2020GRE閱讀意群訓練方法介紹

1、2020gre閱讀意群訓練方法介紹 什么是gre閱讀意群訓練方法?今天給大家?guī)砹薵re閱讀意群訓練方法介紹，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。gre閱讀意群訓練方法介紹什么是意群訓練在進入正題之前，先來看看意群的概念，對意群的解釋目前流行幾個版本，從閱讀的意義上來講，意群就是指我們平時閱讀一篇*時，視線每停留一次，進入我們視界范圍的單詞會有多個，而這些單詞不帶有任意性，單詞與單詞之間的邏輯意義緊密相連，我們可以暫且將這種意義緊密相連的多個單詞視為一個意群。我們要想將這種方法運用到實際的閱讀當中，那我們就有必要知道，語篇的構成單位為段落，段落的構成單位則是句子，而句子的最終構

2、成單位為語言意義的基本載體單元詞匯。而我所講的意群訓練，是指按照對詞匯之間意義的緊密性及對英語句子的結構進行拆分的閱讀方法，這樣不僅利于閱讀速度的提升還可以提高一個人對語篇環(huán)境的適應能力。例句1：the primary method previously used by paleontol.ists to estimate climatic changes that occurred during pleistocene glacial cycles 新世紀冰川周期 was the determination of 18o/16o 18o與16o分別為氧元素 ratios in calcare

3、ous fossils.這個句子讀完第一遍之后，如果你發(fā)現自己沒有讀懂這個句子是因為當中所出現的生詞所造成的，那你錯了，如若使用意群法對此句進行結構拆分，我們反而會發(fā)現其實這個句子讀起來并是那么晦澀難懂。換句話說，如果將單詞擴大到一個短語成分，分句，乃至整個句子，這樣對*理解起來更深刻也更全面上面的那個句子，我將其解構為：一個主干結構，4個意群：本句主干：method主語+ be系動詞+determination 表語，四個意群分別為：1) the primary method previously used by paleontol.ist; 2) to estimate climatic

4、changes that occurred; 3) during pleistocene glacial cycles; 4) was the determination of 18o/16o ratios in calcareous fossils. 在這句話中，意群的劃分依據為詞語與詞語之間的聯系緊密度，意群1)應解釋為： method前有the primary, 后有previously used by paleontol.ist，分別起到修飾method的作用，而意群2)則在此處用作動詞use的目的狀語，用來說明這種方法的用途所在, 意群4)為系動詞+表語結構，整個句子的結構也隨之開始

5、變的清晰起來。例句2：in the weary blues, hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed that african american literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of western european literary techniques and styles.中文釋義：在憂郁的藍調一

6、詩中，休斯選擇改變這樣一些傳統(tǒng)：即，那些曾經規(guī)定美國黑人文學必須以倡導種族容忍及種族團結為宗旨的文學傳統(tǒng)，并規(guī)定為實現這一目標，美國黑人文學還須反映出對西歐文學技巧及風格的理解和嫻熟運用能力的文學傳統(tǒng).這段話中出現了，三個that,往往考生會在這幾個that之間躊躇不定，尤其是第三個that后面的意群，in order to do so作為一個插入成分將that與緊跟that后的賓語從句分隔開來，第一個that起引導定語從句的作用，且第一個that可用which 來替代，而第二與第三個that起引導賓語從句的作用，第三個that前省略了動詞decreed。當句子當初出現復合句時，尤其是賓語從句

7、或定語從句，會以that為標志出現，而只要我們將that及其所引導的成分視為一個意群進行分析，我們讀時才不會出現那種不得要領的閱讀感覺例句3the petition asked that during june, july, and august the working hours be changed from 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch to 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch中文釋義：此申請書請求6，7，8三個月份間的工作時間應從原來早8晚5改為現在的早7點上班晚3：30下班的工作時間制，而午餐時間則由原來的1

8、小時改為現在的半小時。如果我們能夠分清此句的意群，我們就不至于讀不懂整句話，本句結構為：the petition 主語+asked謂語+that后接賓語從句。當我們看到be change時，便會一眼看到change 后的fromtototo，這時，問題便出現了，這里存在兩個意群：1) 8 to 5 with an hour off for lunch; 2) 7 to 3:30 with a half-hour for lunch, 當我們理清這兩個意群以后，整個句子開始變得流暢了許多。gre閱讀材料練習：鳥類擁有磁性感知能力birds can navigate by the earths m

9、agnetic field.how they do it is still a mystery.where would people be without magnetic compasses?the short answer is: lost.by giving human beings a sixth sensean ability to detect the hitherto invisible magneticfield of the earththe compass proved one of the most important inventions ever.鳥類能夠利用地球磁場

