生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專業(yè)英語及其翻譯

1、 1 Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering Lesson 1 A History of Biomedical Engineering In its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. In 2000, German archeologists uncover a 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to its f

2、oot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene Laennec from pla

3、cing his ear next to a young womans bare chest, so he rolled up a newspaper and listened through it, triggering the idea for his invention that led to todays ubiquitous stethoscope. 廣義上來說,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程與我們已經(jīng)幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,甚至數(shù)千年。2000年,德國考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)3000歲高齡的木乃伊從底比斯木制假肢與作為大腳趾的腳。研究人員說,穿底部表面上表明它可能是最古老的下肢義肢。埃及人也用空心的蘆葦外觀和聽人類解

4、剖學(xué)的內(nèi)部行為。1816年,謙虛阻止法國醫(yī)生雷奈克把他的耳朵旁邊一個(gè)年輕女人的裸胸,所以他卷起報(bào)紙和聽它,引發(fā)他的發(fā)明的想法,導(dǎo)致今天無處不在的聽診器。 No matter what the date, biomedical engineering has provided advances in medical technology to improve human health. Biomedical engineering achievements range from early devices, such as crutches, platform shoes, wooden tee

5、th, and the ever-changing cache of instruments in a doctors black bag, to more modern marvels, including pacemakers, the heart-lung machine, dialysis machines, diagnostic equipment, imaging technologies of every kind, and artificial organs, implants and advanced prosthetics. The National Academy of

6、Engineering estimates that there are currently about 32,000 bioengineers working in various areas of health technology. 無論什么日期,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程提供了先進(jìn)的醫(yī)療技術(shù)來改善人類健康。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程成就范圍從早期設(shè)備,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齒,和不斷變化的緩存工具在醫(yī)生的黑包,更現(xiàn)代的奇跡,包括心臟起搏器、人工心肺機(jī),透析機(jī)器,診斷設(shè)備,各種成像技術(shù),和人造器官,移植和先進(jìn)的假肢。美國國家工程學(xué)院的估計(jì),目前大約有32000生物各領(lǐng)域工作的衛(wèi)生技術(shù)。 As an academi

7、c endeavor, the roots of biomedical engineering reach back to early developments in electrophysiology, which originated about 200 years ago. An early landmark in electrophysiology occurred in 1848 when DuBois Reymond published the widely recognized Ueber die tierische Elektrizitaet. Raymonds contemp

8、orary, Hermann von Helmholtz, is credited with applying engineering principles to a problem in physiology and dentifying the resistance of muscle and nervous tissues to direct current. 作為一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)努力,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的根源及早期電生理學(xué)的發(fā)展,起源于約200年前。電生理學(xué)的早期具有里程碑意義的發(fā)生在1848年當(dāng)杜布瓦Reymond發(fā)表了公認(rèn)Ueber死tierische Elektrizitaet。赫爾曼馮雷蒙德

9、當(dāng)代亥姆霍茲因應(yīng)用工程原則問題在生理學(xué)和dentifying電阻直流的肌肉和神經(jīng)組織。 In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered that a cathode-ray tube could make a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glow, even when the tube and the paper were in separate rooms. Roentgen decided the tube must be emitting some kind of p

10、enetrating rays, which he called “X” rays for unknown. This set off a flurry of research into the tissue-penetrating and tissue-destroying properties of X-rays, a line of research that ultimately produced the modern array of medical imaging technologies and virtually eliminated the need for explorat

11、ory surgery. 1895年,威廉倫琴偶然發(fā)現(xiàn),陰極射線管可以與氰亞鉑酸鹽鋇一張紙涂布發(fā)光,即使管和紙是在單獨(dú)的房間。倫琴決定管必須發(fā)出某種穿透光線,他稱為“X”光線不明。這引發(fā)了一系列tissue-penetrating和專治屬性的研究x射線,一系列的研究,最終得出了現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù)和幾乎消除了探索性手術(shù)的必要性。 Biomedical engineerings unique mix of engineering, medicine and science emerged 2 alongside biophysics and medical physics early this ce

