專業(yè)英語八級(jí)（閱讀）模擬試卷1（共200題）

專業(yè)英語八級(jí)（閱讀）模擬試卷1（共5

套）

（共200題）

專業(yè)英語八級(jí)（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套

一、常規(guī)閱讀理解（本題共40題，每題1.0分，共40

分。）

MakeThataDoubleAfewyearsago,itdawnedonZachThomasthatcoffeedidn'thave

enoughcaffeine.Atthetime,hewaspullingall-nightersasastudentattheUnitedStates

MilitaryAcademyatWestPoint.BythetimehebecameaninstructorattheU.S.Army

RangerSchoolinFortBenning,Ga.,helivedbyacommonsayingathisschool:"Sleepis

acrutch.""Iusedtojustdrinkapotofcoffee,butthenyouhavetogotothebathroom

100timesduringtheday.Ifyoucouldjustgetmorecaffeineinonecup,thenthatwould

bethebestofbothworlds,*'hesays.In2005Thomas,now30,foundedRangerCoffee,

witha"hypercaffeinaled"blendthatcontainsdoublethecaffeineofregularcoffee,or

about300milligramsper12-ounceserving-theequivalentofsixDietCokes.Thesmall,

Rockmart,Ga.-basedcompanysells1,700bagsofcoffeeayear,nearlyhalfofthemto

troopsstationedinIraq.Thesedaysyoudon'thavetobeawarherotobeacaffeine

addict.Everywhereyoulook,peoplearcwiredoncaffeineortoutingitsbenefits一or

both.TabloidsrunimagesofcelebritiessippingRedBullortotingStarbucksventilattes;

Dunkin'Donutsadsfeatureacoffee-swillingRachaelRay,whomovessofastthatshe

leavestreadmarksonthefloor.There'snoshortageofwaystogetyourcaffeinefix.

SalesofenergydrinkslikeRedBullandFullThrottlehavegrowntenfoldsince2001,

andnewonesenterthemarketweekly.Productsthatalreadyhavecaffeineareadding

more-inthepastfewmonthsDietPepsi,JoltandMountainDewhaveallrolledout

extra-caffeinatcdversions.Noveltyitems,likecaffeinatedlipbalm,caffeinatedsunflower

seeds,caffeinatedbeerandevencaffeinatedsoap（"Tiredofwakingupandhavingto

waitforyourmorningJavatobrew?"）arealsopoppingupinretailstoresandnightclubs.

Inaspoofonthiscaffeinearmsrace,thesiteEner-gylauncheda"deathby

caffeinecalculator"matshowsa180-poundadultwouldhavetodown44tallcupsof

StarbuckscoffeebeforecheckingintothebigJavahouseinthesky.Whydoweneed一

orwant-somuchenergy?Conventionalwisdomsaysit'sbecausewe'resleepingless

andworkingmore.Butgovernmentfiguresshowthatadultshaveaveragedeighthoursof

sleeppernightsincethe1960s.Workinghours,atleastformen,havealsoremained

constant:menwithchildrenhaveaveragedabout43hoursofpaidworkperweekforthe

pasthalfcentury.Ofcourse,thatdoesn'tmeanwedon'tfeelmorestressed.Universityof

MarylandsociologistSuzanneBianchisaysworkingmothers'entryintothelaborforce

meansthere'slessdowntimeforfamiliesasawhole,witherrands,houseworkandoutings

packedintoatighttwo-dayweekend.Asfortheyoungandunattached,theymaybe

gettingplentyofsleep,butatirregularhours.Theyhavemoreoptionsthaneverfor24/7

entertainment,fromTVtotheInternettovideo-games.Infact,manyofthenovelty

caffeineproductsareaimedatcomputergameswhostageweekend-long"LANparties"