10、導航。機理尚不明確人類沒有指南針會怎樣?很簡單：迷失方向。指南針給了人類第6感，使人能辨別地球無形的磁場，成為最重要的發(fā)明之一。it let sailors navigate without sight of the night sky.and that led to the voyages of discovery, trade and conquest which created the politicalgeography of the modern world.imagine, then, what animals which had their own, built-in compa

11、sses could achieve.they might spend their summers doingthe english season in glyndebourne or henley, and then overwinter in the warmth of mombasa. they might strike out, like intrepid pioneers, from angola to anchorage.they might even, if truly gripped by wanderlust and a hatred of the darkness, liv

12、e in near-perpetual daylight by migrating from pole to pole.and that is just what some birds do.海員不用觀察夜空便可以辨識方向。人們用它進行海上探索，海上交易，攻城掠地，進而開創(chuàng)了現代世界的政治版圖。有些動物有自己內嵌的指南系統(tǒng)?？梢韵胂蟮贸鲞@些動物的能力。它們可以在戈林德伯恩或亨利鎮(zhèn)消暑，享受自己的英格蘭夏日。然后在溫暖的蒙巴薩島過冬。它們可以像無畏的開拓者一樣，從安哥拉獨闖安克雷奇。假如它們?yōu)槁眯兴鶢拷O，為黑暗而煩惱，它們會穿梭于兩極之間，過著永遠有光亮的生活。以上這些只是鳥類能力的一部分。sw

13、allows travel between europe and africa. northern wheatears fly from africa to alaska, andback.arctic terns each year make the journey from one end of the planet to the other.and they can do it, at least in part, because they do have a magnetic sense denied tohumans.家燕在歐洲和非洲之間遷徙。石棲鳥在非洲和阿拉斯加之間遷徙。每年，北

14、極燕鷗都會從地球的一端飛到另一端。它們能這么做的原因之一便是鳥類可以感知磁性，而人類不行。the most familiar avian navigation trick is that pulled off by homing pigeons.as a consequence pigeons have often found themselves at the sharp end of investigationsabout how bird navigation in general, and magnetic sense in particular, actually work.that

15、 pigeons have such a sense was shown more than 40 years ago, by william keeton ofcornell university, in upstate new york, who attached magnets to pigeons to see if they couldstill home.they could not, though birds fitted with non-magnetic dummies managed perfectly well.人類最為熟知的鳥類導航技巧就是通過研究信鴿而得到的。鴿子便處

16、在了人類研究的尖端。人們用它研究鳥類整體的導航機能，用它特別研究磁性感應機制。鴿子顯示出此種能力是在40年前。當時，紐約州北部康乃爾大學的william keeton把磁體系在鴿子身上，觀察它們是否能夠回家。結果是它們不能，但是那些帶有仿磁體的鴿子卻回家。since then, experiments on other species have shown magnetic sensitivity is common amongbirds. what these experiments have not shown, however, is how the birds manage it.se

17、e it? hear it? smell it?there are two theories.one is that the magnetic sensors are grains of magnetite, a form of iron oxide which, as itsname suggests, is easily magnetised.the other is that the earths magnetic field affects a particular chemical reaction in the retinain a way that reaches into th

18、e arcane depths of quantum mechanics.此后的實驗表明，磁性感知能力是鳥類共有的，但并沒有解釋是如何操作的。視覺?聽覺?嗅覺?理論上的說法有兩種。一種是鴿子具有磁感應器，這是一種以氧化鐵形式存在的磁鐵礦粒子。顧名思義，這種物質極易磁化。另一種說法認為，地球磁場能對視網膜里特定的化學反映產生影響，在某種程序上可以達到神秘量子力學的深度。the magnetite hypothesis concentrates on birds beaks.magnetite grains are common in living things, and are known to

19、 be involved in magneticsensing in bacteria. in birds they are particularly abundant in the beak.so last year david keays of the institute of molecular pathology, in vienna, dissected the beaksof nearly 200 unfortunate pigeons, to find out more.what he discovered was not encouraging.there were, inde

20、ed, lots of magnetite grains.but he had expected they would congregate in some sort of specialised sensory cell akin to thetaste buds of the tongue or the hair cells of the ear.instead, he found that the beaks magnetite is mostly in macrophages.these are cells whose job is to wander around amoeba-li

