畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)無(wú)線沖電器技術(shù)的發(fā)展--畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)翻譯

無(wú)線充電技術(shù) 無(wú)線充電技術(shù)（ Wireless charging technology； Wireless charge technology ）。 無(wú)線充電技術(shù)，源于無(wú)線電力輸送技術(shù)。無(wú)線充電，又稱(chēng)作感應(yīng)充電、非接觸式感應(yīng)充電，是利用近場(chǎng)感應(yīng)，也就是電感耦合，由供電設(shè)備（充電器）將能量傳送至用電的裝置，該裝置使用接收到的能量對(duì)電池充電，并同時(shí)供其本身運(yùn)作之用。由于充電器與用電裝置之間以電感耦合傳送能量，兩者之間不用電線連接，因此充電器及用電的裝置都可以做到無(wú)導(dǎo)電接點(diǎn)外露 。 概述 麻省理工學(xué)院的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在 2007 年 6 月 7 日美國(guó)科學(xué)雜志的網(wǎng)站上發(fā)表了他們的研究成果。研究小組把共振運(yùn)用到電磁波的傳輸上而成功 “ 抓住 ” 了電磁波。他們利用銅制線圈作為電磁共振器，一團(tuán)線圈附在傳送電力方，另一團(tuán)在接受電力方。當(dāng)傳送方送出某特定頻率的電磁波后，經(jīng)過(guò)電磁場(chǎng)擴(kuò)散到接受方，電力就實(shí)現(xiàn)了無(wú)線傳導(dǎo)。這項(xiàng)被他們稱(chēng)為 “ 無(wú)線電力 ” 的技術(shù)經(jīng)過(guò)多次試驗(yàn)，已經(jīng)能成功為一個(gè)兩米外的 60 瓦燈泡供電。這項(xiàng)技術(shù) 的最遠(yuǎn)輸電距離還只能達(dá)到 2.7 米，但研究者相信，電源已經(jīng)可以在這范圍內(nèi)為電池充電。而且只需要安裝一個(gè)電源，就可以為整個(gè)屋里的電器供電，現(xiàn)在這種技術(shù)已經(jīng)被桑德力有限公司用在了桑德力無(wú)線移動(dòng)電源上來(lái)了。 共振原理 。 麻省理工學(xué)院的科研組不是第一個(gè)提出無(wú)線能量轉(zhuǎn)換的組織?？茖W(xué)家早在 19 世紀(jì)就發(fā)現(xiàn)了電磁轉(zhuǎn)換現(xiàn)象，從理論上說(shuō)，電力可轉(zhuǎn)化為通過(guò)無(wú)形的介質(zhì)傳播的電磁波，實(shí)現(xiàn)電力 的無(wú)線輸送。但是電磁波向四面八方輻射，能量大量散失，因此 “ 無(wú)線輸電 ” 的研究始終進(jìn)展不大， 19 世紀(jì)的物理學(xué)家和工程師尼古拉 特斯拉進(jìn)行了遠(yuǎn)程無(wú)線能量轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，但是當(dāng)他的財(cái)力用盡后，這項(xiàng)最有野心的嘗試 (29 米高的瓦登克萊弗塔 )宣告失敗。其他嘗試包括激光等定向能量轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制。然而，它們與麻省理工學(xué)院的工作不同，這些都需要連續(xù)的可視線路，這對(duì)住宅周?chē)碾娏υO(shè)施不好。 研究組成員，助理教授馬林 索亞克教授和他的科研組正在改進(jìn)這個(gè)設(shè)備。 “ 這是一項(xiàng)還未得到發(fā)展的系統(tǒng)，它證明能量轉(zhuǎn)換行得通。但是你不會(huì)愿意利用它給你的膝上 型電腦供電。我們的目標(biāo)是縮小這個(gè)設(shè)備的體積、擴(kuò)大感應(yīng)器間的距離和提高電力轉(zhuǎn)換功效。 ” 他與同事安德烈 庫(kù)爾斯、阿里特迪茲 卡拉里斯、羅伯特 莫埃特、約翰 加儂珀洛斯和彼得 索利科合作，進(jìn)行了這項(xiàng)研究。 這個(gè)系統(tǒng)利用了共振 (當(dāng)一個(gè)物體與另一個(gè)物體的固有頻率一樣時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生震動(dòng) )原理。當(dāng)兩個(gè)物體的振動(dòng)頻率相同時(shí)，它們傳遞能量的強(qiáng)度不會(huì)受到周?chē)挛锏挠绊?。索亞克教授解釋說(shuō)： “ 如果房間內(nèi)放了許多相同的杯子，你向瓶中倒入不同度數(shù)的葡萄酒，這時(shí)這些杯子就會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的振幅。 ” 例如，如果用勺子敲擊，每個(gè)杯子都會(huì)發(fā)出不同的聲音 。 “ 如果我進(jìn)入房間，開(kāi)始用非常高的聲音歌唱，當(dāng)我的聲音與其中一個(gè)杯子的頻率相同時(shí)，它就有可能爆炸。 ” 據(jù)英國(guó)廣播公司 2007 年 6 月 19 日?qǐng)?bào)道，這個(gè)無(wú)線電力傳輸不像電力設(shè)備，它可以避免被鼠巢破壞，減少很多麻煩，因?yàn)樗⒉恍枰娋€連接。研究人員在科學(xué)雜志上對(duì)這種設(shè)備作了詳細(xì)介紹。在實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試中，這個(gè)設(shè)備讓距離它 2 米 (7 英尺 )的一盞 80 瓦電燈泡發(fā)出光亮。該裝置被稱(chēng)作 WiTricity，研究人員根據(jù)物理學(xué)原理研發(fā)了它，這種設(shè)備還適合為膝上型電腦等裝置提供電源。 WiTricity 利用的是低頻電磁波共振，而不是利用聲學(xué)共 振。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，兩個(gè)感應(yīng)器都以 10 兆赫的頻率震動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生共振，讓能量在兩者之間傳遞。倫敦帝國(guó)學(xué)院的約翰 本德萊教授解釋說(shuō)： “ 隨著每一次共振，感應(yīng)器中會(huì)有更多的電壓產(chǎn)生。 ” 經(jīng)過(guò)產(chǎn)生多次共振，感應(yīng)器表面就會(huì)集聚足夠的能量，讓燈泡發(fā)出光亮。這個(gè)能量的集聚也是為什么一位歌手用與杯子相同頻率的聲音歌唱時(shí)，杯子不會(huì)立刻破裂的原因。本德萊教授說(shuō)：“ 酒杯不斷集聚能量，直到能將自己打碎。 ” 據(jù)本德萊教授說(shuō)，利用波長(zhǎng)為 30 米 (100 英尺 )的低頻電磁波具有安全優(yōu)勢(shì)。他說(shuō)： “ 通常用千兆赫茲 (更短的波長(zhǎng) )的手機(jī)時(shí)，會(huì)有電場(chǎng)和磁場(chǎng)輻射同時(shí) 產(chǎn)生。 ” 這個(gè)過(guò)程就是我們所知的 “ 遠(yuǎn)聲場(chǎng) ” 的一個(gè)典型特征，這種場(chǎng)是從振幅超過(guò)一個(gè)波長(zhǎng)的設(shè)備里產(chǎn)生的，如果振幅小于一個(gè)波長(zhǎng)，產(chǎn)生的將主要是磁場(chǎng)。約翰說(shuō)： “ 身體對(duì)電場(chǎng)的反應(yīng)很強(qiáng)烈，這也是為什么你能利用微波爐烹制雞肉的原因。但是磁場(chǎng)不會(huì)對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生影響。根據(jù)身體對(duì)能量的吸收，它對(duì)磁場(chǎng)的反應(yīng)幾乎為零。 ” 因此，這項(xiàng)設(shè)備不能給人類(lèi)帶來(lái)任何明顯的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 主流技術(shù) 現(xiàn)在的無(wú)線充電 技術(shù)已經(jīng)被桑德力公司給使用，現(xiàn)在主流的無(wú)線充電標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有三種： Qi標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、 Power Matters Alliance(PMA)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、 Alliance for Wireless Power(A4WP)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。