輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)墻體

1、加拿大木業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)設(shè)計(jì)師培訓(xùn)班第一階段 輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)Canada Wood Level 1 - Wood-Frame Construction,墻體和屋蓋 Wall and Roof Framing Herbert Otto, B. Arch., MRAIC,平臺(tái)式建造法 Platform Framing,屋頂桁架 Roof trusses,38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm 墻骨柱 38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm ( 2x4 or 2x6) stud walls,樓蓋覆面板 Floor sheathing,樓蓋擱柵 Floor joists,基礎(chǔ) Foundation,平臺(tái)式輕

2、型木結(jié)構(gòu) Platform Framing,圖片由加拿大木材理事會(huì)提供 Diagram Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,承重內(nèi)隔墻 Load Bearing interior wall 樓蓋覆面板 Floor sheathing 組合梁 Built up beam 地梁板錨固螺栓 Sill plate anchor bolt 地梁板 Sill plate 封邊擱柵 Rim Joist 底梁板 Bottom wall plate 墻體覆面板 Wall sheathing,桁架或椽條 Truss or rafter 屋頂覆面板 Roof sheathing 剪刀撐 C

3、ross bridging 頂梁板 Top plate 墻骨柱 Stud 釘板條 Strapping 擱柵 Joist,墻體 Wall Framing,墻體設(shè)計(jì) Wall Design,墻體 Wall Framing,雙層頂梁板 Double top plate,門洞過(guò)梁 Door header or lintel,封頭墻骨柱 Trimmer,主要墻骨柱 King stud,短撐 Cripple,墻骨柱 Common stud,窗口過(guò)梁 Window header or lintel,底梁板 Bottom plates,窗洞口Window rough opening,底梁Sill,短撐Crip

4、ple,墻體 Wall Framing,墻骨柱、板、短撐和過(guò)梁用釘和樓板連接，然后安裝對(duì)角支撐或覆面板 Stud, plates, cripples and lintels are laid out on the floor, nailed together, then cross braced or sheathed.,墻體 Wall Framing,門窗洞口過(guò)梁通常使用2x4規(guī)格材，中間使用2x6規(guī)格材 Window or door header framing, conventional 38 x 89mm (2x4) and insulated 38 x 140 mm (2x6). 用

5、于過(guò)梁的規(guī)格材尺寸由荷載和跨度決定 Size of dimension lumber used in header determined by load and span,墻體 Wall Framing,提起墻體并連接在一起，需要使用臨時(shí)支撐 Walls tilted up and tied together and temporarily braced as required.,墻體 Wall Framing,轉(zhuǎn)角處的頂梁板要搭接 Corner framing with lapped top plates. 轉(zhuǎn)角處填充保溫棉時(shí)，要在內(nèi)測(cè)放置第三根墻骨柱支撐內(nèi)裝修層 Third inside

6、stud provides support for interior finish while allowing corner to be insulated,Third stud,墻體 Wall Framing,內(nèi)外隔墻的連接 Interior partition wall / exterior wall connection. 2x6規(guī)格材做墊板方便墻體趕作業(yè)施工以及連接后面的填充材布置 38 x 140mm (2x6) backer for supporting drywall and allowing insulation behind connection.,墊板 Backer,墻體

7、 Wall Framing,覆面板橫放在樓面上，然后開(kāi)始安裝 Panel type sheathing applied to framing when it is still horizontal on the floor deck. 覆面板類型 Range of sheathings 定向刨花板 OSB 膠合板 Plywood 防火板 Fibreboard 石膏板 Gypsum 保溫填充覆面板 Insulated sheathing,豎向和水平布置的覆面板,墻體 Wall Framing,內(nèi)隔墻和保溫天花板的連接。頂梁板之間布置帶狀聚乙烯作為隔氣層 Interior partition wa

8、ll connection with insulated ceiling. When polyethylene air / vapour barrier is used strip placed between top plates,天花板擱柵,頂梁板,墻骨柱,帶狀聚乙烯作為隔氣層（也可以布置在頂梁板之間，樓板之間不要求布置）,2x6規(guī)格材，用于釘連接,墻體 Wall Framing,當(dāng)擱柵和外墻平行時(shí)，需要設(shè)置墊板來(lái)支撐內(nèi)裝修層 Where joists are parallel to exterior wall back framing required to provide suppor

9、t for interior finish,墻骨柱,底梁板,下部樓面板,樓蓋擱柵,用于內(nèi)裝修的釘連接,端部擱柵,板,墻體設(shè)計(jì) Wall Framing Design,內(nèi)墻和外墻結(jié)構(gòu)功能和荷載分布不同，所以應(yīng)分開(kāi)設(shè)計(jì)。 Interior and exterior walls should be designed separately since they have different functions and loads are distributed differently 墻骨柱最小尺寸和間距的規(guī)定（設(shè)計(jì)表中還包括其他的長(zhǎng)度、樹(shù)種和荷載分配） Rules of thumb for mini