12、ntury. At the outset, the three were virtually indistinguishable and none had formal training programs. 生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的獨(dú)特工程、醫(yī)學(xué)和科學(xué)出現(xiàn)2與生物物理學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)物理學(xué)在本世紀(jì)初。開始的時(shí)候,三人幾乎無法區(qū)分,沒有正式的培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃。 Between World War I and World War II a number of laboratories undertook research in biophysics and biomedical engineering. Only one

13、offered formal training: the Oswalt Institute for Physics in Medicine, established in 1921 in Frankfurt, Germany, forerunner of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics. 在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室進(jìn)行了生物物理學(xué)和生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的研究。只有一個(gè)提供正式的培訓(xùn):Oswalt物理醫(yī)學(xué)研究所,成立于1921年在法蘭克福,德國馬克斯普朗克生物物理學(xué)的先驅(qū)。 The Institutes founder, Friedrich

14、Dessauer, pioneered research into the biological effects of ionizing radiation. The Oswalt Institute and the University in Frankfurt soon established formal ties that led to a Ph.D. program in biophysics by 1940. Research topics included the effects of X-rays on tissues and the electrical properties

15、 of tissues. The staff of 20 included university lecturers, research fellows, assistants and technicians. 研究所的創(chuàng)始人,弗里德里希德紹,率先研究電離輻射的生物效應(yīng)。Oswalt研究所和大學(xué)在法蘭克福很快建立了正式的關(guān)系,在1940年導(dǎo)致了生物物理學(xué)博士學(xué)位項(xiàng)目。研究主題包括x射線的影響在組織和組織的電特性。員工20包括大學(xué)教師、研究員、助理和技術(shù)人員。 Following the Second World War, administrative committees began form

16、ing around the combined areas of engineering, medicine and biology. A biophysical society was formed in Germany in 1943. Five years later, the first conference of engineering in medicine and biology convened in the United States, under the auspices of the Institute of Radio Engineers (forerunner of

17、the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), the American Institute for Electrical Engineering, and the Instrument Society of America. It was a small meeting. About 20 papers were delivered to an audience of fewer than 100. The first 10 annual conferences paid most of their attention to i

18、onizing radiation and its implications. As conference topics broadened, so did attendance. The topic of the 1958 conference, Computers in Medicine and Biology, drew 70 papers and more than 300 attendees. By 1961, conference attendance swelled to nearly 3,000. 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后,行政委員會開始在工程領(lǐng)域相結(jié)合,形成醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué)。生物物理協(xié)

19、會于1943年在德國成立。五年后,工程在醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué)的第一次會議召開,在美國的支持下的無線電工程師學(xué)會(電氣和電子工程師協(xié)會的前身),美國電子工程研究所和美國社會工具。這是一個(gè)小型的會議。大約20個(gè)文件是少于100的傳遞給觀眾。前10年會大部分關(guān)注電離輻射及其影響。作為會議主題擴(kuò)大,出席。1958會議的主題、計(jì)算機(jī)在醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué),吸引了70篇論文和70多名與會者。參加會議,到1961年增加到近3000人。 The 1951 IRE convention generated enough interest in medical electronics that the IRE formed a

20、Professional Group on Medical Electronics. An early action of this group was to collaborate on the Annual Conference on Electronic Instrumentation and Nucleonics in Medicine, which the AIEE1 began about 1948. In 1954, the AIEE, the IRE and the ISA formed the Joint Executive Committee on Medicine and

21、 Biology, which began organizing the annual conferences. 1951憤怒的約定產(chǎn)生足夠的興趣,醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品的憤怒形成一個(gè)專業(yè)小組醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品。本集團(tuán)的早期行動是合作的年度會議上電子儀器和原子核物理學(xué)在醫(yī)學(xué)、AIEE1大約始于1948年。1954年,AIEE,憤怒和ISA形成聯(lián)合執(zhí)行委員會醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué),開始組織的年度會議。 In 1963, the AIEE and the IRE merged to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Contribut