桑德力牌無(wú)線移動(dòng)電源就是通過(guò)了 QI 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，下面我們就針對(duì)這三種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單介紹。 1、 Qi 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Qi 是全球首個(gè)推動(dòng)無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織 -無(wú)線充電聯(lián)盟 (Wireless Power Consortium,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) WPC)推出的 “ 無(wú)線充電 ” 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，具備便捷性和通用性?xún)纱筇卣?。首先，不同品牌的產(chǎn)品，只要有一個(gè) Qi 的標(biāo) 識(shí)，都可以用 Qi 無(wú)線充電器充電。其次，它攻克了無(wú)線充電 “ 通用性 ” 的技術(shù)瓶頸，在不久的將來(lái)，手機(jī)、相機(jī)、電腦等產(chǎn)品都可以用 Qi 無(wú)線充電器充電，為無(wú)線充電的大規(guī)模應(yīng)用提供可能。 現(xiàn)在，市場(chǎng)比較主流的無(wú)線充電技術(shù)主要通過(guò)三種方式，即電磁感應(yīng)、無(wú)線電波、以及共振作用，而 Qi 采用了目前最為主流的電磁感應(yīng)技術(shù)。在技術(shù)應(yīng)用方面，中國(guó)公司已經(jīng)站在了無(wú)線充電行業(yè)的最前沿。據(jù)悉，現(xiàn)在 Qi 在中國(guó)的應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品主要是手機(jī)，這是第一個(gè)階段，以后將發(fā)展運(yùn)用到不同類(lèi)別或更高功率的數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品中。截至現(xiàn)在，聯(lián)盟成員數(shù)量已增加到 74 家，包括飛利浦、 桑德力、 HTC、諾基亞、三星、索尼愛(ài)立信、百思買(mǎi)等知名企業(yè)都已是聯(lián)盟的成員。 2、 Power Matters Alliance 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Power Matters Alliance 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是由 Duracell Powermat 公司發(fā)起的，而該公司則是由寶潔與無(wú)線充電技術(shù)公司 Powermat 合資經(jīng)營(yíng)，擁有比較出色的綜合實(shí)力。除此以外，Powermat 還是 Alliance for Wireless Power(A4WP)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的支持成員之一。 現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有 AT&T、 Google 和星巴克三家公司加盟了 PMA 聯(lián)盟 (Power Matters Alliance縮寫(xiě) )。 PMA 聯(lián)盟致力于為符合 IEEE 協(xié)會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的手機(jī)和電子設(shè)備，打造無(wú)線供電標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在無(wú)線充電領(lǐng)域中具有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。 現(xiàn)在 Duracell Powermat 公司推出過(guò)一款 WiCC 充電卡采用的就是 Power Matters Alliance 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 WiCC 比 SD 卡大一圈，內(nèi)部嵌入了用于電磁感應(yīng)式非接觸充電的線圈和電極等組件，卡片的厚度較薄，插入現(xiàn)有智能手機(jī)電池旁邊即可利用，利用該卡片可使很多便攜終端輕松支持非接觸充電。 3、 A4WP 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) A4WP 是 Alliance for Wireless Power 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)，由美國(guó)高通公司、韓國(guó)三星公司以及前面提到的 Powermat 公司共同創(chuàng)建的無(wú)線充電聯(lián)盟創(chuàng)建。該聯(lián)盟還包括 Ever Win Industries、 Gill Industries、 Peiker Acustic 和 SK Telecom 等成員，目標(biāo)是為包括便攜式電子產(chǎn)品和電動(dòng)汽車(chē)等在內(nèi)的電子產(chǎn)品無(wú)線充電設(shè)備設(shè)立技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和行業(yè)對(duì)話機(jī)制。 轉(zhuǎn)換裝置 工作原理 利用物理學(xué)的 “ 共振 ” 原理 兩個(gè)振動(dòng)頻率相同的物體能高效傳輸能量。 1.輸電線中的電能傳入用銅制造的天線中。 2.天線以 10 兆赫的波長(zhǎng)振動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生電磁波。 3.天線發(fā)出的能量傳播到 2 米 (6.5 英尺 )外。 4.同樣以 10 兆赫的頻率震動(dòng)的膝上型電腦接收到電流，能量充入設(shè)備中。 5.沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)換成膝上型電腦的能量不會(huì)被天線重新吸收。不能產(chǎn)生 10 兆赫共振的人和其他物體不會(huì)對(duì)它產(chǎn)生干擾。 主要特點(diǎn) 1、從理論來(lái)說(shuō)，無(wú)線充電技術(shù)對(duì)人體安全無(wú)害處，無(wú)線充電使用的共振原理是磁場(chǎng)共振，只在以同一頻率共振的線圈之間傳輸， 而其他裝置無(wú)法接受波段，另外，無(wú)線充電技術(shù)使用的磁場(chǎng)本身就是對(duì)人體無(wú)害的。但無(wú)線充電技術(shù)畢竟是新型的充電技術(shù)，以邁源科的無(wú)線充電器來(lái)說(shuō)，很多人都會(huì)擔(dān)憂無(wú)線充電技術(shù)會(huì)像當(dāng)初 Wi-Fi 和手機(jī)天線桿剛出現(xiàn)一樣，其實(shí)技術(shù)本身是無(wú)害的。 2、桑德力的無(wú)線充電技術(shù)利用電磁爐原理在充電器與手機(jī)之間利用磁能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，線圈和電容器則在充電時(shí)產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)化作用。 3、桑德力表示這一系統(tǒng)可以在未來(lái)得到廣泛應(yīng)用，例如針對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的充電區(qū)以及針對(duì)電腦芯片的電量傳輸。采用這項(xiàng)技術(shù)研制的充電系統(tǒng)所需要的充電時(shí)間只有當(dāng)前的一百五十分之一。 4、轉(zhuǎn)化率一直是很多人擔(dān)心的問(wèn)題，麻省理工學(xué)院通過(guò)研究表明，無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的損耗比起有線充電技術(shù)來(lái)說(shuō)更高。邁源表示：無(wú)線充電高轉(zhuǎn)化，也是無(wú)線充電器得以在全球進(jìn)行應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵因素。但無(wú)線充電技術(shù)也受到距離的限制，未來(lái)發(fā)展，必然需要解決遠(yuǎn)距離傳送對(duì)于波段和磁場(chǎng)范圍的精準(zhǔn)定位問(wèn)題。 5、共振控制核心芯片是無(wú)線充電技術(shù)共振原理控制中心。精準(zhǔn)輻射范圍控制，磁場(chǎng)頻率大小，其它控制等都是由芯片實(shí)現(xiàn)。 市場(chǎng)需求 1、隨著 iPhone、 iPad 等對(duì)電量充滿 “ 饑渴 ” 的設(shè)備迅速興起，研發(fā)無(wú)線充電等突破性充電技術(shù)的需求日益提高。