wherenoonesleeps.Butforthegeneralpublic,thetrendismoreaboutgettingalegal

high."Caffeineistheworld'smostpopularmood-alteringdrug,1'saysDavidSchardt,

seniornutritionistattheCenterforscienceinthePublicInterest.Andcompanieshave

beenbankingonitsaddictivepropertiestobringrepeatbusiness.Caffeinecanliftyour

mood,improveconcentration,boostphysicalstaminaand,asanactiveingredientin

Excedrin,helpcureheadaches.Morethan50percentofcaffeinedrinkersexperience

withdrawalsymptomswhentheystop.Bymostaccounts,though,thestimulantisfairly

safe."There'snothinginherentlywrongwithbeingdependentoncaffeine,"saysRoland

Griffiths,ancuro-scicntistattheJohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolofMedicine,aslong

asyoudon'toverdose.Forthoseaccustomedtocaffeine,amoderateintakeis200to300

milligramsperday—theequivalentoftwotothreecupsofbrewedcoffee,oneStarbucks

tallcoffeeor3.5RedBulls.Exceed500to600milligrams,andanxiety,nauseaandheart

palpitationscansetin.Griffithsdoesworryaboutteenagers,whoaredrinkingmore

caffeinatedbeverages:"I'mconcernedthatimpressionableadolescentsareexposedto

marketingmessagesthatpromotecaffeineasaperformanceenhancerwilllaterturnto

strongerdrugs,likesteroidsorRitalinorcocaine."Moreworrisomestillisthe

glamorizationofthe24/7caffeinehigh.EvenRachaelRayoccasionallyneedsherrest.

1、Accordingtothepassage,thefollowingaretheeffectsofcaffeinewiththe

EXCEPTIONof

A、Itcancurediseases.

Itcanchangepeopledmood.

C、Itcanincreasephysicalstrength.

D、Itcanmakepeoplemoreconcentrated.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第四段可知，咖啡因具有改變情緒(B),使注意力集中(D)和增強(qiáng)體

力(C)等作用。文中只是說咖啡因可放于治療頭痛的藥物中，幫助治療頭痛，但并

沒有說能治愈疾病。故A為正確答案。

2^Accordingtothepassage,thefollowingaretheadverseeffectsofoverdoseof

caffeinewiththeEXCEPTIONof.

A、anxiety

Bxsickness

C、heartbeating

D、obesity

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：最后說明了過量飲用咖啡因可能帶來的不良后果，如焦慮(A)、惡心

(B)、心悸(C)等。故D為正確答案。

3、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueabout

caffeine?

A、Itmakespeopleawake.

B、Ithelpsalterpeople'smood.

C、Drinkingdrinkswithcaffeineislegal.

D、Drinkswithcaffeinearedangeroustopeople'shealth.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D-

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：綜觀全文可知，咖啡因可以使人保持頭腦清醒(A),改善情緒(B),同

時(shí)，飲用含有咖啡因的飲料是合法的(C),也是安全的。故D為正確答案。

4、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

A、Peoplearenotsupposedtobedependentoncaffeine.

Peopleneedmoreenergybecausetheyfeelmorestressed.

C^People'sdesirefbrcalcinated'energy'productsissoaring.

D、Peopletendtodrinkthehighestamountofcaffeinethatislegal.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第二段可知，人們對(duì)含有咖啡因的能量型飲料的需求在增長(zhǎng)(C)。

最后一段中，一位神經(jīng)科學(xué)家認(rèn)為依賴咖啡因本身并沒有錯(cuò)誤，故A是錯(cuò)誤的。

第三段顯示，人們的壓力增加，因此需要更多的能量(B)。第四段表明，普通大眾

希望能夠飲用在法律所允許范圍內(nèi)盡可能多的咖啡因(D)。故A為正確答案。

5、Whichofthefollowingsuggeststherealcausefbrthehighneedofcaffeine?

A、Itisharmless.

B、Itcanenhanceperformance.

C、Ithelpswithpeople'swayoffeeling.