22、ing forces for the merger were the members of the AIEE and IRE technical committees for biomedical engineering. Most members favored it and had been collaborating with their counterparts in the other society for years. 1963年,AIEE和憤怒合并形成了電氣與電子工程學(xué)院。貢獻(xiàn)力量的合并是成員AIEE和憤怒為生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程技術(shù)委員會。大多數(shù)成員支持,在其他社會和同行合作多年。 A

23、t the merger it was decided to carry over to the IRE system of Professional Groups. The IRE Professional Group on Medical Electronics became the IEEE Professional Group on 3 Bio-Medical Engineering (PGBME), the name change reflecting the fact that many members, particularly former AIEE members, were

24、 concerned with non-electronic topics. Also in the early 1960s the NIH2 took three significant steps to support biomedical engineering. First, it created a program-project committee under the General Medical Sciences Institute to evaluate program-project applications, many of which served biophysics

25、 and biomedical engineering. Then it set up a biomedical engineering training study section to evaluate training-grant applications, and it established two biophysics study sections. A special “floating” study section processed applications in bioacoustics and biomedical engineering. Many applicatio

26、ns did not make it to the biomedical engineering study section and ended up in radiology, physiology or other panels. The diversity of work in biomedical engineering and the diversity of background of the people contributing to this field made it difficult for a single organization to represent ever

27、yone3. In the 1960s there were efforts by some leaders of the PGBME, which became the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, to achieve greater autonomy within the IEEE in order to accommodate a more diverse membership. Because there were quite a few professional groups, several umbrella

28、organizations were established to facilitate cooperation. In the late 1960s the Alliance for Engineering in Medicine and Biology was formed. In 1968, the Biomedical Engineering Society was formed to give equal status to representatives of both biomedical and engineering interests and promote the inc

29、rease of biomedical engineering knowledge and its utilization. Initially, the membership of the society consisted of 171 founding members and 89 charter members. Membership now numbers nearly 1,200 professional biomedical engineers, with another 1,600 student members. 在合并決定繼續(xù)憤怒系統(tǒng)的專業(yè)團(tuán)體。醫(yī)療電子產(chǎn)品成為了IEEE憤

30、怒專業(yè)小組3生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專業(yè)小組(PGBME),許多成員名稱更改反映了事實(shí),尤其是前AIEE成員關(guān)心非電子的話題。也在1960年代初美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院2花了三個(gè)重要的步驟來支持生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。首先,它創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)項(xiàng)目委員會一般醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)研究所評估項(xiàng)目應(yīng)用程序,其中很多生物物理學(xué)和生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。然后建立了一個(gè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程訓(xùn)練研究部分,評估培訓(xùn)應(yīng)用,和它建立了兩個(gè)生物物理學(xué)研究部分。一個(gè)特殊的“漂浮”在生物聲學(xué)研究部分加工應(yīng)用和生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。許多應(yīng)用程序沒有生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程研究部分,最終在放射學(xué),生理學(xué)或其他面板。在生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程工作的多樣性和背景的多樣性導(dǎo)致這一領(lǐng)域使一個(gè)組織難以代表每個(gè)人3。在1960年代

31、有PGBME的一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,努力成為IEEE工程在醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué)的社會,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)更大的自治權(quán)在IEEE為了適應(yīng)更多元化的會員。因?yàn)橛胁簧賹I(yè)團(tuán)體,建立了幾個(gè)傘組織促進(jìn)合作。在1960年代后期工程在醫(yī)學(xué)和生物學(xué)聯(lián)盟成立。1968年,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)會成立給“地位平等的代表生物醫(yī)學(xué)和工程利益和促進(jìn)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程知識的增加,其利用率”。最初,社會的成員包括171創(chuàng)始成員和89憲章的成員?，F(xiàn)在會員數(shù)量近1200專業(yè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師,1600年與另一個(gè)學(xué)生成員。 The society awarded the Alza Distinguished Lectureship from 1971 to 1993 to