富士 通在一份聲明中說(shuō)： “ 這項(xiàng)技術(shù)將為手機(jī)集合緊湊型無(wú)線充電功能以及同時(shí)為多個(gè)便攜式設(shè)備充電鋪平道路。對(duì)多個(gè)設(shè)備充電時(shí)，設(shè)備相對(duì)于充電器的位置沒(méi)有任何限制。 ” 2、現(xiàn)在有很多無(wú)線充電系統(tǒng)都是依靠線圈之間的電磁感應(yīng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，這種方式工作距離短，設(shè)備需要放置在充電座上。 測(cè)試應(yīng)用 1、測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示無(wú)線傳輸距離大約在 15 厘米左右，但富士通表示無(wú)線傳輸距離最終可實(shí)現(xiàn)幾米遠(yuǎn)。 2、需要指出的是，距離設(shè)備越遠(yuǎn)，傳輸中損耗的電量越多。 3、桑德力的系統(tǒng)與美國(guó) Witricity 公司研發(fā)的技術(shù)類(lèi)似，后者同樣利用磁共振傳輸電量，傳輸 距離可達(dá)到幾米遠(yuǎn)。 有關(guān)無(wú)線充電技術(shù)應(yīng)用的社會(huì)實(shí)際效益 當(dāng)今，世界各國(guó)都在爭(zhēng)先恐后的研制無(wú)線充電技術(shù)。隨著自然資源的不斷匱乏和日益加重的環(huán)境保護(hù)問(wèn)題，以電能來(lái)替代其它能源的運(yùn)輸工具已逐漸的發(fā)展開(kāi)來(lái)，電動(dòng)汽車(chē)以及電動(dòng)自行車(chē)已普遍的深入到了人們的生活當(dāng)中。作為電動(dòng)汽車(chē)快速充電設(shè)備的技術(shù)難題還有很多，其中之一就是如何利用無(wú)線充電技術(shù)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)日益增長(zhǎng)的需要。無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的不完善，問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)就是能源損失太大和磁電感應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換的效率較低。另外，還有大功率無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的遠(yuǎn)距離傳輸和電磁對(duì)環(huán)境的輻射 影響等因素還沒(méi)有得到充分的解決。 電動(dòng)汽車(chē)實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是替代了原始的電網(wǎng)直插式鏈接的諸多弊端，還有電能補(bǔ)充的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、車(chē)位占地面積大以及人工操作繁瑣等不利因素。對(duì)于以往的這種充電技術(shù)來(lái)講只是一次性電網(wǎng)的電能轉(zhuǎn)換，而且一次性電磁感應(yīng)的電能損失小，因?yàn)樽儔浩鞒醮渭?jí)的電能頻率與電網(wǎng)是一致的（ 50 赫茲），所以不存在中頻以上電磁輻射對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的影響。但其缺點(diǎn)是在充電時(shí)必須提前安裝好接電裝置和需要加長(zhǎng)電源引線以及存在某些不安全性等繁瑣操作因素。隨著電動(dòng)力汽車(chē)技術(shù)的不斷完善和市場(chǎng)的保有量逐步的增加，也是為了方 便電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的能源補(bǔ)給，人們開(kāi)始嘗試著研究如何利用無(wú)線充電技術(shù)對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)進(jìn)行充電，以解決電動(dòng)汽車(chē)在有線充電過(guò)程中的諸多不利環(huán)節(jié)。 優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) 有線充電技術(shù)與無(wú)線充電技術(shù)各有各的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。 有線充電技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn) : 1，能源轉(zhuǎn)換一次性獲得，電能損失小，節(jié)能環(huán)保。 2，交直流轉(zhuǎn)換一次性，不存在中高頻電磁輻射。 3，設(shè)備技術(shù)含量低，經(jīng)濟(jì)投入不大，維修方便。 4，電功率的調(diào)節(jié)范圍較寬，適合多種不同電壓和電流等級(jí)的蓄電瓶?jī)?chǔ)能補(bǔ)給。 有線充電的缺點(diǎn)： 1，設(shè)備的移動(dòng)搬運(yùn)和電源的引線過(guò)長(zhǎng)，主要是人工操作繁瑣。 2，設(shè)備以及在對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)充電時(shí)其公共占地面積過(guò)大， 3，在人工操作過(guò)程中，極易出現(xiàn)設(shè)備的過(guò)度磨損以及不安全性等因素。 無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)： 1，利用無(wú)線磁電感應(yīng)充電的設(shè)備可做到隱形，設(shè)備磨損率低，應(yīng)用范圍廣，公共充電區(qū)域面積相對(duì)的減小，但減小的占地面積份額不會(huì)太大。 2，技術(shù)含量高，操作方便，可實(shí)施相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)的遠(yuǎn)距離無(wú)線電能的轉(zhuǎn)換，但大功率無(wú)線充電的傳輸距離只限制在 5 米以?xún)?nèi)，不會(huì)太遠(yuǎn)。 3，操作方便。 無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的缺點(diǎn)： 1，雖然設(shè)備技術(shù)含量高，但設(shè)備的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本投入較高，維修費(fèi)用大。 2，因?qū)崿F(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)距離 大功率無(wú)線磁電轉(zhuǎn)換，所以設(shè)備的耗能較高。無(wú)線傳輸?shù)木嚯x越遠(yuǎn)，無(wú)用功的耗損也就會(huì)越大。 3，無(wú)線充電技術(shù)設(shè)備本身實(shí)現(xiàn)的是二次能源轉(zhuǎn)換，也就是將網(wǎng)電降壓（或直接）變?yōu)橹绷麟姾笤谶M(jìn)行一次較高頻率的開(kāi)關(guān)控制交流變換輸出。由于大功率的交直交電流轉(zhuǎn)換是進(jìn)行電能的二次性無(wú)線傳輸原因，所以電磁的空間磁損率太大。 4，因?yàn)椴扇o(wú)線傳輸，磁能的無(wú)用功耗損會(huì)隨著無(wú)線充電設(shè)備的功率增高而上升。 如今，無(wú)線充電技術(shù)在小功率的范圍內(nèi)還是可以顯示出它的優(yōu)越性的。比如小型直流用電設(shè)備中的通訊儀器儀表、民用無(wú)線通訊手機(jī)、微型計(jì)算 機(jī)、小型便攜式家用電器等。但實(shí)施大功率的無(wú)線傳輸來(lái)說(shuō)，就比較困難了。根據(jù)磁能無(wú)線傳輸理論來(lái)說(shuō)，傳輸?shù)木嚯x越遠(yuǎn)，磁能的消耗就會(huì)越大，而在終端設(shè)備中所獲得的電能量也就越小。從電動(dòng)汽車(chē)所需的能量補(bǔ)充電功率來(lái)說(shuō)不是很小，一般小型的家用電子設(shè)備的充電電流在 0.5安培至 2安培之間。而一部幾十馬力的電動(dòng)汽車(chē)所需的電能補(bǔ)充電流大多在 5 安培至 20 安培左右。電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的功率越大，所需補(bǔ)充電能的電流量也就越大。而且我們?cè)谥圃鞜o(wú)線充電設(shè)備時(shí)，其輸出功率會(huì)大于 500 瓦特以上或甚至更高。如果多部機(jī)車(chē)的聯(lián)動(dòng)充電，那么所需的總電源功率輸出就會(huì)直線上升。對(duì)市電的供電系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)無(wú)疑是雪上加霜，從而帶給整座城市的是電網(wǎng)改造和巨額的經(jīng)濟(jì)投入，真是得不償失。 