10、mum stud sizes and spacing (design tables for other lengths, species, and load configurations) 外墻高度建到3m Exterior Walls up to 3 m tall 僅支承屋蓋- 38 x 89 600 mm o.c Supporting roof only 38 x 89 600 mm o.c. 支承屋蓋和1層樓蓋 38 x 89 400 mm o.c. Supporting roof and 1 floor 38 x 89 400 mm o.c. 支承屋蓋和2層樓蓋 38 x 140 40

11、0 mm o.c. Supporting roof and 2 floors 38 x 140 400 mm o.c.,墻體設(shè)計(jì) Wall Framing Design,內(nèi)墻高度建到3m Interior Walls up to 3m tall 非承重 Non load bearing 38 x 89 600 mm o.c. （推薦400mm） 38 x 89 600 mm o.c. (however 400 mm recommended) 承重 Load bearing 支承屋蓋和1層樓蓋 38 x 89 400 mm o.c. Supporting 1 floor 38 x 89 400

12、mm o.c. 支承屋蓋和2層樓蓋 38 x 89 300 mm o.c. Supporting 2 floors 38 x 89 300 mm o.c. 支承屋蓋和3層樓蓋 38 x 140 400 mm o.c. Supporting 3 floors 38 x 140 400 mm o.c.,墻體設(shè)計(jì) Wall Framing Design,過(guò)梁 Lintels,墻體設(shè)計(jì)-外墻過(guò)梁Wall Framing Design Exterior Lintel,墻體設(shè)計(jì)-內(nèi)隔墻Wall Framing Design Interior Partition,墻體設(shè)計(jì) Wall Framing Desi

13、gn,有覆面板的墻體可以抵抗側(cè)向力，例如地震作用和風(fēng)荷載 Walls with panel sheathing also resist lateral forces such as earthquake and wind 覆面板可以用定向刨花板或膠合板，根據(jù)墻骨柱的間距，板厚可以從9.5 mm 到15.5 mm Panel material can be plywood or OSB sheathing 9.5 mm to 15.5 mm thick depending on stud spacing 厚度12.5 mm 和15.8 mm 的石膏板也能使用 Gypsum board can a

14、lso be used in 12.5 mm and 15.8 mm thickness 符合上海輕型木結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)規(guī)程中構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)法中墻體最小長(zhǎng)度的要求 For prescriptive design, minimum length of braced wall lines in accordance with 4.2.2 of Shanghai Technical Code for Lightweight Wood Frame Construction must be adhered to,改進(jìn)的結(jié)構(gòu)Advanced Framing,平臺(tái)式建造法可以有效的利用木材： Platform frami

15、ng can be optimized to use wood more efficiently benefits include: 結(jié)構(gòu)使用更少的木材 Less framing lumber used 更少的人工 Less labour required 當(dāng)木材采用保溫材時(shí)，熱交換更低 Lower heat transfer as wood replaced by insulation,改進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)Features of Advanced Framing,墻骨柱，通常為2x6，中心間距600mm Studs, typically 38 x 140mm (2x6) spaced at 600

16、mm (24”) 荷載順次傳遞，不需要兩層頂梁板 Loads lined up one above another eliminating the need for double top plates 兩個(gè)墻骨柱轉(zhuǎn)角 Two stud corners 門窗洞口處過(guò)梁可以穿過(guò)墻骨柱，不需要短撐 Window and door headers let into studs eliminating cripples,屋頂 Roof Framing,大部分采用工廠預(yù)制的木桁架 Majority of wood frame buildings use factory built trusses. 通常用

17、2x4規(guī)格材制作腹桿和弦桿，節(jié)點(diǎn)壓制金屬連接件 Typically 38 x 89mm (2x4) webs and cords and pressed metal connectors,屋頂 Roof Framing,桁架的偏差 Truss variations 抬高根部以便外墻全都可以做到保溫隔熱層 Raised heel to allow full depth insulation to exterior wall 采用剪刀撐的傾斜天花板 Scissors allows sloped ceiling,屋頂 Roof Framing,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)手工施工 Hand framed roof cons

18、truction 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)切割規(guī)格材制作椽條和擱柵 Dimension lumber cut on site to make rafters and joists.,屋頂 Roof Framing,木制工字型梁 Wood I beams 大跨度 Allow for long spans 桁架的深度和預(yù)留孔洞可以在較高的天花板中安裝保溫填充材料，其范圍為RSI 7到RSI 10.6 (R40 到 R60, K 0.14到K 0.095) Depth and pre-punched holes allow for high levels of insulation in a cathedral cei

19、ling in the range of RSI 7 to RSI 10.6 (R40 to R60, K 0.14 to K 0.095),屋頂 Roof Framing,平行弦桁架空心腹板 Open web parallel cord trusses 大跨度 Allow for long spans 桁架的深度可以在較高的天花板中安裝保溫填充材料 Depth allows for high levels of insulation in a cathedral ceiling,屋頂覆面 Roof Sheathing,膠合木 Plywood 根據(jù)跨度和有無(wú)填塊，使用H扣件或企口板，厚度可以從7.5mm到12.5mm Ranging in thickness from 7.5 mm to 12.5mm (5/16” to ”) depending on span and use of blocking, H clips or tongu