D^Peoplearesleepinglessandworkingmore.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第四段可知，對(duì)咖啡因的需求原因是咖啡因能夠改善人的情緒

(C)o選項(xiàng)B為推銷產(chǎn)品的廣告語言，并沒有經(jīng)過證實(shí)。D說明了人們的傳統(tǒng)看

法，事實(shí)表明，人們的睡眠時(shí)間并沒有減少。故C為正確答案。

TheWorldBank'sRealProblemTheWorldBankisundeniablyincrisis.Butnotbecause

itspresident,PaulWolfowitz,gothisgirlfriendaraise.ItistheWolfowitzsagathathas

beengrabbingalltheheadlines,ofcourse.TheIraq-wararchitectwaspluckedfromthe

DefenseDepartmentanddepositedbyPresidentGeorgeW.BushattheWorldBankin

2005(bytradition,theU.S.Presidentpicksthebank'schief).Atthetime,Wolfowitz

informedthebank'sethicscommitteethathewasseeingShahaRiza,acommunication

adviseratthebank,andthein-houseethiciststoldhimsheshouldbemovedtoanother

agencyandgivenaraisefbrhertroubles.Butthesizeofthepayhike(from$133,000to

$180,000,taxfree)andotherdetailsaboutRiza'stransferraisedhacklesamongbankstaff

andsparkedaninvestigation.Thebank'sboardwilldecideanydaynowwhether

Wolfowitzstaysorgoes.Thisdragged-outmess,though,isadistraction.Thebigger

issueisthattheWashington-basedbankanditssisterorganization,theInternational

MonetaryFund(IMF),arestrugglingtojustifytheircontinuedexistence.Thesituationis

mostpressingforthesmallerIMF,whichpaysitsbillswiththeprofitsilmakesby

lendingmoneytomiddle-incomecountriesinfinancialtrouble.Withhardlyanysuch

countriesintroublethesedays,theorganizationisprojectinga$224milliondeficitfor

thisfiscalyearandaskingitsmembernationsiftheycanstartsellingoffsomeofthegold

theydepositedwithitafterWorldWarII(theanswersofar:no).TheWorldBankisn't

thatdesperate,butitfacessimilarpressure.Bothorganizationswerecreatedin1944by

thesoon-to-be-victoriousAlliedpowers.Atthetime,saysHarvardprofessorandtbrmer

IMFchiefeconomistKennethRogoff,"globalfinancialmarketsbarelyexisted,and

domesticfinancialmarkeisbarelyexistedinEurope,"TheWorldBank'sinitialjobwasto

financereconstructioninEurope.TheMarshallPlanrenderedthattasksuperfluous,so

thebank-inthefirstofseveralreinventions-movedontobankrolldevelopmentin

othercountries.Theideawastolendtogovernmentsthatwerecreditworthybuthadno

accesstorich-countrycapitalmarkets."Nowwcliveinaworldwheretherearehuge

globalcapitalmarkets,where,ifanything,investorsaretoowillingtoinvestin

developingcountries,"saysAdamLerrick,aformerinvestmentbankerwhoteaches

economicsatCarnegieMellonUniversity.TheWorldBank'snetlendinghasplummeted

overthepastfewyears,evenasitkeepsshoppingloanstothelikesofBrazil,Turkey,

RussiaandChina,sometimesonhugelygenerousterms.Thisistheworkofthebiggest

partoftheWorldBank,theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment.

Membercountriesmakedeposits(theU.S.shareis$2billiondownand$30billion

pledged);thebanksellsbondsbackedbythosedepositsandpledges,thenlendsthe

moneyoutatasmallprofit.TheothermainarmoftheWorldBank,theInternational

DevelopmentAssociation,getsregularinfusionsofcashfromrichcountriesandlends

fundsonneargiveawaytermstotrulypoorcountries,mostlyinAfrica(theU.S.

contributionisjustunder$1billionayear,or0.04%offederalspending).Lerrickwants

theWorldBanktostoplendingtomiddle-incomecountriesandrestructureitsloansto

thepoorestnationsasoutrightgrants.NancyBirdsall,aformerWorldBankerwhoruna

WashingtonthinktankcalledtheCenterforGlobalDevelopment,arguesthatthebank

couldhavemoreimpactonpovertybymakingbetteruseofitsbestassets:theexpertise

ofitsstaffanditsabilitytocoordinateglobalaction,"Lendingandgrantmakingatthe

countrylevelshouldnotbetheend-allandbe-all,nshesays."Itshouldbethevehiclefor

adviceandconstantrebuildingofthebank'sknowledge.1'BirdsallisaWorldBankfan

butagreeswithcriticslikeLerrickthatitmustbecomesmaller(ithasastaffof10,000)