另外，我們可計(jì)算一下經(jīng)濟(jì)賬。按充電電壓 24 伏特和 15 安培的電流對(duì)一部電動(dòng)汽車(chē)進(jìn)行充電，充電時(shí)間為 10 小時(shí)，其電能損耗只不過(guò)在 3 度左右，按市電當(dāng)前的 0.5 角價(jià)格計(jì)算，給一部電動(dòng)汽車(chē)充電的費(fèi)用大約在一元五角錢(qián)左右。如果個(gè)人將電動(dòng)車(chē)開(kāi)到公共無(wú)線充電場(chǎng)合去充電的話，其費(fèi)用不用說(shuō)是很高的，我們這里所說(shuō)的是自己使用一般的有線充電裝置對(duì)電動(dòng)車(chē)充電時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用。我們可對(duì)比一下，在同一臺(tái)電動(dòng)車(chē)充電的狀態(tài)下，無(wú)線 充電設(shè)備的功率肯定大于一般有線充電裝置。因?yàn)闊o(wú)線充電設(shè)備的電損肯定大于有線充電設(shè)備的損耗，鑒于兩種設(shè)備之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)投入和充電費(fèi)用，所以人們往往還是喜歡采取低經(jīng)濟(jì)投入的有線充電設(shè)備來(lái)使用。依據(jù)電工學(xué)理論，我們知道，變壓器的磁路越長(zhǎng)，磁損會(huì)越大。不論是采取那一種電磁 磁電的遠(yuǎn)距離傳輸轉(zhuǎn)換，都會(huì)損失大量的電能。而且電磁 磁電的轉(zhuǎn)換次數(shù)越多，電能的損耗也會(huì)越大。而且電子器件的工作電流越大，器件的老化期也會(huì)越提前，這給我們對(duì)設(shè)備的維修和使用帶來(lái)了很多的不便利因素。 關(guān)于電動(dòng)車(chē)充電站的設(shè)立，在我看來(lái)不礙采取兩種方 式進(jìn)行對(duì)比。就其一次性的充電費(fèi)用來(lái)說(shuō)，客戶(hù)們還是喜歡選擇一般有線充電的充電方式。我說(shuō)的前提是兩種充電設(shè)備具有一樣的技術(shù)指標(biāo)，都可實(shí)施快速充電方式和同樣的充電質(zhì)量。此時(shí)，我們可通過(guò)對(duì)充電設(shè)備的電能耗損參數(shù)做個(gè)對(duì)比，看看哪種設(shè)備的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和社會(huì)效益更高。因?yàn)槲覀冞@個(gè)社會(huì)是以市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)核算下的區(qū)域部門(mén)單位，人人都要計(jì)算經(jīng)濟(jì)的投入與回報(bào)，所以每一項(xiàng)高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)的投入也必須考慮大眾化的普遍認(rèn)可和產(chǎn)業(yè)自身的經(jīng)濟(jì)杠桿問(wèn)題。同時(shí)在化石能源還沒(méi)有達(dá)到枯竭的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，民用電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的發(fā)展也不會(huì)太快，如果能夠提高蓄電池的一次性充電使用 周期才是解決問(wèn)題的最好辦法。較短的電池一次性充電使用周期是制約電動(dòng)汽車(chē)發(fā)展的最大阻力，從汽車(chē)的功率和速度來(lái)看，燃料汽車(chē)還是存在較多的優(yōu)越性。 根據(jù)現(xiàn)代能源匱乏的實(shí)際情況，電動(dòng)運(yùn)輸工具實(shí)現(xiàn)大功率無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的產(chǎn)業(yè)運(yùn)作還為時(shí)過(guò)早。為什么會(huì)這樣的說(shuō)呢？雖然發(fā)展電動(dòng)汽車(chē)可以節(jié)約能源和有利于環(huán)境的保護(hù)，但對(duì)供電系統(tǒng)的各方面量化要求也會(huì)更大；如增加電站的建設(shè)投資、輸電網(wǎng)絡(luò)的改造增容等原因。還有，因?yàn)殡妱?dòng)汽車(chē)的社會(huì)保有量越大，所需的長(zhǎng)期停車(chē)充電場(chǎng)所的占地面積也要隨之?dāng)U大。實(shí)際上，采取大功率無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)投 入費(fèi)用普遍較高，而利用常規(guī)有線式充電方式既簡(jiǎn)便，一次性投資又小，而且對(duì)市電的量化需求又不大。還有就所占用的土地面積來(lái)說(shuō)也相對(duì)的減少，這里所說(shuō)的減少，是因?yàn)槊總€(gè)家庭都可以實(shí)施對(duì)電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的能量補(bǔ)充，不會(huì)統(tǒng)一的集中到公共場(chǎng)所去充電。另外，每個(gè)家庭也不會(huì)購(gòu)買(mǎi)價(jià)格較高的無(wú)線充電設(shè)備的，而且自己所擔(dān)負(fù)的充電費(fèi)用較公共場(chǎng)所要低得多。所以我們一定要宗合來(lái)考慮實(shí)施大功率無(wú)線充電技術(shù)的步子邁得是否不要太大，這僅僅是為了一時(shí)的方便，而導(dǎo)致了社會(huì)總體資源的大量消耗是否是得不償失呢？ Wireless charging technology Wireless charging technology (Wireless charging technology； Wireless charge technology).Wireless charging technology, is the result of wireless power transmission technology.Wireless charging, also known as induction charging, non-contact inductive charging, induction is the use of the near field, which is the inductance coupling, by the power supply equipment (charger) to transfer energy to the utilization device, the device using the received energy of the battery, and at the same time for its own operation.Because between the charger and power device with inductively coupled transmission energy, not between wires, so the charger and electric device can do without conductive contact the leakage. An overview of the A team of researchers at the Massachusetts institute of technology in June 7, 2007, the United States in the journal science published their research results on the website.The team on the application of resonance to the electromagnetic wave transmission and successful grab the electromagnetic waves.They use copper coil as a magnetic resonance device, a coil attached to transmit power, another group in power.When sending party sent out a certain frequency electromagnetic waves, through the electromagnetic field spread to the receiving party, realize the wireless transmission power.This what they called a wireless power technology after many experiments, has successfully for a 60 