32、encourage the theory and practice of biomedical engineering. The BMES Distinguished Lectureship Award was founded in 1991 to recognize outstanding achievements in biomedical engineering. Other honors include a young investigator award, the BMES Distinguished Service Award, and the Presidential Award

33、, established in 1999 to enable BMES presidents to recognize extraordinary leadership within the society. In addition to the professional societies, the field of biomedical engineering received a large ally when The Whitaker Foundation was created in 1975, upon the death of U.A. Whitaker. As an engi

34、neer and philanthropist, Whitaker recognized that major contributions to improving human health would come from the merging of medicine and engineering. Since its inception, the foundation has primarily supported interdisciplinary medical research and 4 education, with the principal focus being on b

35、iomedical engineering. The foundation has become the nations largest private benefactor of biomedical engineering. By 2002, it had contributed more than $615 million to universities and medical schools to support faculty research, graduate students, program development, and construction of facilitie

36、s. In 1990 the National Science Foundation and The Whitaker Foundation observed that in spite of the numerous academic programs calling themselves bioengineering or biomedical engineering, there was no structure for this widely diversified field. Because many advances in biomedical engineering were

37、generated through the collaboration of engineers and clinical scientists in a number of different fields, the evolution of biomedical engineering as a profession in the 1970s and 1980s was characterized by the emergence of separate professional societies with a focus on applications within their own

38、 field. 協(xié)會授予Alza杰出講師職務(wù)從1971年到1993年,鼓勵(lì)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的理論和實(shí)踐。博雅杰出講師職務(wù)獎表彰杰出成就的成立于1991年在生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。其他榮譽(yù)還包括一個(gè)年輕調(diào)查員獎,bme杰出服務(wù)獎,和總統(tǒng)獎,成立于1999年,使bme總統(tǒng)認(rèn)識到非凡的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在社會。除了專業(yè)的社會,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程領(lǐng)域時(shí)收到一大筆盟友惠特克基金會成立于1975年,在U.A.惠特克的死亡。作為一個(gè)工程師和慈善家,惠特克承認(rèn),改善人類健康主要貢獻(xiàn)來自醫(yī)學(xué)和工程學(xué)的合并。自成立以來,該基金會主要支持跨學(xué)科醫(yī)學(xué)研究和教育,主要集中在生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程上?；饡殉蔀槊绹畲蟮乃饺司柚呱镝t(yī)學(xué)工程。到2002年,它已

39、經(jīng)貢獻(xiàn)了超過6.15億美元的大學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)院支持教師研究,研究生,項(xiàng)目開發(fā)和建設(shè)的設(shè)施。1990年,美國國家科學(xué)基金會和惠特克基金會指出,盡管許多學(xué)術(shù)項(xiàng)目自稱“生物工程”或“生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程”,沒有結(jié)構(gòu)廣泛多樣化的領(lǐng)域。因?yàn)樵S多生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的進(jìn)步通過協(xié)作生成工程師和臨床科學(xué)家在許多不同的領(lǐng)域,生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的發(fā)展作為一個(gè)行業(yè)在1970年代和1980年代的獨(dú)立的專業(yè)協(xié)會,專注于應(yīng)用程序的出現(xiàn)在自己的領(lǐng)域。 As a step toward unification, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering was creat

40、ed in 1992. AIMBE was born from the realization that an umbrella organization was needed to address the issues of public policy and public and professional education that comprise these engineering sciences. Ten societies saw the virtue of this approach and formed the original members of AIMBE. Toda

41、y, its 17 society members work to establish a clear and comprehensive identity for the field of medical and biological engineering, and improve intersociety relations and cooperation within the field of medical and biological engineering. The earliest academic programs began to take shape in the 195