andlessbanklikctoremainrelevant.Wolfowitz'salliessayheisthevictimofbacklash

fromentrenchedbankstaffupsetthatheisturninguptheheatonananticorruption

campaignbegunbyhispredecessor,JamesWolfen-sohn.That'sprobablyoverstating

things.Butthepotentialbacklashagainstslashingthebank'sstaffandgettingitoutof

lendingwouldsurelybeepic.WhichmayexplainwhynoWorldBankpresident,

Wolfowitzincluded,hasattemptedit.

6、Accordingtotheauthor,theWorldBank'srealproblemis.

A、itscorruption

B、itspolicyonlending

C、itscontinuedexistence

D^Wolfowitz'sromanticrelationship

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第三段可知，關(guān)于沃爾福威茨的緋聞只是暫時(shí)分散了人們的注意

力，而世行所面臨的真正問題是該組織是否還有存在的必要性。故C為正確答

案。

7、WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouttheWorldBank?

A、Itsanticorruptioncampaignisstillgoingon.

B>Itshouldreadjustitsroleincombatingpoverty.

C、IthassatisfieditsinitialjobtofinancereconstructioninEurope.

D^Itisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinlendingtodevelopingcountries.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B」「

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：本文的主題是世行是否有必要繼續(xù)存在下去。第六、第七和第八段說

明了世行的歷史、現(xiàn)狀，以及今后的方向。由于馬歇爾計(jì)劃，世行成立之初的目的

已成為多余。而近年來，給發(fā)展中國(guó)家貸款的凈額大幅下跌，說明其貸款這一職能

越來越不重要。第八段里，專家建議世行應(yīng)在幫助貧窮國(guó)家擺脫貧困方面產(chǎn)生更大

的影響。故B為正確答案。

8、Accordingtothepassage,theWorldBankshoulddothefollowingEXCEPT.

A、reducingstaff

B、coordinatingglobalaction

C、increasingtheprofititmakes

D、offeringadvicetopoorcountries

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第八段可知，世行應(yīng)給貧窮國(guó)家提供專業(yè)知識(shí)(D),協(xié)調(diào)全球的經(jīng)

濟(jì)運(yùn)作(B),以及縮減工作人員(A)。故C為正確答案。

9、WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtoNancyBirdsall?

A、TheWorldBankshouldreduceitsstaff.

B、TheWorldBankshouldcoordinateglobalaction.

C>TheWorldBankshouldofferadvicetopoorcountries.

D、TheWorldBankshouldlimititsworktolendingandgrantmaking.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第八段可知，伯茲奧爾希望世行能夠給貧窮的國(guó)家提供專業(yè)建議

(C),協(xié)調(diào)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)作(B),以及減員(A),而不是僅僅從事貸款業(yè)務(wù)。故D為正

確答案。

10、Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorwasthecapabilityofthe

WorldBanktosolveitsproblems.

A、confidentin

indifferentto

C、optimisticabout

D^pessimisticabout

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由最后一段可知，如果世行裁員并取消貸款，將會(huì)引來銀行員工的強(qiáng)