watt light bulb power of two metres away.The transmission range of this technology also can reach 2.7 meters, but the researchers believe that the power can be in the range of the battery.And only need to install a power, it can be for the whole house appliances, this technology has been sander co., LTD in the Thornton forces the wireless mobile power supply. The principle of resonance. Colleagues at the Massachusetts institute of technology is not the first to put forward the organization of the wireless energy conversion.As early as the 19th century scientists found that the phenomenon of electromagnetic transformation, in theory, can be converted into electricity by invisible medium transmission of electromagnetic wave, realize the wireless transmission of power.Electromagnetic radiation in all directions, however, a lot of energy is lost, so that the study of wireless transmission is less progress, physicists and engineers in the 19th century nikola tesla remote wireless energy conversion system experiment was carried out, but when his money run out, the most ambitious attempt (29 meters high walden clover) failed.Try to include other laser directed energy conversion mechanism, etc.However, they are working with at the Massachusetts institute of technology, there needs to be visible lines in a row, its bad for residential power facilities around. Team member, ma Lin, assistant professor, professor Jacob and his colleagues are to improve the equipment.This is a system that has not been developing, it proved that energy conversion work. But you dont want to use it to your laptop power supply. Our goal is to shrink the volume of this equipment, enlarge the distance between sensor and improve the power conversion efficiency.He and his colleagues Andre coors, ali teddy, Carla rees, Robert mo etta, John nong perlow and Peter solis, cooperation, carried out the research. This system takes advantage of the resonance (when an object with another object of the inherent frequency is same, can produce vibration) principle.When two objects of vibration frequency at the same time, they transfer energy intensity will not affected by the surroundings.Mr. Professor Jacob explained: if the room to put many of the same cup, you to pour into different degrees of wine in bottle, then can produce different amplitude for the cups.For example, if hit with a spoon, every cup of different sounds.If I entered the room and began to sing with the voice of a very high, and when my voice and one of the frequency of the cup at the same time, it could explode. According to the British broadcasting corporation reported on June 19, 2007, unlike the wireless power transmission power equipment, it can avoid destroyed by rats nest, reduce a lot of trouble, because it does not need to wire connection.Researchers in the journal science on this kind of equipment has made the detailed introduction.In laboratory tests, the equipment for a distance of 2 meters (7 feet) a 80 - watt light bulb light.The device is called WiTricity, researchers have developed it according to the principle of physics, this equipment is suitable for devices such as laptop power supply.WiTricity USES the low frequency electromagnetic wave resonance, rather than using acoustic resonance.In the experiments, two sensors are at a 10 MHZ frequency vibration, produce resonance, make the energy transfer between the two.Imperial college London professor John bender lai explained: as each resonance, produced in the sensors will have more voltage.Through generates multiple resonance, sensor surface can offer enough energy, let the light bulb.The energy concentration is why a singer to sing with the voice of the same frequency and cup, the cup is not immediately broken reasons.Professor bender lai said: gather energy glass until can take break. According to professor bender lai said, using the wavelength is 30 meters (100 feet) of low frequency electromagnetic wave has the security advantages.He said: usually use thousand MHZ (shorter wavelength) of the phone, there will be radiation electric field and magnetic field is produced