42、0s. Their establishment was aided by Sam Talbot of Johns Hopkins University, who petitioned the National Institutes of Health for funding to support a group discussion of approaches to teaching biomedical engineering. Ultimately three universities were represented in these discussions: The Johns Hop

43、kins University, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Rochester. These three institutions, along with Drexel University, were among the first to win important training grants for biomedical engineering from the National Institutes of Health. In 1973, discussions started about broaden

44、ing the base of Pennsylvanias graduate Department of Biomedical Electronic Engineering by including other activities and adopting and undergraduate curriculum. Its present graduate program is an extension of the earlier one. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, development at other institutions fo

45、llowed similar paths, but occurred more rapidly in most cases due to the growing opportunities of the field and in response to the important NIH initiative to support the development of the field. The earlier institutions were soon followed by a second generation of biomedical engineering programs a

46、nd departments. These included: Boston University in 1966; Case Western 5 Reserve University in 1968; Northwestern University in 1969; Carnegie Mellon, Duke University, Renssselaer and a joint program between Harvard and MIT4 in 1970; Ohio State University and University of Texas, Austin, in 1971; L

47、ouisiana Tech, Texas A&M and the Milwaukee School of Engineering in 1972; and the University of Illinois, Chicago in 1973. 一步統(tǒng)一,美國醫(yī)學(xué)和生物工程研究所成立于1992年。AIMBE誕生于意識到傘組織需要解決問題的公共政策和公共和專業(yè)教育,包括這些工程科學(xué)。十個(gè)社會看到這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn),形成了原始AIMBE的成員。今天,17個(gè)社會成員努力”建立一個(gè)清晰的和全面的醫(yī)學(xué)和生物工程領(lǐng)域的身份,并改善intersociety合作關(guān)系在醫(yī)學(xué)和生物工程領(lǐng)域”。最早的學(xué)術(shù)項(xiàng)目在1950

48、年代開始成型。他們的建立是在約翰霍普金斯大學(xué)的薩姆塔爾博特的幫助下,他請求美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院的資金支持生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程教學(xué)方法的小組討論。最終三所大學(xué)在這些討論代表:約翰霍普金斯大學(xué),賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)和羅徹斯特大學(xué)的。這三個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu),隨著德雷塞爾大學(xué),是首批獲得重要的培訓(xùn)基金從美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程。1973年,開始討論擴(kuò)大賓夕法尼亞的基礎(chǔ)生物醫(yī)學(xué)電子工程系畢業(yè)的包括其他活動,采用和本科課程。目前的研究生課程是早期的一種擴(kuò)展。在1960年代末和1970年代初,發(fā)展其他機(jī)構(gòu)沿著這條路走下去,但發(fā)生更快在大多數(shù)情況下,由于日益增長的機(jī)會,為了應(yīng)對重要NIH行動來支持這一領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。早些時(shí)候機(jī)構(gòu)很快就

49、接著第二代生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程項(xiàng)目和部門。包括:波士頓大學(xué);1966年5凱斯西儲大學(xué);1968年西北大學(xué);1969年卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué),杜克大學(xué),Renssselaer和哈佛和麻省理工學(xué)院聯(lián)合項(xiàng)目4;1970年俄亥俄州立大學(xué)和德克薩斯大學(xué)奧斯汀;1971年路易斯安那理工大學(xué),德克薩斯A&M大學(xué)和密爾沃基工程學(xué)院;1972年1973年芝加哥和伊利諾斯州大學(xué)的。 The number of departments and programs continued to rise slowly but steadily in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1992, The Whita

50、ker Foundation initiated large grant programs designed to help institutions establish or develop biomedical engineering departments or programs. Since then, the numbers of departments and programs have risen to more than 90. Some of the largest and most prominent engineering institutions in the coun

51、try, such as the Georgia Institute of Technology, have established programs and emerged as leaders in the field. Many other new and existing programs have benefited from the foundations support. A major development took place in late 2000 when President Clinton signed a bill creating the National In