21、ke, chewing up bacteria and debrisfrom other body cells as they go.磁鐵礦假說的焦點是鳥類的喙。磁鐵礦粒子是生物共有的，廣泛存在于鳥的喙中。去年，維也納分子病理學研究所的david keays對將近200只鴿子進行了解剖，以期得到更多發(fā)現。但是，他發(fā)現的并不令人鼓舞。大量鐵磁礦粒子確實存在。他原以為鐵磁礦粒子會聚集成為專門的感覺細胞，類似于舌頭上的味蕾和內耳毛細胞。但是，他發(fā)現，喙部的鐵磁礦主要以巨噬細胞的形式存在，這些細胞的職能是以游離細胞的形式對細胞殘片及病原體進行噬菌。not, then, likely candidate

22、s as magnetic sensors.other experiments, though, do suggest the beak is involved.the nerve that connects it to the brain is known as the trigeminal.when dominik heyers and henrik mouritsen of oldenburg university, in germany, cut thetrigeminals of reed warblers the birds ability to detect which way

23、was north remained intact.they did, however, lose their sense of magnetic dip.dip indicates latitude, another important part of navigation.to confuse matters further, some people accept dr keayss interpretation of what is going onin the beak,but think that the relevant magnetite grains are elsewhere

24、in the hair cells of the ear, whichare also rich in iron oxide.if they are right, then from the birds point of view they are probably hearing the magneticsignal.the main alternative to the nasal-magnetite hypothesis, though, is not that birds hearmagnetic fields, but that they see them.因此，巨噬細胞不可能具有磁

25、感應功能。其它的實驗也包含了對喙的研究。聯結喙與腦的神經叫三叉神經。德國奧爾登堡大學的dominik heyers和henrik mouritsena切斷了葦鶯的三叉神經，保留了它們辨別北方的能力。然而，這些鳥卻失掉了磁傾角的感應力。磁傾角可以指示緯度，是導航的重要組成部分。keays對鳥喙解釋使情況更加復雜。但有些人還是接受了他的說法。但是這些人認為鳥身體的其它部位也存在磁鐵礦粒子內耳毛細胞。氧化鐵也富含這種粒子。假如這些人的假定正確，從鳥的角度來看，它們可能聽得到磁信號。鼻腔內存在磁鐵礦的假說 并不是鳥類可以聽到磁場，而是能看到磁場。one line of evidence for thi

26、s is that part of a birds brain, called cluster n, which gets its inputdirectly from the eyes, seems to be involved in magnetic sensing.experiments dr mouritsens team conducted on robins showed that destroying cluster ndestroys a birds north-detecting sense, and other experiments, on meadow pipits,

27、show thatcells in cluster n are far more active when the birds are using their magnetic sense than whenthey are not.關于此的證明是，鳥大腦中有一部分叫cluster n，可以直接得到眼部輸送的信息，好像跟磁場感應有聯系。博士mouritsen研究團隊對知更鳥進行了實驗，得出推斷。實驗顯示破壞知更鳥的cluster n，也就破壞了它們識別北方的能力。研究團隊又對草地鷚進行了實驗。實驗顯示，鳥類使用磁感應能力的時候，cluster n細胞異?；钴S。the problem with t

28、his idea is that birds eyes do not have magnetite in them.if they do house magnetism detectors, those detectors must be something else.that something, according to a hypothesis advanced by klaus schulten, who works at theuniversity of illinois at urbana-champaign, is a type of retinal protein called

29、 a cryptochrome.when hit by light, a cryptochrome produces pairs of molecules called free radicals that areelectrically neutral but have unpaired electrons in them.electrons are tiny magnets, so they tend to attract each other and pair up in a way thatneutralises their joint magnetic fields.此種假說的問題在

30、于鳥類的眼部沒有磁鐵礦。假如它們真的起到了磁探測器的作用，那么肯定另有他物。在伊利諾斯大學香檳分校工作。據schulten，這種他物是一種名為cryptochrome的尿視黃醇蛋白。當受到光照時，就產生名為自由基的分子對。這種自由基呈電中性，其中含有未配對電子。電子就是微小的磁性體。因此，當它們的聯合磁場中合之時，電子就會相互吸引，就會形成組對。unpaired electrons, however, remain magnetic, and thus sensitive to the earths field.moreover, because the unpaired electrons

31、in the free radicals were originally paired in themolecule that split to form the radicals, quantum mechanics dictates that these electronsremain entangled.this means that however far apart they move, what happens to one affects the othersbehaviour.但是，那些不成對電子仍具磁性，對地球磁場很敏感。因為自由基中的那些不成對電子最初存在于分 裂成為自由基

32、分子之中，量子力學規(guī)定這些電子依然是絞纏的。也就是說，無論雙方離得有多遠，一方的行為會影響另一方。calculations suggest the different ways the two radicals feel the earths field as they separateis enough to change the way they will react with other chemicalsincluding ones that triggernerve impulses, and that, via entanglement, they can transmit this information