烈不滿，因此，包括沃爾福威茨在內(nèi)沒有一位世行總裁敢于嘗試這樣的做法。由此

判斷，作者對(duì)世行能否解決其當(dāng)前所面臨的問題表現(xiàn)出悲觀的態(tài)度。故D為正確

答案。

ToGetontheSamePageSamiAdwanistheverymodelofasoft-spokenprofessor.He

measureshiswoids,andlistenscaiefullytowhatothershavesaid.Yetwliilepursuinga

Ph.D.attheUniversityofSanFranciscointhe1980s,Adwannotonlyrefusedtolistento

Jewishstudents,hesaysbuthedroppedoutofclassesifheknewtheyincludedJews.A

PalestinianborninthevillageofSurif,nearHebron,Adwanhadgrownupunderthe

shadowoftheIsraelioccupation,hearingtalesfromhisfatherandgrandfatherofhow

Jewshadseizedthefamily'sorangegrovesandwheatfieldsin1948.Returningtohis

homelandwithhisdegree,AdwanjoinedthethenoutlawedFatahPartyandwasthrown

intoanIsraelijailin1993.Thatwashisrealeducation.Whileawaitingcharges,Adwan

overheardtwoIsraelisoldiersarguingoverwhetherheshouldbemadetosigna

documentinHebrewthathecouldn'tread.Shockedtohearoneofhisenemiesdefending

hisrights,AdwandecidedthathehadsomethingstolearnabouttheJewishnation.So

muchofthegulfinunderstandingthatplaguestheMiddleEasthastodowiththewillful

disregardfortheotherspointofview.Israelisrefertothe1948conflictthatgavebirthto

theirnationastheWarofIndependence;PalestiniansknowitastheNakba,or

Catastrophe.WhatIsraeliscall"theriotsof1920"—whenPalestiniansattackedJewish

neighborhoodsaroundJerusalemandJaffa—aretermed"thepopularuprisings"bythe

otherside.Adwan,alectureratBethlehemUniversity,hasspentmuchofhisprofessional

careertryingtobridgethisgap.TogetherwithDanBar-On,asocialpsychologistatBen

GurionUniversityinsouthernIsrael,henowco-dircctsthePeaceResearchInstitutein

theMiddleEast(PRIME).Since2002thegrouphasproducedthreebookletstousein

PalestinianandIsraelihighschoolsthatforceeachsidetoconfrontacontradictoryvision

ofhistory.Eachpageisdividedintothree:thePalestinianandIsraelinarrativesanda

thirdsectionleftblankforthepupiltofillin."Theideaisnottolegitimizeoracceptthe

other'snarrativebuttorecognizeit,"Adwansays.MThe[historical]datesmaybethe

same,buttheinterpretationofeachsideisverydifferent.*'Sidebyside,thedivergent

worldviewsarestriking.ZionismisdescribedintheIsraelicolumnas"aresultof...the

continuationofanti-Semitism[inEurope],theinspirationofothernationalmovements,

andthecontinualconnectionofthepeopleofIsraeltothelandofIsrael."Itbearslittle

resemblancetothe"imperialistpoliticalmovementthatbestowedanationalist

characteristictotheJews'*knowntoPalestinians.Educatorsinotherconflict-ridden

societiesaretakingnotice.LastyeartheCenterforHumanRightsandConflict

ResolutionatSkopjeUniversityinMacedoniapublishedtheirownparallelMacedonian-

AlbaniannarrativesbasedonPRIME'Smodel."IftheIsraeliandPalestinianteachers

managedtoovercometheincrediblegapbetweenthemselves,wecandoithere,"says

SkopjeUniversityprofessorVioletaPctroska-Beska.InFrance,whichsuffersfromits

owntensionsbetweenMuslimsandnon-Muslims,thePRIMEbooklet"Learningthe

Other'sNarrative"hassoldmorethan23,000copies.Itsalsobeentranslatedinto

English,Spanish,Italian,CatalanandBasque,andlaterthisyearwillbeproducedin

German.AmericaneducatorsinVirginiaandPhiladelphiahaveexpressedinterestin

introducingthenarrativesintoclassesonconflictresolution.Closertohome,however,

thetexthashadaharderlime.''WhenweestablishedPRIMEin1998,wethoughtpeace

wasaroundthecorner/*saysAdwan."TodaybothDanandIknowitwasawishful

thinking."ShortlyafterthebeginningofthesecondPalestinianintifadain2000,Bar-On

andAdwanfoundthemselvesstandondifferentsidesofanIsraelicheckpointnear

Bethlehem,beggingsoldierstoletthemshiftacoupleofyardsclosertoeachotherso

theycoulddiscusstheproject.In2004,right-wingIsraeliEducationMinisterLimor

Livnatthreatenedteacherswithdisciplinaryactioniftheyusedthebooklet.OneWest

Bankteacherhasgivenlessonsinherhouseforfearofreprisalandanother,froma

refugeecampnearJerusalem,wasthreatenedbycolleaguesandparentsfbrteachingwhat

theycalled"normalizationunderoccupation."Askedwhetherthebookletswilleverbea

partofthelocalschoolcurriculum,Adwanshakeshisheadslowly,shrugsandlooksout

hisofficewindow.Fromtherehehasafineviewofthewallthatsnakesbetween

JerusalemandBethlehem,dividingIsraelfromtheWestBank.