52、stitute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering at the NIH. According to NIBIBs website, its mission is to improve health by promoting fundamental discoveries, design and development, and translation and assessment of technological capabilities. The Institute coordinates with biomedical imaging and

53、 bioengineering programs of other agencies and NIH institutes to support imaging and engineering research with potential medical applications and facilitates the transfer of such technologies to medical applications. The newest of the NIH institutes, NIBIB spent much of 2001 building program and adm

54、inistrative staff, preparing a budget request, setting up office space, determining funding and grant identification codes and procedures, and identifying program (research, training, and communication) focus areas and opportunities. NIBIB assumed administration of the NIHs Bioengineering Consortium

55、 (BECON) in September 2001, and awarded its first research grant in April 2002. 部門和項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量繼續(xù)增長緩慢但穩(wěn)步在1980年代和1980年代初。1992年,惠特克基金會發(fā)起大型格蘭特計(jì)劃旨在幫助機(jī)構(gòu)建立或發(fā)展生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程部門或項(xiàng)目。從那時(shí)起,部門和項(xiàng)目的數(shù)量已經(jīng)上升到超過90人。一些最大和最著名的工程機(jī)構(gòu),如美國喬治亞理工學(xué)院(Georgia Institute of Technology),建立了項(xiàng)目和領(lǐng)域成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。許多其他新的和現(xiàn)有項(xiàng)目受益于基金會的支持。一個(gè)主要的發(fā)展發(fā)生在2000年晚些時(shí)候,克林頓總統(tǒng)簽

56、署了一項(xiàng)法案創(chuàng)建國家生物醫(yī)學(xué)成像和生物工程研究所美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院。根據(jù)NIBIB的網(wǎng)站,它的使命是“改善健康通過促進(jìn)基本發(fā)現(xiàn),設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā),和翻譯和技術(shù)能力評估”。生物醫(yī)學(xué)成像和生物工程研究所坐標(biāo)與項(xiàng)目的其他機(jī)構(gòu)和國家衛(wèi)生研究院機(jī)構(gòu)支持成像和工程研究與潛在的醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用和促進(jìn)這些技術(shù)在醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用上的轉(zhuǎn)移。最新的美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院的機(jī)構(gòu),NIBIB 2001建設(shè)項(xiàng)目和行政人員,大部分時(shí)間都在準(zhǔn)備預(yù)算要求,建立辦公空間,確定資金和格蘭特識別代碼和程序,并確定項(xiàng)目(研究、培訓(xùn)和交流)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和機(jī)會。NIBIB認(rèn)為政府的美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院生物工程協(xié)會(BECON)2001年9月和2002年4月首次獲得科研資

57、助。 Lesson 2 What is a Biomedical Engineer? A Biomedical Engineer uses traditional engineering expertise to analyze and solve problems in biology and medicine, providing an overall enhancement of health care. Students choose the biomedical engineering field to be of service to people, to partake of t

58、he excitement of working with living systems, and to apply advanced technology to the complex problems of medical care. The biomedical engineer works with other health care professionals including physicians, nurses, therapists and technicians. Biomedical engineers may be called upon in a wide range

59、 of capacities: to design instruments, devices, and software, to bring together knowledge from many technical sources to develop new procedures, or to conduct research needed to solve clinical problems. 生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師使用傳統(tǒng)的工程技術(shù)在生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)分析問題和解決問題,提供一個(gè)衛(wèi)生保健的整體提高。學(xué)生選擇生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程領(lǐng)域服務(wù)的人來說,參加工作與生活系統(tǒng)的興奮,并將先進(jìn)的技術(shù)應(yīng)用到醫(yī)療保健的復(fù)雜問題。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師的工作與其他衛(wèi)生保健專業(yè)人員包括醫(yī)生、護(hù)士、理療師和技術(shù)人員。生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師可能要求在范圍廣泛的能力:設(shè)計(jì)工具,設(shè)備和軟件,匯