at the same time.This process is known as far sound field characteristics of a typical from the amplitude of this field more than a wavelength in the equipment, if the amplitude is less than a wavelength, the mainly is the magnetic field.John said: the bodys response to the electric field is very strong, this is also why you can use microwave oven to cook chicken. But magnetic field will not affect the human body. According to your body to absorb energy, its response to the magnetic field is almost zero.Therefore, the device cant bring any apparent to the human health risk Mainstream technology Now Wireless charging technology have been used by Thornton force companies to, now there are three kinds of mainstream Wireless charging standard: standard of Qi, Power Matters Alliance (PMA) standard, the Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) standard.Thornton force wireless mobile power is through the QI standard, lets standard for these three simple introduced. 1, the Qi standard Qi is the worlds first promote organization for standardization of Wireless charging technology, the Wireless charging alliance (Wireless Power Consortium, referred to as the WPC) launched the charging standard, with two big features convenience and versatility.First, different brand products, as long as there is a Qi logo, can use Qi wireless charger.Second, it overcome the technical bottleneck of wireless charging generality, in the near future, mobile phones, cameras, computers and other products can use Qi wireless charger, for large-scale application of wireless charging. Now, the market is the mainstream of wireless charging technology mainly through three ways, namely, electromagnetic induction, radio waves, and the function of the resonance, and Qi adopted at present the most mainstream electromagnetic induction technology.In terms of technology, Chinese companies have stood in the wireless charging the forefront of the industry.It is reported, now Qi products mainly used in Chinas mobile phone, this is the first stage, the development will be applied to different category or a higher power of digital products.As of now, union membership has increased to 74, including philips, sander, HTC, nokia, samsung, SONY Ericsson, best buy and other famous enterprises have been is a member of the alliance. 2, Power Matters Alliance standards Power Matters Alliance standard is made up of Duracell Powermat launched, and the company is by p&g and the Powermat wireless charging technology company joint venture, with better comprehensive strength.In addition, the Powermat or Alliance for Wireless Power (A4WP) standards support member. Now has three companies AT&T, Google and starbucks joined the Alliance of PMA (Power Matters Alliance).PMA alliance commitment to conform to the standard of the IEEE association mobile phones and electronic devices, make wireless power supply standard, leading in the field of wireless charging. Now Duracell Powermat launched a WiCC rechargeable card used in the Power of Matters Alliance standards.WiCC was larger than the SD card, inside the coil for electromagnetic induction type contactless charging and electrode components, such as the thickness of the card is thinner, insert the existing smart phone batteries can be used by it, use the CARDS can make a lot of portable terminal support non-contact charging easily. 3, A4WP standard Short for A4WP is Alliance for Wireless Power standard, by qualcomm, samsung, and mentioned the Powermat Wireless charging Alliance to create together to create.The alliance also includes (Win Industries, Gill Industries, Peiker Acustic members and SK Telecom, goal is to include portable electronic products and electronic products, including electric cars and other wireless charging equipment to set up the technical standards and industry dialogue. Conversion device The working principle of By using the theory of resonance of physics - two vibration frequency of the same object can efficiently deliver energy. 1. The power in a transmission line to made of copper in the antenna. 