11、Accordingtothepassage,Adwan'srealeducationtookplace.

A^inanIsraelijail

B、inthevillageofSurif

C、atBethlehemUniversity

D^attheUniversityofSanFrancisco

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第一和第二段可知，愛德萬在以色列監(jiān)獄時(shí)，偶爾聽到了兩名以色

列士兵的對(duì)話，改變了池對(duì)以色列人的看法。因此，他認(rèn)為他的真正教育是在監(jiān)獄

里完成的。故A為正確答案。

12、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistherealcauseofthegapin

understandingintheMiddleEast?

A、Differentreligionsthattheyhave.

B、Indiffeieiicetoeachother'spointofview.

C^WarfarethattookplacebetweenIsraelandPalestine.

D、EconomicdifferencesthatseparateIsraelandPalestine.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第二段的第一句可知，造成中東地區(qū)在理解上的鴻溝的原因是對(duì)他

人的觀點(diǎn)不管不顧，故B為正確答案。

13、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisthepurposeofthebookletsby

PRIME?

A、Toforcehighschoolstudentstoknowbetterabouttheircountry'shistory.

B、TolegitimizetheinterpretationsofhistorybyIsraelandPalestine.

C、Tomakeknowntoeachothertheirinterpretationsofhistory.

D、Tohelpeachotheraccepttheother'sinterpretationofhistory.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第四段可知，編寫小冊(cè)子的目的不是使巴以雙方對(duì)歷史的詮釋合法

化(B),不是讓雙方接受彼此對(duì)歷史的詮釋(D),也不是使中學(xué)生更好地了解他們自

己國(guó)家的歷史(A),而是讓雙方了解對(duì)方對(duì)歷史的詮釋(C)。故C為正確答案。

14、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthePRIME

model?

A、Itiswellreceivedbymanycountries.

B、Somecontlict-riddcnsocietiesarcfollowingit.

C、ItworksquitewellinIsraelandtheWestBank.

D^Itcanbeusedinclassesonhow(osolveconflict.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第六段可知，PRIME伍模式在很多國(guó)家都受到了歡迎(A),一些遭

受沖突困擾的國(guó)家紛紛仿效這一模式(B),這一模式的敘事方式還可以用于如何解

決沖突的課堂教學(xué)之中(D),然而該模式在以色列和約旦河西岸卻遭到了反對(duì)。故

C為正確答案。

15、ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatAdv/anwasabouttherelations

betweenIsraelandPalestine.

A、confident

indifferent

C、optimistic

D、pessimistic

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由最后一段可知，當(dāng)談到小冊(cè)子的未來時(shí)，愛德萬搖搖頭，聳聳肩，

