FurtherReadingHowCanWeLearnVocabulary.ppt

1、-猜測詞義,閱讀理解專題,猜測詞義題： 詞義猜測能力是英語高考閱讀理解能力的主要組成部分，是歷年高考中的必考題型，此類題要求考生根據(jù)一定的上下文猜測生詞詞義或熟詞生意，考查考生根據(jù)上下文對靈活變化的詞義做出準(zhǔn)確理解判斷的能力。而且，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)語境來判斷。,考綱解讀,另外，代詞復(fù)指理解題也是猜測詞義的?？碱愋?。,熟詞生意。即考試大綱中有該詞，但所考的是該詞的綱外意義。如even在大綱中所給的意義是“即使”（副詞），但在（2013北京卷）The advanced EP also heats the room evenly,wall to wall and fl

2、oor to ceiling.這句話中考查該詞的意義卻是equally“均勻地”。,生詞詞義。遇到生詞不要慌張，也不要停滯不前，而應(yīng)繼續(xù)閱讀下去，也許該詞的意思在下文中很快就會明朗。,詞義猜測題常用的提問方式有： 1. The word “” refers to / probably means / could best be replaced by _. 2.The word “” is most likely to mean _. 3. What do you think the expression “” stands for? 4. The underlined word “” mea

3、ns _. 5. The underlined word “” can be replaced_. .,設(shè)問方式,應(yīng)答技巧？,1. Definition 定義法,3. Similarity 相似法,2. Contrast 對比法,4. Cause and effect 因果法,5. Example 例舉法,8. Common Sense 普通常識,6. Word Formation 構(gòu)詞法,猜測詞義,7. Context 上下文,It will be very hard but very brittle that is , it will break easily.,1. Definition

4、 定義法： 一般通過定義、定語（從句）或同位語（從句）來確定詞義。常用逗號，破折號，冒號等。,(adj. 易碎的, 脆的),The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.,(n. 牧羊人),2. Contrast 對比法： 利用文中的反義詞以及表對比關(guān)系的詞（組）猜測詞義。 表示對比的詞有but、while、however、 otherwise等。,Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented.,She is usually prompt for all her cla

5、sses, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.,A. on time B. late C. slowly D. quickly,A,(v. 不同意),3. Similarity 相似法：利用同義詞、近義詞或詞組猜測詞義。,Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which

6、 have been polluted.,(adj. 巨大的;極大的),4. Cause Effect 因果法：從原因推測結(jié)果，從結(jié)果推測原因。,One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing.,That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.,(adj. 貧窮的,窮困的),(adj. 大的),5. Example 例舉法：利用文中的舉例猜測詞義。常見的舉例的提示詞有for instance, f

7、or example, such as等 。,Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.,(n. 電器用具),6. Word Formation 構(gòu)詞法： 英語單詞大多是由詞根、詞頭（前綴）和詞尾（后綴）所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。在詞根前或后加上前綴或后綴，可以用來引申或轉(zhuǎn)變原詞的意義。只要我們掌握了各種詞根、詞頭和詞尾的基本含義，那么就可以很

8、容易猜測出由其構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。,Eg. Im going to buy a microbus.,micro+bus 微型公共汽車,中學(xué)英語中常見的前綴和后綴有： super- (超) mini- (極小的, 微小的) micro-（極微小的） re- （再，反復(fù)） mis-（誤，惡） im-（不） un-（不，非） in-（不，非） non-（不，非） -able（能的 ） -less（不，無） -wards (向),With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide

9、the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.,unconditional:,無條件的, 絕對的 adj.,condition,conditional,情況，條件 n.,有條件的 adj.,nonjudgmental:,沒有判斷力的,judgmental,adj.,judgment,判斷 n.,judge,判斷 v.,superman microwave (超人) nonnatural mispronouce (非自然的) homeless nonsmoker (無家可歸的) rebui

10、ld eastwards (重建),Can you guess the right meanings?,(微波),(非煙民),(發(fā)錯音),(向東),7. Context 上下文：利用語境及前后的提示來猜測詞義。 利用重述作為上下文猜詞的線索。當(dāng)作者不能肯定讀者能夠理解他的意思時，他會用另外一種方式陳述自己的觀點(diǎn)。常見的用來表示重述的詞或短語有：,to put it another way 換句話說,or. 即，或者說,that is 也就是說,that is to say 也就是說,in other words 換句話說,In some countries where there is ver

11、y little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields. 逗號后的or water給出了irrigate的準(zhǔn)確含義，即“灌溉”的意思。 We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m. this week. 兩個破折號之間的短語重述了night shift的含義，很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。,8. Common sense 普通常識：根據(jù)普通常識和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)來猜測詞義。,在閱讀的過程中，如遇到生詞，有時可以根據(jù)自身的直接或間接的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，或運(yùn)用自己