2. The antenna to the wavelength of 10 MHZ vibration, electromagnetic wave is produced. 3. The energy transmitted from the antenna to the outside of the 2 meters (6.5 feet). 4. Same with 10 MHZ frequency of vibration of the laptop computer receives the current energy filling the equipment. 5. Not convert the energy of the laptop wont be antenna to absorption.Does not produce 10 MHZ resonance and other objects will not interfere with it. The main features 1, from the theory, wireless charging technology harmless to the human body, the use of wireless charging is magnetic resonance resonance principle, only in the same frequency resonance transmission between coil, and other devices cannot accept band, in addition, wireless charging technology USES magnetic field itself is harmless to the human body.But, after all, wireless charging technology is a new type of charging technology, to take the source of the wireless charger, many people have concerns about wireless charging technology will as wi-fi and mobile phone mast just appear, in fact, the technology itself is harmless. 2, sander force of wireless charging technology use induction cooker principle between the charger and mobile phone use magnetic energy into electricity, while the coil and capacitor charging into effect. 3, Thornton said the system can be widely used in the future, such as the recharge area for electric cars and computer chip for power transmission.Using the technology of the charging system need charging time is only about one over one hundred and fifty of the current. 4, the conversion has been a lot of people worry about a problem, the Massachusetts institute of technology through the study, the wastage of the wireless charging technology is higher than the cable charging technology.Michael source said: wireless charging high conversion and wireless charger to application of the key factors in the world.But as wireless charging technology is limited by distance, the future development, must need to solve the long-distance transmission for accurate positioning problem of wave and magnetic field range. 5, resonance control core chip is wireless charging technology resonance principle control center.Precise radiation range control, the size of the magnetic field frequency, other control is implemented by the chip. The market demand 1, as the iPhone, such as the hunger for power equipment grew rapidly, research and development of breakthrough charging technology such as wireless charging demand is increasing day by day.Fujitsu said in a statement: the technology for mobile phone set compact wireless charging functions and pave the way for many portable devices. At the same time for multiple devices, equipment relative to the location of the charger without any limitation. 2, there are many wireless charging system relied on the coil electromagnetic induction, between this way working distance is short, equipment need to be placed on the charging seat. The test application 1, the test results show that the wireless transmission distance is around 15 cm, Fujitsu, said wireless transmission distance can finally realize a few meters away. 2, it should be pointed out that, the farther the distance devices, the more electricity transmission loss. 3, sander force system of Witricity technology to develop similar with the United States, which is also used magnetic resonance transmission power, transmission distance can be up to a few metres away. On the application of the wireless charging technology social practical benefits Today, all countries in the world in the development of the wireless charging technology.With the lack of natural resources and growing environmental problem, electric energy to the development of transport has gradually replace other energy, electric cars and electric bikes have widely deep into the peoples life.As electric car fast charging equipment technical difficulties and there are many, one of which is how to use the wireless charging technology to realize the increasing needs of the electric car.The imperfect of wireless charging technology, the key problem is energy loss is too big and