說明他對(duì)巴以的關(guān)系很悲觀。故D為正確答案。

Let'sNotHideHealthCostsWeareawashinhealth-careproposals.PresidentBushhas

one.SodoesCaliforniaGov.ArnoldSchwarzenegger.DemocraticSen.RonWydenhas

aplan,asdoesacoalitionledbyFamiliesUSA(aliberaladvocacygroup)andAmerica's

HealthInsurancePlans(atradegroup).Tosomeextent,alltheseplansandothersaimto

provideinsurancetotheestimated47millionAmericanswholackit——asituationwidely

deploredasanationaldisgrace.Buttherealsignificanceofalltheseproposals,Isubmit,

lieselsewhere.Fordecades,Americanshavetreatedhealthcareasifitexistsina

separateeconomicandpoliticalworld:whenpeopleneedcare,theyshouldgetit;costs

shouldremainoutofsight.About60percentofAmericansreceiveinsurancethrough

theiremployers;tomostworkers,thefullcostsareunknown.The65-and-older

populationandmanypoorpeoplereceivegovernmentinsurance.Exceptformodest

Medicarepremiumsandpayrolltaxes,costsarelargelyburiedinfederalandstate

budgets.Itisthissegregationofhealthcarefromeverythingelsethatisnowcrumbling

andthevarioushealthproposalsarcjustonesign.Wcseeothersallthetime.For

example,evenwithemployer-providedinsurance,workers'monthlypremiums(which

coveronlypartofthecosts)haveskyrocketed.From1999to2006,theydoubledfrom

$129to$248.LookatMassachusetts.LastyearthethenGov.MittRomneymade

headlinesbysigninglegislationtocoverallthestate'suninsured.Thelawrequiredthat

everyonewithincomesthreetimesthefederalpovertylinebuy"affordable"insurance

(peoplewithincomesbelowthatthresholdwouldbesubsidizedonaslidingscale).

Romneysuggestedannualpremiumsforasingleworkermighttotal$2,400.Butwhen

insurancecompaniesrecentlyprovidedrealestimates,thecostwasmuchhigher:$4,560.

Isitasensiblepolicytoforceworkerswitha$30,000income—abouttriplethepoverty

line—tospendnearlyasixthoftheirbudgetonhealthinsurance,asopposedtofood,rent

ortransportation?Goodquestion.Thehardquestionswon'tsitstill,becausehealthcare

(nowasixthoftheeconomy,upfroman11thin1980)istoobigtobehidden.Myths

abound.Contrarytoconventionalwisdom,thedoublingofpremiumsforemployer-

providedcoveragedoesn'tmeancompaniesshiftedagreatershareofcoststoworkers.In

both1999and2006,premiumscovered27percentofcosts,saysPaulFronstinofthe

EmployeeBenefitResearchInstitute.It'ssimplytherapidriseintotalhealthspending

that'sdepressedworkers'take-homepay.Onemythabouttheuninsuredisthat,because

they'reheavyusersofemergency-roomservices,providingthemwithinsurance(and

regularcare)wouldactuallylowertheircosts.Thismaybetrueforsome-butnotmost.

Thetroubleisthattheuninsureddon'treallyuseemergencyroomsheavily.Astudyon

thejournalHealthAffairsfindsthattheiruseissimilartothatofpeoplewithprivate

insurance—andhalfthatofpeoplewithMedicaid.Theupshotisthatextendinginsurance

toalltheuninsuredwouldbecostly,becausetheywouldgetmoreand(presumably)

bettercare.JohnSheilsoftheLewinGroupestimatestheannualcostoftheircarewould

rise75percentto$145billion.Ourhealth-caresystemwillinevitablycombine

governmentregulationandprivateenterprise.Butwhatshouldthemixbe?Which

patients,providersandtechnologiesshouldbesubsidizedandwhy?Howimportantis

healthcarecomparedwithotherpublicandprivategoals?Willanexpandinghealthcare

sectorspurtheeconomy-or,throughhightaxesandinsurancepremiums,retardit?We

haverefusedtohavethisdebateforobviousreasons.Afriendofminerecentlyhada

near-deathexperience;hesurvivedonlybecausehehadsuperbmedicalcare.Debating

healthcaremakesusqueasy,becauseitpitsmoralimperatives(includingtherightto

live)againstcoldheartedeconomics.Idon'tintendtoexamine-atleastnow-allthenew

proposals.Somewoulddobetteratsonicgoals(say,protectingthepoor)thanatothers

(say,controllingcosts).ButtheBushproposaldocshaveonehugevirtue:itexposes

health-carecoststothebroadpublic.Bynottaxingemployer-paidinsurance,the

governmentnowprovidesahugeinvisiblesubsidytoworkers.Bushwouldn'tendthe

subsidy,butbymodifyingitwithspecificdeductionsforinsurance($15,000forfamilies,

$7,500forsingles),hewouldforcemostworkerstoseethecosts.Bycontrast,someother

proposalsdisguisetheircosts.Schwarzeneggersplanshiftscoststothefederal

government,doctorsandhospitals.It'sclever,butitperpetuatestheillusionthathealth

careischeap-orevenfree.Howeverourhealthsystemevolves—withmoregovernment

controlormoremarketinfluence—Americansneedtocometoamorerealistic

understandingofitslimits.Underestimatingitscostsandexaggeratingitsbenefits

guaranteesdisappointment.Ifthepresentoutpouringofproposalssignalsastartofour

neededdebate,thenitislongoverdue.