12、已有的常識將其推測出來。比如了解一些英美國家的天文地理、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰、政治結(jié)構(gòu)、社會制度等，可以幫助加深對文章的理解，遇到生詞時，猜測詞義的能力自然就會增強(qiáng)。,When a doctor performs an operation on a patient， he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him.,n. 麻醉劑(藥),Its said that B

13、ill Gates is the most affluent person in the world. 說明：根據(jù)常識，Bill Gates 為世界首富，所以 affluent 可能是“富有的”。 As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his contrivances. 說明：根據(jù)常識，Edison為發(fā)明大王，他應(yīng)因“發(fā)明物”而聞名于世。,根據(jù)上下文指代關(guān)系猜測代詞,文章中的代詞it, that, this, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；也有時需要對前面

14、提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。,Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion (捍衛(wèi)) found photographs. One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago them指的是前面出現(xiàn)的self-published art magazines However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an inte

15、resting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. it指的是月球人(moon people)所問的問題（the question）。,1. Definition 定義法,3. Similarity 相似法,2. Contrast 對比法,4. Cause and effect 因果法,5. Example 例舉法,8. Common Sense 普通常識,6. Word Formation 構(gòu)詞法,猜測詞義,7. Context 上下文,Summary,同學(xué)們在做詞義猜測題時注意不要脫離語境

16、。有些常用詞在特定的上下文中，或?qū)I(yè)性文章中，具有特殊的或?qū)ｉT的詞義。在解這類題時，必須仔細(xì)地研讀劃線部分的上下文，有時閱讀的視線還要擴(kuò)大一些。如果離開特定的語言環(huán)境來理解生詞意義，必然會理解錯誤。,給同學(xué)們的建議：,特別提醒,不管這個詞多超綱，根據(jù)上下文都能得出其意思。 不管這個詞多熟悉，都要通過上下文得出其在特定語境中的意思。,Inquiry-based Activities (I) 探究活動 (1),Can you guess the correct meanings of the following words? - 1. He is a resolute man. Once he m

17、ade up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. A. weak B. firm C. kind D. clever,B,2. In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth. A. 便士 B. 溫飽 C. 非常貧困 D. 虛弱,C,3. Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type. A. 活潑的 B. 好動的 C. 多嘴多舌的 D.

18、 可愛的 4. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. A. town B. capital C. countryside D. house,C,C,5. Children are always boasting. They say things like “My Dads car is bigger than your Dads,” “My Mom is smarter than yours.” and “My fam

19、ily has more money than yours.” The word “boasting” means _. A. 驕傲 B. 吹牛 C. 頑皮 D. 幼稚,B,反義詞,6.Unlike his brother, who is truly a handsome man, John is quite homely “homely” means “ ”.,ugly,Unlike,handsome,資金 n.,7.At the beginning they did nothave enough capital to start a business, nor were they able

20、 to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.,money,nor,Homework: 運(yùn)用今天所學(xué)到的解題方法， 完成印發(fā)的猜測詞義練習(xí)。,Inquiry-based Activities (II) 探究活動 (2),Passage 1 (NMET2002,E篇) A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two

21、, ages 4 and 18 months. What does the under lined word hassle probably mean? A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests,解析:對比法由前句的否定doesnt與后句的肯定can be這一對比關(guān)系，可以推斷出, hassle的意思應(yīng)該與fun相反,而與difficulty, trou

22、ble等相近。故答案為C。,Passage 2 A mans position among the black-tent people depends on his ancestors, relatives, and fellow tribesmen. If they are honored, he is also honored. If they are disgraced, he too is disgraced. Therefore one carefully guards the honor of his family, his lineage(宗系), and his tribe.

23、The word “disgrace” means _ in this text. A. honor B. endanger C. proud D. shame,D,Passage 3 (NMET2004全國，廣東卷)When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colors turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective. Eventually, it came

24、 on the market in a dark blue and white package-blue because we think of it as safe, and white as calm.,The underlined part “the colors turned the customers off” (in Para.3) means that the colors_. had weak effects on the customers B. tricked the customers into shopping C. caused the customers to lo

25、se interest D.attracted the customers strongly,通過因果法可知答案為C,Passage 4. New York: when the first jet struck 1 World Trade Center at 8:48 am on Tuesday, the people in 2 World Trade Center with a view of the instant damage across the divide had the clearest sense of what they, too, must do: get out fast. Among the uncertainty about what was the best thing to do, formal announcements inside the south tower instructed people to stay put, telling them that the building was in