magnetoelectric induction conversion efficiency is low.In addition, there is power of the wireless charging technology and electromagnetic radiation effects on the environment factors, such as has not been fully resolved.Electric car to realize the wireless charging technology has the advantage of replacing the original straight insert links to drawbacks of power grid, and power added a long time, the parking space covers an area of big and unfavorable factors, such as manual operation trival.For past the charging technology is just a one-off grid electric energy conversion, and disposable electromagnetic induction electric energy loss is small, because the first level of power frequency transformer is consistent with power grid (50 hz), so there is no more than intermediate frequency electromagnetic radiation effects on the environment.But its drawback is in charge must be installed ahead of the electric device and need to be extended power leads and existing some unsafe factors such as complicated operation.With the constant improvement of electric vehicle technology and the market has gradually increased, and for the convenience of the energy supply, electric cars, people began to try to study how to make use of the wireless charging technology to recharge electric cars, electric cars, in order to solve the negative link in the process of charging cable The advantages and disadvantages The cable charging technology and the wireless charging technology, the advantages and disadvantages of each have each. The cable charging technology advantages: 1, energy conversion, a one-time, small power loss, energy conservation and environmental protection. 2, ac/dc conversion of disposable, does not exist in the high frequency electromagnetic radiation. 3, equipment, technology content is low, economic investment, convenient maintenance. 4, power of the adjusting range is wide, suitable for a variety of different voltage and current levels of battery energy storage supplies. The cable charging shortcomings: 1, equipment to transport and power supply wire is too long, mainly manual operation and trival. 2, equipment, and in the electric vehicle charging its public area is too big, 3, in the process of manual operation, appear easily excessive wear and unsafe factors of the equipment. The advantage of the wireless charging technology: 1, the use of wireless magnetoelectric induction charging device can be invisible, equipment wear rate is low, the application range is wide, public charging area area is relatively reduced, but reduce the share of the area is not too big. 2, high technical content, easy to operate, can be implemented relatively remote radio can transform, but high power wireless charging to limit the transmission distance of 5 meters, not be too far away. 3, easy to operate. Today, the wireless charging technology in small power range can still shows its superiority.Such as small dc electric equipment in the communication instruments and meters, civilian wireless mobile phone, microcomputer, small, portable appliances, etc.But the implementation of high power wireless transmission, it is more difficult.According to the theory of magnetic energy wireless transmission, transport the farther the distance, the greater the magnetic energy consumption will be, and in the terminal equipment of electrical energy has the less.From the electrical energy is not needed for the electric car is very small, generally small household electronic device between 0.5 to 2 amps charging current.And a few horsepower required for electric cars to replace current mostly around 5 amperes to 20 amp.The greater the power of the electric car, the required supply electric power flow.And we are making the wireless charging equipment, its output will be greater than 500 w above or even higher.If some of the linkage of locomotive charging, then the total power output will increase.Is definitely icing on the cake for mains power supply system, so as to bring the whole city is a network reconstruction and huge economic investment, its not worth the cost. About the establishment of electric