16NAccordingtotheauthor,therealsignificanceofhealthproposalsis.

A、tosolvehealthproblems

B、toshowthathealthcareischeap

C、toprovideinsurancetotheuninsured

D、totreathealthcareinarealisticway

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：作者在第一段結(jié)尾說，健康提議的真正意義在于別處，并不是給未投

保的人提供保險(xiǎn)(B)。在最后一段，作者指出，應(yīng)對(duì)衛(wèi)生體制有一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)的認(rèn)識(shí)

(D)o故D為正確答案。

17、WhichofthefollowingisNOTasignthatshowsthepresentsituationofAmerican's

healthcare?

A、Thevarioushealthproposals.

Thevariousbenefitsitprovides.

C、TheMassachusettslawbyMittRomney.

D、Theincreaseofworkers*monthlypremiums.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第三和第四段可知，各種各樣的健康提議只是反映美國(guó)衛(wèi)生體制的

一個(gè)信號(hào)(A),工人的月保費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)也是一個(gè)信號(hào)(D),還有馬薩諸塞州的情況(C)等

等。故B為正確答案。

18^Theword"upshot"inparagraphsixmeans.

A、myth

effect

C、outcome

D、misunderstanding

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C」

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：第六段講人們對(duì)未投保人的誤區(qū)，認(rèn)為未投保人大量使用急診室服

務(wù)，那么該誤區(qū)的結(jié)果是給未投保人保險(xiǎn)的代價(jià)是昂貴的。故C為正確答案。

19、Accordingtothepassage,abigdifferencebetweentheBushproposalandthe

Schwarzeneggerproposalisthat.

A、thelatterhidesthehealth-carecosts

B、theformerhidesthehealth-carecosts

C、thelatterdoesbetteratcontrollingcosts

D、theformerdoesbetteratcontrollingcosts

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A」

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：由第八段可知，布什提議與施瓦辛格提議的一個(gè)重要區(qū)別是，前者向

人們揭示了健康的費(fèi)用，使人們對(duì)該費(fèi)用有一個(gè)清楚的認(rèn)識(shí)，而后者雖然將費(fèi)用轉(zhuǎn)

給了聯(lián)邦政府、醫(yī)生或醫(yī)院，但卻使人們對(duì)衛(wèi)生保健產(chǎn)生幻想，認(rèn)為其費(fèi)用是低廉

的。故A是正確答案。

20、WhatcanbeinferredfromthepassageabouthealthcareinAmerica?

A、Americanhealthcareischeap.

BNThegovernmentcanaffordtopayhealthcost.

C、Healthcarehasbecomeaproblemtobeheeded.

D、Healthcareisnotsoseriousastoaffecttheeconomy.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C

知識(shí)點(diǎn)解析：從全文的分析可以得出如下結(jié)論，美國(guó)的衛(wèi)生保健體制應(yīng)引起人們的

足夠重視，而不是像人們想象的那樣，費(fèi)用低廉甚至是免費(fèi)的。故C為正確答

案。

FRANKFURT—IbumpeddowninFrankfurtat10:55AM.AGermanlanding,I

thought-unsubtleandpunctual.Theskywasclear,anun-Germansky,andthecolors

thatassailedmewerepink(DeutscheTelekom),yellow(Lufthansa)andgray:coolcolors

atsomeremovefromCasparDavidFried-rich'secstaticdusksintheforestsofGothic

gloom.Friedrich'spassionateromanticismisundercontrolthesedaysinaGermanythat

hasbecomereassuringtothepointofdullness.Europe'smost