變化，使渦電流磁場(chǎng)也相應(yīng)變化，經(jīng)試驗(yàn)線圈檢出異常磁場(chǎng)的變化量，可以得到缺陷的信息。Whenthetestcoilcarryingalternatingorpulsecurrentisclosetotheconductingworkpiece,theeddycurrentisgeneratedbyelectromagneticinductiononthesurfaceoftheworkpiece,andtheinducededdycurrentgeneratesamagneticfield,whichreactstothemagneticfieldoftheoriginaltestcoiltoformasuperimposedmagneticfield.Whentherearedefectsintheworkpiece,theeddycurrentmagneticfieldchangescorrespondinglyduetothechangeofflowpath.Thedefectinformationcanbeobtainedbydetectingthecha